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Bob Ainsworth
The University of Manchester
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Contents of Presentation
Treatment of Combined Loading in FFS Standards
Simplified Methods
Detailed Methods
Recent Developments for Combined Loading
Kim et al
James et al
New Approach Based on Stress Relaxation
General Solution
Simplified Estimate
Concluding Remarks
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Schematic Variation of J with Load
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FFS Procedures
R6
Based on Failure Assessment Diagram (FAD)
Combined loading treated in definition of Kr
BS7910
Combined loading has the same basis as R6
FITNET
Combined loading has the same basis as R6
ASME/API579
Combined loading has the same basis as R6 but tabulated
values in R6 fitted by polynomial functions
RSEM
Differs from R6 but for specific loadings (thermal shock)
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Failure Assessment Diagram
Two Parameters
K r = (K1p + VK1s ) / K mat
L r = F / FL (a, y ) = pref / y
Limits
K r f(L r )
L r Lmax
r
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Failure Assessment Diagram
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Validation of R6 for Residual Stress
1.8
Kr
1.6
1.4
1.2
0.8
1P (full scale)
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Lr 1.4
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Procedures for Estimating V
Simplified Estimate
Elastic calculation for secondary loading
Conservative in absence of elastic follow-up
Limited range of applicability
Detailed Estimate
Elastic-plastic calculation for secondary loading
Based on reference stress methods
Conservative in absence of elastic follow-up
Finite Element Analysis
Elastic-plastic calculation for combined loading
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Simplified Procedure to Estimate V
Applicable provided:
There are some primary stresses
Elastic follow-up is not significant
Secondary stresses are not very large, K1s /(K1p /L r ) = 4
V =1 L r > 1.05
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Simplified Estimate of V
R6 currently limits to
V>1 (>0) but likely to
be relaxed to V>0.4 in
the future.
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Detailed Procedure to Estimate V
Calculate K sJ
> inelastic analysis of cracked body
> inelastic analysis of uncracked body to define stress and
strain based K values
> plastic zone correction to K 1s
Define
V = (K sJ /K1s ),
where = (L r ,K sJ /(K1p /L r ) = * )
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Values of V for Detailed Procedure
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Recent Developments
James et al
Extensive finite element analyses for plates
Development of g or h approach where g = [V /V0 ]/f(L r )
Reported at ASME PVP conferences
Empirically based
Kim et al
Extensive finite element analyses for cylinders
Refined estimation of V
Allows for elastic follow-up
Empirically based
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Estimates of J for SENB, a/w=0.5
(James et al)
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Cylinder with Axial Load (Kim et al)
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Comparison of Recent Proposals
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Evidence from Recent Developments
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New Relaxation Approach
Assume relaxation of secondary stresses is controlled by:
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Specific Solutions of Relaxation Equation
(L r +)f(L r ) L r
Z V= (upper bound)
f(L r +)
V Z1
Small , L r f(L r )+ 43 L r (+L r )
V0 Z
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Solutions for No Elastic Follow-Up, Z=1
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Solutions for Large Elastic Follow-Up
Can get V0 significantly greater than unity for stress fields with a uniform
region in the neighbourhood of the crack; low strain hardening materials
(high n); small defects.
Upper bound corresponds to treating secondary stress as primary
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General Solution
Guided by the solution for small loads an approximate general
solution has been developed as
Z 1
V /V0 =f(L r )+ 43 L r ( + L r )[f(L r )]2 f()
Z
For routine applications without significant elastic follow-up this is
weakly dependent on the magnitude of secondary stress and bounded
for Z=3 by
V /V0 =f(L r )+0.42L r (0.72 + L r )[f(L r )]2
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Weak Dependence on Secondary Stress
Magnitude
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Comparison with Recent Proposals
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Comparison with James et al for
Weakly Strain Hardening Material
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Comparison with Kim et al FE Results:
Weakly Strain Hardening Material
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Comparison with Kim et al FE Results:
Strongly Strain Hardening Material
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Concluding Remarks
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Acknowledgments
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