EnP Review Notes Day3

Environmental planning
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with Australia and do not represent a worldwide

view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (August 2013)

Environmental planning the process of facilitating decision making to carry out land development with the consideration given to the natural environmental,

social, political, economic and governance factors and provides a holistic framework to achieve sustainable outcomes.

Contents
[hide]

Asia[edit]
In the Philippines, the Republic Act 10587 governs the practice of Environmental Planning. The law defines Environmental Planning as "a multi-disciplinary art and

science of analyzing, specifying, clarifying, harmonizing, managing and regulating the use and development of land and water resources, in relation to their

environs, for the development of sustainable communities and ecosystems.". It is sometimes referred to as urban and regional planning, city planning, town and

country planning, and/or human settlements planning.

An Environmental Planner is a person who is registered and licensed to practice environmental planning and who holds a valid Certificate of Registration and a

valid Professional Identification Card from the Board of Environmental Planning and the Professional Regulation Commission of the Republic of the Philippines. To

be a licensed planner, one must prove that he/she has at least 2 years planning experience or a master's degree in a relevant field of study aside from a bachelor's

degree in Engineering, Architecture, Economics, and other related Social Sciences. Areas of competency for planners are:

1. Physical Planning

2. Social Planning

3. Economic Planning

4. Planning Law and Administration; and

5. Special Planning Studies.

There is a current move to require in five years time the Bachelor of Science in Environmental Planning as a requisite for one to be a licensed environmental

planner. As of this writing, the curriculum for BS Environmental Planning is being reviewed by the Board of Environmental Planning and the Commission on Higher

Education (CHED).

The only accredited organization for environmental planners in the Philippines is the Philippine Institute of Environmental Planners (PIEP).

Scope of Practice. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10587 The practice of environmental planning, within the meaning and intent of this Act, shall embrace the following:

1. Providing professional services in the form of technical consultation, rendering of technical advice, plan preparation, capacity building and monitoring

and evaluation of implementation involving the following:

1.
 1. National, regional or local development and/or physical framework and comprehensive land-use plans;

2. Zoning and related ordinances, codes and other legal issuances for the development and management, preservation, conservation,

rehabilitation, regulation and control of the environment, including all land, water, air and natural resources;

3. Planning and development of a barangay, municipality, city, province, region or any portion or combination thereof; and

4. Development of a site for a particular need or special purpose, such as economic or ecological zones; tourism development zones; and

housing and other estate development projects, including the creation of any other spatial arrangement of buildings, utilities, transport

and communications;

2. In relation to any of the activities enumerated in paragraph (1) above, preparing the following studies:

1. Pre-feasibility, feasibility and other related concerns;

2. Environmental assessments; and

3. Institutional, administrative or legal systems;

3. Curriculum and syllabi development in licensure examinations for environmental planners and teaching in academic institutions and conducting review

courses in environmental planning;

4. Serving as expert witness, resource person, lecturer, juror or arbitrator in hearings, competitions, exhibitions and other public fora; conduct of

hearings, competitions, exhibits and other public fora;

5. Ensuring compliance with environmental laws including the acquisition of regulatory permits.

The Professional Regulatory Board, subject to approval of the Professional Regulation Commission, may add to, or exclude from, this section any

activity or act of professional practice, or revise it as the need arises to conform to changes and new developments brought about by the latest trends

in environmental planning; and

6. Perform other acts or conduct other activities that may be determined by the Board, subject to approval by the Professional Regulation Commission in

light of the trend of the practice of the profession.

Comprehensive planning
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Comprehensive planning is a process that determines community goals and aspirations in terms of
community development. The outcome of comprehensive planning is the Comprehensive Plan which
dictates public policy in terms of transportation, utilities, land use, recreation, and housing.
Comprehensive plans typically encompass large geographical areas, a broad range of topics, and
cover a long-term time horizon. The term comprehensive planning is most often used by urban
planners in the United States.

COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING evolved from a physical planning model from the 1920s
to 1930s as exemplified by British planner Patrick Geddess S-A-P and Ebenezer
Howards Garden City.

Land-use planning
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Land use planning)

Land-use planning is the general term used for a branch of urban planning encompassing various
disciplines which seek to order and regulate land use in an efficient and ethical way, thus
preventing land-use conflicts. Governments use land-use planning to manage the development of
land within their jurisdictions. In doing so, the governmental unit can plan for the needs of the
community while safeguarding natural resources. To this end, it is the systematic assessment of
land and water potential, alternatives for land use, and economic and social conditions in order to
select and adopt the best land-use options. Often one element of a comprehensive plan, a land-use
[1]

plan provides a vision for the future possibilities of development in neighborhoods, districts, cities, or
any defined planning area.

Land Use Plan refers to the rational approach of allocating available land resources as
equitably as possible among competing user groups and for different functions
consistent with the development plan of the area and the Program

Environmental impact statement

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about environmental impact statements under United States federal law. For
worldwide perspective on environmental impact statements, see Environmental impact assessment.
An environmental impact statement (EIS), under United States environmental law, is a document
required by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) for certain actions "significantly affecting
the quality of the human environment". An EIS is a tool for decision making. It describes the positive
[1]

and negative environmental effects of a proposed action, and it usually also lists one or more
alternative actions that may be chosen instead of the action described in the EIS. Several U.S.
state governments require that a document similar to an EIS be submitted to the state for certain
actions. For example, in California, an Environmental Impact Report (EIR) must be submitted to the
state for certain actions, as described in the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). One of
the primary authors of the act is Lynton K. Caldwell.

*************************
Industrial Estate is an area which has been specially planned for a lot
of factories ( based on comprehensive plan)

Industrial Subdivision a subdivision is used to legally divide a large

piece of land into a smaller properties.

**********************

A metropolitan area, sometimes referred to as a metro area or just metro, is a region

consisting of a densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding
territories, sharing industry, infrastructure, and housing.[1]

A metro area usually comprises

multiple jurisdictions and municipalities: neighborhoods, townships, cities, exurbs, subur
bs, counties, districts, states, and even nations like the eurodistricts. As social,
economic and political institutions have changed, metropolitan areas have become key
economic and political regions.[2] Metropolitan areas include one or more urban areas,
as well as satellite cities, towns and intervening rural areas that are socio-economically
tied to the urban core, typically measured by commuting patterns.[3]

Urban area
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Urban zone" redirects here. For other uses, see Urban zone (disambiguation).
"Urbanized area" redirects here. For use of the term in relation to the United States Census, see List
of United States urban areas.

Greater Tokyo Area, Japan, the world's most populous urban area, with about 35 million inhabitants.

An urban area is a location characterized by high human population density and many built
environment features in comparison to the areas surrounding it. Urban areas may
be cities, towns or conurbations, but the term is not commonly extended to rural areas such
as villages and hamlets.
City
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see City (disambiguation).

1908 map of Piraeus, the port of Athens, showing the grid plan of the city

A city is a large and permanent human settlement. Although there is no agreement on how a city is
[1][2]

distinguished from a town in general English language meanings, many cities have a particular
administrative, legal, or historical status based on local law.
Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, and
transportation. The concentration of development greatly facilitates interaction between people and
businesses, sometimes benefiting both parties in the process, but it also presents challenges to
managing urban growth. [3]

A big city or metropolis usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are usually
associated with metropolitan areas and urban areas, creating numerous business commuters
traveling to urban centers for employment. Once a city expands far enough to reach another city,
this region can be deemed a conurbation or megalopolis. Damascus is arguably the oldest city in the
world. In terms of population, the largest city proper is Shanghai, while the fastest-growing is Dubai
[4]

CITY vs. URBAN

City as defined by RA 7160, a minimum income of P20 M, at least 10,000 has. In land
area or minimum population of 150,000, a political or legal status granted by the government.

Highly Urbanized City at least 200,000 people; income of P50M or more.

Component City population & income below that of highly urbanized city.

Independent Component City a chartered city with a population and income below
those required for a city but whose charter makes it independent from the province.

Urban Area as defined by NSO: in their entirety, all cities and municipalities with a
density of at least 1000/sq km; central districts (poblaciones) of municipalities and cities with a
density of at least 500/sq km; central districts, regardless of population size, exhibiting a street
pattern or street network, at least 6 establishments, a town hall, church or chapel, public plaza,
 park, cemetery, market; and barangays having at least 1000 people and meeting the previous
conditions.

****************

Excerpt from PD 1308 Regulating the Practice of the Profession of

Environmental Planning in the Philippines Environmental Planning
Law
Section 20. Consulting Firms and Corporations Engaged in Environmental Planning Practice.- A
consulting firm, partnership, company corporation, or association may engage in the practice of
environmental
planning in the Philippines: Provided, That it complies with the following
requirements:
a. The consulting firm, partnership, company, corporation, or association is registered as such with
the Board and approved by the Commission to engage in the practice of environmental planning in
the Philippines: Provided, That at least seventy-five (75) percent of the entire membership of the
Board of the corporation, partnership, firm or association shall be registered environmental
planners and at least seventy-five (75) percent of the total capitalization of the said entity is owned
by them; and
b. The practice of the consulting firm, partnership, company, corporation, or association in
environmental planning shall be carried out by duly registered environmental planners.

EXCERPT FORM RA10587

SEC. 25. Consulting Firms, Partnerships, Corporations, Associations and

Foundations Engaged in Environmental Planning Practice. A consulting firm,
partnership, corporation, association or foundation may engage in the practice of
environmental planning in the Philippines: Provided, That it complies with the
following requirements:

(a) The consulting firm, partnership, corporation or association applies for and is
issued a Certificate of Registration by the Board and the Commission to engage in
the practice of environmental planning in the Philippines: Provided, That the
majority of the partners of the partnership are registered and licensed
environmental planners: Provided, further, That the majority of the Members of the
Board of Directors or Members of corporations shall be registered and licensed
environmental planners; and

(b) The practice of the consulting firm, partnership, corporation or association in

environmental planning shall be carried out by duly registered and licensed
environmental planners.

Population pyramid
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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This distribution is named for the frequently pyramidal shape of its graph.

A population pyramid, also called an age pyramid or age picture diagram, is a graphical
illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population (typically that of a
country or region of the world), which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is
growing.[1] It is also used in ecology to determine the overall age distribution of a population; an
indication of the reproductive capabilities and likelihood of the continuation of a species.

It typically consists of two back-to-back histograms, with the population plotted on the X-axis
and age on the Y-axis, one showing the number of males and one showing females in a particular
population in five-year age groups (also called cohorts). Males are conventionally shown on the
left and females on the right, and they may be measured by raw number or as a percentage of the
total population.

Population pyramids are often viewed as the most effective way to graphically depict the age and
sex distribution of a population, partly because of the very clear image these pyramids present.[2]

A great deal of information about the population broken down by age and sex can be read from a
population pyramid, and this can shed light on the extent of development and other aspects of the
population. A population pyramid also tells how many people of each age range live in the area.
There tends to be more females than males in the older age groups, due to females' longer life
expectancy.

Contents

1 Types of population pyramid

2 Youth bulge
o 2.1 The Middle East and North Africa
2.1.1 Egypt's socio-economic challenges
3 Uses of population pyramids
4 See also
5 References
6 Further reading
7 External links

Types of population pyramid[edit]

Population pyramids for 4 stages of the demographic transition model

While all countries' population pyramids differ, four general types have been identified by the
fertility and mortality rates of a country.[3]

Stable pyramid

A population pyramid showing an unchanging pattern of fertility and mortality.

Stationary pyramid

A population pyramid typical of countries with low fertility and low mortality, very similar to a
constrictive pyramid.

Expansive pyramid

A population pyramid that is very wide at the base, indicating high birth and death rates.

Constrictive pyramid

A population pyramid that comes in at the bottom. The population is generally older on average,
as the country has long life expectancy, a low death rate, but also a low birth rate. This pyramid
 is becoming more common, especially when immigrants are factored out, and is a typical
pattern for a very developed country, a high level of education, easy access to and incentive to
use birth control, good health care, and few negative environmental factors.

In some countries the above "pyramids" are referred to by a description of their shape. The
classic example is the pyramid. The stationary pyramid is referred to as a "clock-model" (like the
bell in a clock tower). The contracting pyramid is referred to as "onion" shaped, or occasionally
as "urn" shaped.

Shift-share analysis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A shift-share analysis, used in regional science, political economy, and urban studies,
determines what portions of regional economic growth or decline can be attributed to national,
economic industry, and regional factors. The analysis helps identify industries where a regional
economy has competitive advantages over the larger economy. A shift-share analysis takes the
change over time of an economic variable, such as employment, within industries of a regional
economy, and divides that change into various components. A traditional shift-share analysis
splits regional changes into just three components, but other models have evolved that expand
the decomposition into additional components.

Linear programming
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A pictorial representation of a simple linear program with two variables and six inequalities. The
set of feasible solutions is depicted in yellow and forms a polygon, a 2-dimensional polytope.
The linear cost function is represented by the red line and the arrow: The red line is a level set of
the cost function, and the arrow indicates the direction in which we are optimizing.

A closed feasible region of a problem with three variables is a convex polyhedron. The surfaces
giving a fixed value of the objective function are planes (not shown). The linear programming
problem is to find a point on the polyhedron that is on the plane with the highest possible value.

Linear programming (LP; also called linear optimization) is a method to achieve the best
outcome (such as maximum profit or lowest cost) in a mathematical model whose requirements
are represented by linear relationships. Linear programming is a special case of mathematical
programming (mathematical optimization).

More formally, linear programming is a technique for the optimization of a linear objective
function, subject to linear equality and linear inequality constraints. Its feasible region is a
convex polytope, which is a set defined as the intersection of finitely many half spaces, each of
which is defined by a linear inequality. Its objective function is a real-valued affine (linear)
function defined on this polyhedron. A linear programming algorithm finds a point in the
polyhedron where this function has the smallest (or largest) value if such a point exists.

Linear programs are problems that can be expressed in canonical form as

where x represents the vector of variables (to be determined), c and b are vectors of (known)
coefficients, A is a (known) matrix of coefficients, and is the matrix transpose. The
expression to be maximized or minimized is called the objective function (cTx in this case). The
inequalities Ax b and x 0 are the constraints which specify a convex polytope over which the
objective function is to be optimized. In this context, two vectors are comparable when they have
the same dimensions. If every entry in the first is less-than or equal-to the corresponding entry in
the second then we can say the first vector is less-than or equal-to the second vector.
Linear programming can be applied to various fields of study. It is widely used in business and
economics, and is also utilized for some engineering problems. Industries that use linear
programming models include transportation, energy, telecommunications, and manufacturing. It
has proved useful in modeling diverse types of problems in planning, routing, scheduling,
assignment, and design.

Sensitivity analysis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Sensitivity analysis is the study of how the uncertainty in the output of a mathematical model or
system (numerical or otherwise) can be apportioned to different sources of uncertainty in its
inputs.[1][2] A related practice is uncertainty analysis, which has a greater focus on uncertainty
quantification and propagation of uncertainty. Ideally, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis should
be run in tandem. The process of recalculating outcomes under alternative assumptions to
determine the impact of variable under sensitivity analysis can be useful for a range of
purposes,[3] including

Testing the robustness of the results of a model or system in the presence of uncertainty.
Increased understanding of the relationships between input and output variables in a
system or model.
Uncertainty reduction: identifying model inputs that cause significant uncertainty in the
output and should therefore be the focus of attention if the robustness is to be increased
(perhaps by further research).
Searching for errors in the model (by encountering unexpected relationships between
inputs and outputs).
Model simplification fixing model inputs that have no effect on the output, or
identifying and removing redundant parts of the model structure.
Enhancing communication from modelers to decision makers (e.g. by making
recommendations more credible, understandable, compelling or persuasive).
Finding regions in the space of input factors for which the model output is either
maximum or minimum or meets some optimum criterion (see optimization and Monte
Carlo filtering).
In case of calibrating models with large number of parameters, a primary sensitivity test
can ease the calibration stage by focusing on the sensitive parameters. Not knowing the
sensitivity of parameters can result in time being uselessly spent on non-sensitive ones.[4]

Taking an example from economics, in any budgeting process there are always variables that are
uncertain. Future tax rates, interest rates, inflation rates, headcount, operating expenses and other
variables may not be known with great precision. Sensitivity analysis answers the question, "if
these deviate from expectations, what will the effect be (on the business, model, system, or
whatever is being analyzed), and which variables are causing the largest deviations