SPECIFICATION SHEET

IDENTIFICATION
Name of Equipment Acidification Reactor
Equipment Code R-2
Type Jacketed Stirred Tank
Number of Units 1
Mode of Operation Batch Stirred
Batch time 12 hours
Dissociation of lactic acid from calcium
Function with the help of sulfuric acid.
BASIC DESIGN DATA
Calcium Lactate; Calcium Acetate; Sulfuric
Materials Handled Acid; Water
Density 1046.45 kg/m3
Temperature 85-95 C
VESSEL DESIGN
Material of Construction SS316
Volume 2m3
Height 3m
Diameter 1m
Shell Thickness 5mm
Head Thickness 5mm
Bottom Thickness 5mm
Head Type Torispherical head
Weld Type Single-Butt-Welded
IMPELLER DESIGN
Impeller Type 45 Pitched Blade
Number of Impellers 1
Impeller Diameter 500mm
Length of Blades 125mm
Width of Blades 100mm
Distance from Vessel Floor to Impeller 500mm
Speed of Rotation 220 rpm
Power Requirement 4hp
HEATING SYSTEM DESIGN
Area of Jacket 2 m2
Height of Jacket 500mm
Diameter of Jacket 2000mm
Material of Construction SS304
Thickness of Jacket 6mm
EQUIPMENT DRAWING
SUMMARY OF ASSUMPTIONS

1. Batch reactor will be used in the acidification process.

2. 1 unit of reactor per day.

3. 30% of the total volume of feed is allotted as allowance for safety

4. Height of liquid to Diameter of the tank ratio is 3 for stability purpose

5. SS310 will be the material of construction to be used for the tank and SS304 for the

jacket.

6. API-ASME vessel design code will be used for the design of vessel

7. The optimum rotational speed of the impeller would be 220 rpm.

DESIGN EQUATIONS

A. BATCH TIME

1 . tR = f(k, XA)

2. tB = tF + t H + tR + tC + tE

B. VESSEL DESIGN
Ref: Chemical Process Engineering Design and Economics by Harry Sevilla

Vtank = 1.3Vfeed
1. Dimensions
HT/DT = 3

3 4
DT = (3)

Mechanical Design

Ref: Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers (Max S. Peters et. al)

2. Shell Thickness

static pressure and atmospheric pressure.

P = Patm +

Static Pressure (Ps) = Hliquid

Design Pressure (10% of internal pressure for safety)

PT = 1.10 (P)

Wall thickness, ts = +
0.6
 1.104

Head Thickness, tH =20.2 +

Bottom Thickness, tB =

C. IMPELLER DESIGN

1. Impeller Dimensions

Impeller Diameter, Da = DT/3

Impeller Height, E(above vessel floor)= Da

Length of Impeller Blade, L = Da/4

Width of Impeller Blade, W = Da/5

Ref: Heuristics in Chemical Engineering Edited for On-Line Use by G. J. Suppes, 2002

Ref: Unit Processes in Chemical Engineering by McCabe, Smith and Harriot

2. Power Requirement

Prequired = (Np)(n3 )(Da5) ()

Power no (Np) = 1.27 (Pitch Blade Impeller)

(http://www.fusionfluid.com/FusionFluidEquipmentLLC/html/impellers_pbturbine.html)

D. SYSTEM DESIGN

General Design Equation

(Ref: ChE Handbook 8th edition, eq.11-47 p. 11-24)


A =

( )( )
= ( )

( )

Height of Jacket

Hjacket =
,

Diameter of Jacket

Aj = 4 ([2 ,
2
])

Outside shell to Jacket Distance

Ds-j = 2

Jacket thickness, js = +
0.6
DETAILED COMPUTIONS

Density Calculation
Mass(kg) Density(kg/m3) Volume(m3)
Calcium Lactate 543.47 1490 0.36
Calcium Acetate 14.54 1600 0.01

Sulfuric Acid 263 1840 0.14

Calcium Hydroxide 7.3 2210 0.00
Water 521.62 1000 0.52
Total 1349.93 1046.46 1.29
Density Data: Physical and Chemical Properties Handbook by Karl Yaws and Perrys Chemical
Engineers Handbook

MT 1349.93 kg
ave = = = 1046.46 kg/m3 = 65.33 lbm/ft3
VT 1.29 m3
 A. BATCH TIME DETERMINATION

Order of the Reaction and Rate Constant Determination

Lactic acid reaction:

( ) + +
Calcium Lactate Sulfuric Acid Lactic Acid Calcium Sulfate

*From experimental data of Calcium Lactate (CaLA) concentration with respect to time (min)
with 92% recovery of lactic acid using 1:1 mole ratio of Calcium Lactate to Sulfuric Acid at 220
rpm.
Time(min) [CaLA]
6 0.0010229
12 0.0010036
18 0.0009457
24 0.0009264

(Ref: Effect of operating parameters on precipitation for recovery of lactic acid from
calcium lactate fermentation broth)

n=0 n=1 n=2

Time(min) [CaLA] ln[CaLA] 1/[CaLA]
6 0.0010229 -6.885113549 977.6126699
12 0.0010036 -6.904161743 996.4129135
18 0.0009457 -6.963585164 1057.417786
24 0.0009264 -6.984204451 1079.447323
R2 0.9529 0.963 0.9355
Y=mx+b Y = -0.000006x +.001 Y= -0.0059x-6.8451 Y = 6.1058x + 936.1

The order of the reaction is first order and the rate constant is 0.0059/min.
First order reaction equation:

[]
=
[ ]

The initial concentration of CaLA.

Mass = 543.47 kg

MW = 218.22 kg/kmol

Volume (solution) = 1290L

[CaLA] o =

543.47
218.22
[CaLA] o = = 0.00193 M
1290

[CaLA] = 0.00193 M (1-0.92)

= 0.0001544 M

Solving for Reaction time, tR

[]
=
[ ]

[0.0001544]
= 0.0059
[0.00193]

Time = 428 mins 7 hours

Reaction Time, tR = 7 hours

For Total Batch Time, tB

Total Batch time, tB = tF + tH + t R + tE + tC

tB= 2hr + 1hr + 7hr + 1hr + + 1hr

tB= 12 hours
 B. VESSEL DESIGN

Vessel Capacity
Ref: Chemical Process Engineering Design and Economics by Harry Sevilla
Assume 30% allowance:
Vfeed = 1.29m3
Vtank = 1.3Vfeed
Vtank=1.3(1.29m3) = 1.7 m3 2m3

Dimensions:

For Vessel Diameter (D) and Height (H)

For Vessel Diameter (D) and Height (H)

(Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook 8th Ed, p. 18-14)

Using ratio:
HT/DT = 3

3 4 3 4(23 )
DT = (3) = = 0.95m 1m
(3)

DT = 1 m = 3.28 ft

HT = 1 m x 3 = 3 m

HT = 3m = 9.84ft
MECHANICAL DESIGN

Ref: Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers (Max S. Peters et. al)

Wall Thickness

For the calculation of wall thickness, we have to calculate the total pressure which is the sum of

static pressure and atmospheric pressure.

P = Patm +

Static Pressure (Ps) = Hliquid

1 2 32.2 2
= (65.33 3 ) (5 ft x 144 2 ) (

)
32.2 2

= 2.27 psi

Total Pressure at base = 14.7 psi + 2.27 psi

PT = 16.97 psi = 1.15 atm = 117 kPa

Design Pressure (10% of internal pressure for safety)

PT = 1.10 (117)

PT = 128.7 kPa(abs) = 18.67psia

Material of Construction: Stainless Steel 316

Stainless Steel 316 (UNS S31600) is a chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steel with added
molybdenum, which provides greater resistance to corrosion and pitting. It is non- magnetic, and
offers higher strength at elevated temperatures. It is non-hardenable by heat treatment. Similar
to 304, SS 316 is available in the round, square, hex or flat bar and sheet, plate and angle
shapes.
Ref: http://www.farmerscopper.com/stainless-steel.html
WALL THICKNESS

Wall thickness, ts = +
0.6

Material = SS316
Working Stress(S) of SS316 = 18698.36 psi
Pressure (Tank) =18.67psi
Join Efficiency, Ej = 0.6 (single-butt-welded)
Internal radius, ri = 3.28ft/2 = 19.68 in
Corrosion allowance = 1/8 in

Wall thickness = +
0.6

(18.67 ) (19.68 ) 1
ts = (18698.36)(0.6) 0.6(18.67) + 8

ts = 0.14 in
Outside Diameter (Do) = Di + 2(wall thickness)
Di(inside diameter) = 1000 mm
Do = 1000 mm + 2(4mm)
Do = 1008mm

Head Thickness
Ellipsoidal head is used for pressure greater than 150 psia and for less than that we use
Torispherical head.
Design pressure= 18.67 psia ( use Torispherical head)

Ref: Chemical Process Engineering Design and Economics by Harry Silla

Coulson and Richard Chemical Engineering, Vol 6.

1.104

Head thickness, tH =20.2 +

Material = SS316
Working Stress(S) of SS316 = 18698.36 psi
Pressure (Tank) =18.67psia
Join Efficiency, Ej = 0.6 (single-butt-welded)
Tank diameter, DT = 3.28ft/2 = 19.68 in
Corrosion allowance = 1/8 in

1.104
tH = 20.2 +

1.104 (18.67 )( 19.68) 1

tH = 2(0.6)(18698.36)0.2(18.67) + 8

tH = 0.14 in

Bottom Thickness

= = .
 C. IMPELLER DESIGN

(Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook 8th Ed, p. 18-14)

For vessels less than 1.8m in diameter, pitched blade or flange-mounted, angular, off-center
fluidfoil impeller with no baffles should be the initial choice for meeting a wide range of process
requirements.

45 Pitched Blade Impeller

Axial impeller very useful in mixing solid suspensions and high slurry concentrations.

The Pitched Blade Turbine is especially suited for high speed liquid/ solid applications where tank

baffles may be impractical. Direction of fluid flow can be up or down depending on the pitch. The

pitch angle can vary between 0 and 90 from the vertical.

(http://www.umich.edu/~elements/01chap/html/reactors/mixing/impeller.htm)

http://www.autoclaveengineers.com/ae_pdfs/AG_Agitator_mixer_comparison.pdf

IMPELLER DIMENSIONS

Impeller Diameter, Da = DT/3

Da = 1000mm/3 = 333 mm 500mm

Impeller Height, E(above vessel floor)= Da

E = 500mm

Length of Impeller Blade, L = Da/4

L = 500mm/4 = 125mm

Width of Impeller Blade, W = Da/5

 W =500mm/5 = 100mm

Ref: Heuristics in Chemical Engineering Edited for On-Line Use by G. J. Suppes, 2002

Ref: Unit Processes in Chemical Engineering by McCabe, Smith and Harriot

Power Requirement

Physical Properties of a Slurry:

(Ref: https://www.cheresources.com/invision/blog/4/entry-340-calculating-physical-properties-

of-slurries/)

Since the slurry consists of solid particles suspended in a liquid, the properties of a slurry

mixture will depend upon those of the constituents. The density of slurry can be calculated from

the following equation:

m = 100 / (Cw/s) + [(100 - Cw) / L]

where:

m =density of slurry mixture, kg/m3

Cw = solids concentration by weight, %

s = density of solid in mixture, kg/m3

L = density of liquid in mixture, kg/m3

Density of Liquid in Mixture

Component density (kg/m3) Mass(kg) Volume(m3)

Lactic Acid 1206 469.73 0.39
Acetic Acid 1050 12.22 0.01
Water 1000 552.8 0.55
Total 1084.72 1034.75 0.95

L = 1084.72 kg/m3

S = 2320 kg/m3

Cw = 26

100
m =
Cw (100 Cw)
S + L

100
m =
26 (100 26)
+
2320 1084.72

m = 1259 kg/m3

Prequired = (Np)(n3 )(Da5) ()

Power no(Np) = 1.27 (Pitch Blade Impeller)

(http://www.fusionfluid.com/FusionFluidEquipmentLLC/html/impellers_pbturbine.html)

RPM(N) = 220 rpm = 3.67 rev/s

Da = 0.5m

= 1259kg/m3
Power = (Np x N3 x Da5 x )

= (1.27 x (3.67rev/s)3 x (0.5m)5 x 1259 kg/m3 )

= 2470W

= 3.3 hp

Motor Efficiency, = 85%

Pactual =

2.75
Pactual = 0.85

Pactual = 3.9 hp
 D. SYSTEM DESIGN

General Design Equation

(Ref: ChE Handbook 8th edition, eq.11-47 p. 11-24)

A =

Ref: Chemical-process-engineering-design-and-economics. Harry Silla

For jacket/Agitated; Cooling Water; Organic Solution

U = 50-60 Btu/h-F-ft2

U = 283.9 454.24 W/m2-C

Ref: http://www.thermopedia.com/content/547/

Use U= 350 W/m2-C

Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference

( )( )
= ( )

( )

Feed Temperature Water Temperature

Inlet, Tcin Outlet, Tcout Inlet, Thin Outlet, Thout

102 90 25 60

(25102)(6090)
= (25102) = - 49.86

(6090)

From Energy Balance;

= . kJ/day

1 1 1000
= . x 24 x x
3600 1

= 32961.47 W
Area of Jacket

Aj =

32961.47W
Aj = =
370 ( 49.86)
2

Aj = 1.8 m2 2m2

Height of Jacket

Hjacket =
,

2 2
Hjacket = (1.35 )

Hjacket = 0.47mm or 500mm

Diameter of Jacket

Aj = 4 ([2 ,
2
])

Across sectional (jacket) = 4 [2 ,
2
]

2 m2 = 4 [2 (1.35)2 ]

Dj = 2m = 2000mm

Outside shell to Jacket Distance

Ds-j = 2

20001350
Ds-j = 2

Ds-j = 325mm
Thickness of Jacket

Jacket thickness

Wall thickness, js = +
0.6

Material = SS304
Working Stress(S) of SS316 = 10500 psi
Pressure (Tank) =18.67psi
Join Efficiency, Ej = 0.6 (single-butt-welded)
Internal jacket radius, rj = 2000mm/2 = 1000mm = 39.37in
Corrosion allowance = 1/8 in

Wall thickness = +
0.6

(18.67 ) (39.37 ) 1
ts = (10500)(0.6) 0.6(18.67) + 8

ts = 0.24 in = 6mm