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SUMMARY RSUM
TABLE I: Farm characteristics, husbandry practices and mastitis prevalence in market oriented smallholder dairy farms in Adama distric,
Ethiopia.
farms practice hand milking twice per day and milking of samples cultured (one sample per mastitic cow), 82 were cul-
mastitic cow at last was practiced in only 43.7% of the farms. ture positive, 8 were discarded for contamination and the rest
(9) were culture negative. A total of 95 isolates were identified
of which CNS (coagulase negative staphylococci) represented
the highest proportion (21.2%). The organisms identified
Prevalence of mastitis
could be grouped as contagious (CNS, S. aureus, S. agalactiae,
Table 2a illustrates the prevalence of clinical and sub-clinical S. dysgalactiae..) and environmental mastitis causing pathogens
mastitis in 95 smallholder herds that had a total number of like coliforms (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis),
206 milking cows. Out of 824 quarters examined 30 quarters Streptococcus uberis,
(3.6%), belonging to 16 cows (7.8%) were blind. Fifty three
percent of the blind quarters were right hind, 20% right fore,
6.7% left hind and 20% left fore quarters. The differences
were statistically significant (P< 0.05). Sixty two percent of Management factors related to mastitis
the herds, 48% of the cows and 24.6% of the quarters were
The prevalence of mastitis was found to be significantly
affected by clinical and/or sub-clinical mastitis. Out of the
associated with some of the household characteristics and
total number of 195 quarters affected by clinical and sub-clinical
management practices (Tables 1 and 4). Mastitis was found
mastitis 48(24.6%) were right fore, 50(25.6%) right hind,
to be more prevalent in smallholder farms where dairying is
53(27.2%) left fore and 44 (22.6%) left hind quarters. The
prevalence of sub-clinical mastitis was higher than clinical considered as a secondary activity. Mastitis prevalence
mastitis at herd, cow and quarter levels, respectively, by 4.5, decreased with increase in farming duration. A significant
6.6 and 9.3 times. mastitis prevalence increase was also recorded in herds housed
under poor stable drainage conditions and in herds where
mastitic cows were not milked at last. Poor body condition
score and cows that have had mastitis previously were also
Bacterial isolates observed as risk factors for mastitis with a significant
influence.
Table 3 shows the details of bacterial isolates identified
from culture positive milk samples. From a total of 99 milk
TABLE IIA: Prevalence of clinical and sub clinical mastitis in market oriented smallholder dairy farms in Adama district, Ethiopia.
TABLE IIB: Quarter level distribution of blindness and mastitis in market oriented smallholder dairy farms in Adama district, Ethiopia.
Bacterial Frequency Percentage role women play in dairying in the study area. The average
isolates herd size of 5.2 animals, of which 2.2 milking cows is com-
parable to the report of MEKONNEN et al. [11] for
Streptococcus agalactiae 11 11.6
Debrezeit area. Keeping dairy animals in permanent houses,
Streptococcus dysgalactiae 6 6.4 stall feeding and procuring feed through purchase by almost
Streptococcus uberis 3 3.3 all smallholders are characteristic features of urban and peri-
Enterococcus faecalis 10 10.6 urban smallholder dairy farming and in agreement with other
Staphylococcus aureus 14 14.7 reports [11].
CNS* 20 21.2
The overall prevalence of mastitis at herd (61.2%), cow
Micrococcus species 15 15.9 (48%) and quarter (23.7%) levels obtained in the present
Escherichia coli 7 7.5 study was high. The cow level prevalence was higher than
Serratia marcescens 4 4.2 the 32.6% prevalence in Sellale area Ethiopia [5] and 42.2%
Arcanobacterium pyogenes 3 3.3 prevalence reported by HAROUNA et al [6] for Hamdallaye
Bacillus cereus 2 2.2 dairy cattle in Niger. The findings of the present study regar-
Total 95 100% ding cow level prevalence of clinical mastitis (6.3%) and sub
clinical mastitis (44.6%) were higher than those of ALMAW,
CNS*- coagulase negative staphylococci
et al. [2] who reported 3.9 % for clinical mastitis and 34.4%
for subclinical mastitis in smallholder dairy farms in and
around Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. The quarter level prevalence is
TABLE III: Frequency distribution of bacterial isolates from mastitic
cows fore milk samples in market oriented smallholder dairy farms also much higher than what was reported for Sellale,
in Adama district, Ethiopia. Ethiopia area [5]. These differences are most likely due to
individual herd factors that considerably influence mastitis
prevalence. On the other hand WORKINEH et al. [22] reported
21.5% and 38.2% prevalence respectively for clinical and
Discussion sub-clinical mastitis in two major Ethiopian dairies that illus-
trate the magnitude of mastitis problem in both smallholder
The proportion of women headed farms (58.9%) observed and large dairy herds. Prevalence of clinical and subclinical
in the present study was higher than previous reports made by mastitis didnt show significant difference between the four
MEKONNEN et al. [11] for Debrezeit (38%) and MEKONNEN quarters and this result differs from that of KHAN and
et al. [12] for Dejen (20%) areas that shows the important MUHAMMAD [8] for crossbred cows and buffalos in Pakistan.
TABLE IV: Association between clinical mastitis and potential risk factors in Adama district, Ethiopia.
The latter reported higher prevalence in hindquarters than smallholders sell their animals due to mastitis or other health
forequarters and among the hindquarters, more susceptibility problems. Thus, many purchased starter or replacement ani-
of the left hindquarters than the right. This might simply suggest mals were, most probably, infected. The higher prevalence in
that the relationship between quarter position and mastitis farms where dairying is a sideline activity could also be
prevalence is not straight forward but influenced by other explained form the reduced level of attention paid to dai-
factors like breed (udder size) and management. However in rying. The significant association obtained between mastitis
the present study, significantly higher proportion of blind prevalence and stage of milking mastitic cow is in contrast
quarters were observed in the hindquarters. with a report made by GETAHUN et al. [5] who indicated no
In this study, contagious microorganisms (CNS, S. aureus, significant effect of stage of milking mastitic cow on mastitis
Str. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae) with a predominance of CNS prevalence. Poor body condition increased the risk of mastitis.
caused most of the infections. This result agrees with the This result is consistent with previous reports [7, 13]. Among
reports of ALMAW et al. [2] for Bahirdar area, Ethiopia the risk factors considered the odds of occurrence of mastitis
where CNS, S. aureus and Str. agalactiae were reported as was five times more likely in cows with previous mastitis
the most frequently isolated organisms in decreasing order of history compared to their healthy herd-mates.
importance. Other previous reports show S. aureus as the
most predominant pathogen [5, 22]. RIEKERINK et al. [19]
indicated that there could be substantial geographic variation
in the distribution of mastitis causing bacteria. Contagious Conclusion
mastitis prevalence is considerably influenced by the milking
procedures followed by milkers. Thus correct milking pro- Relatively high mastitis prevalence was revealed in this
cedures such as milking mastitic cows at last and proper study. CNS, S. aureus, Str. agalactiae, Enterococcus faecalis
sanitation of utensils, milkers hand and udder before mil- and Micrococcus species caused most of the infections.
king could help to improve the situation.The frequency of Managing dairy farms as sideline activity, duration of far-
isolation of coliforms (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faeca- ming, barn hygienic condition, stage of milking mastitic
lis) and other environmental mastitis causing organisms cow, body condition score and previous mastitis history were
was also quite high. It is known that unhygienic housing found to be risk factors significantly related to mastitis pre-
conditions strongly influence the prevalence of environmental valence. Determination of mastitis causing organisms and
mastitis that can produce life threatening illness [4]. Or in the associated risk factors has significant importance both for the
present study the majority of the cow barns (70%) had poor choice of treatment of the affected animals as well as for
drainage conditions. devising effective measures against risk factors.
The prevalence of mastitis was found to be significantly
higher in smallholders where dairying is a secondary activi-
ty and in farms with less then 4 years duration. The higher Acknowledgement
prevalence in recently established smallholder farms might
be partly attributed to the sources of the foundation herds We acknowledge the co-operation received from smallholder
that were other smallholders in the vicinity. The majority of dairy farmers.