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3 x3 4 y 2 3 + 5 x( x 3 ) 12 y 2 + 5 x 2 15 x
(b) + = =
2 3 2 3
5x y 4 xy 20 x y 20 x 2 y 3
5 x 2 15 x + 12 y 2
4y2 5x =
20 x 2 y 3
x 4a x 2 1 5 x( x 4a ) + 2a( x 2) + ax 1
(c) + + =
2ax 5 x 2 10 x 10ax 2
5 x 2 20ax + 2ax 4a + ax
=
5x 2a ax 10ax 2
5 x 2 17ax 4a
=
10ax 2
3 2 2 2
(d) + + = x ( x 1) 3 + x 2 + ( x 1) 2
x x 1 x2 x 2 (x 1)
1 a2 1 b 4b(1 a 2 ) 3a 2 (1 b )
(b) =
3 2
3a b 4ab 12a 3b2
4b 3a2 4b 4a 2b 3a 2 + 3a 2b 3a 2 a 2b + 4b
= =
12a b 3 2
12a 3b2
2 a 1 2a( x 1) 2 x(a 1)
(c) 2
2 2 2
=
3ax 6a x 6a x 6a 2x 2 (x 1)
3ax2 6a2x(x-1)
4a( x 1) x(a 1)
=
2a(x-1) x 6a 2x 2 (x 1)
4ax 4a ax + x
=
6a 2x 2 (x 1)
3ax 4a + x
=
6a 2x 2 (x 1)
x +1 x 1
(d)
2
2 =
2x 8 x 4x + 4 2( x 2)2 (x + 2)
2(x2 - 4) (x - 2)2
2(x+2)(x-2)
(x-2) 2(x+2)
(x 2)(x + 1) 2( x + 2)(x 1)
=
2( x 2)2 ( x + 2)
x 2 + x 2x 2 2( x 2 x + 2x 2)
=
2( x 2)2 ( x + 2)
x 2 + x 2x 2 2x 2 + 2x 4 x + 4
=
2(x 2)2( x + 2)
x2 3x + 2
=
2( x 2)2 (x + 2)
Ejercicio:
Efectuar las siguientes sumas y restas de fracciones:
1 1 1
(a) 2 + =
ax a + ax a + x ax(a + x )
a(a + x) ax
a + x x + ax
x =
ax(a + x )
(a + x) a + ax
=
ax(a + x )
1
a(1 + x )
=
ax(a + x )
1
1+ x
=
x(a + x )
3x + 2 5x + 1 4x 3
(b) 2
2 + 2 =
x + 3 x 10 x + 4x 5 x 3x 2 (x + 5)(x 2)(x 1)
(x+5)(x-2) (x+5)(x-1) (x-2)(x-1)
3x 2 + 2x 3 x 2 (5 x 2 + x 10 x 2) + 4 x 2 + 20 x 3x 15
=
(x + 5 )(x 2)(x 1)
3x 2 + 2x 3x 2 5x 2 x + 10 x + 2 + 4x 2 + 20 x 3x 15
=
(x + 5)( x 2)(x 1)
2x 2 + 25x 15
=
( x + 5)(x 2)(x 1)
3) Multiplicacin: Se multiplican numeradores entre
si y denominadores entre si, teniendo presente
simplificar numeradores con denomina dores antes de
multiplicar.
Ejemplos: Al multiplicar:
1 3 2
3 5 31 2 5
(a) 3a
6c
=
3a
6c
= a 3c 3ac2
3 2 2 3 2 2 2 =
2c 15a b 2c 15a b 1 5b 5b 2
1 5
2 1 1
3 2 2 5 2 53 2ay 3
8a x 3b y 8a x3 2
3b y 2a y3
(b) = = =
4 2
9b y 2 3
4a x 42 2 2 31 2 3b 2x
9b y 4a x 3b x
3 1
1 2
2 2
x y 6x (x + y )(x y ) 6x x y 2 2x 2 y
(c) = = =
3x 2
x+y 21 x+y x 1 x
3x
1 1
4a 2 12a + 9 4 + 3b (2 a 3 )2 4 + 3b
(d) =
16 9b 2 2a 3 (4 + 3b )(4 3b) 2a 3
2 1 1
(2a 3) 4 + 3b 2a 3 1 2a 3
= = =
(4 + 3b )(4 3b ) 2a 13 4 3b 1 4 3b
1
x 2 + 7 x + 10 x 2 4 x 21 x 2 + 3x 4
(e) 2 2 =
2
x + 2x 3 x + 9 x + 20 x 5 x 14
(x + 5)(x + 2) (x 7)(x + 3) (x + 4)(x 1)
=
(x + 3)(x 1) ( x + 4)(x + 5 ) ( x 7 )(x + 2)
1 1 1 1 1 1
(x + 5)(x + 2) (x 7)(x + 3) (x + 4)(x 1) 1 1 1 1
= = = =1
(x + 3)(x 1) ( x + 4)(x + 5 ) ( x 7 )(x + 2) 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
4) Divisin: Se multiplica el dividendo por el inverso
multiplicativo del divisor, siempre teniendo presente el
simplificar.
Ejercicios: Al dividir:
5x 3
3ax 2
5x 3
2y 3 31 31
5x 2y 5 x 2y 10 xy
(a) : = = = =
3y 2 2y 3 3 y 2 3ax 2 3 y 2 3ax 2 3 3a 9a
2 2
2 2 32 21
10 xy 5 xy 10 xy 6z 10 xy 6z 3
(b) : 3 = =
3z 6z 3z 5 xy 3z 5 xy
1 1
2 y 2z 2 4 yz 2
= = = 4yz 2
1 1 1
3x 2x 3x 6x 6
(c) : =
2x 2 6x 6 2x 2 2x
1 3 1
3x 6( x 1) 3 3 9 1
= = = =4
2( x 1) 2x 1 2 2 2
1 1 1
x + 11 1 = x + 11
=
x7 1 x 7
9 x2 x 3 2x 2 3x 9 x2 x 2 + 7x + 6
(e) : = 3
4 3 2
x 6x x + 7x + 6 x 6x x 2x 2 3 x
4 3
(3 + x )(3 x ) ( x + 1)(x + 6)
=
x ( x 6 ) x( x 2 2 x 3 )
3
1 1
(3 + x ) 1 ( x 3) ( x + 1)(x + 6)
=
3
x ( x 6) x(x 3)(x + 1)
1 1
(3 + x ) x + 6
=
3
x ( x 6) x
(3 + x )(x + 6)
=
x 4 ( x 6)
(3x + 18 + x 2 + 6x )
=
x 5 6x 4
x 2 9x 18
=
x5 6x 4
Ejercicio: Efectuar las multiplicaciones y divisiones:
a +1 3a 3 a2 a a +1 3a 3 a 2
+a 2
(a) : 2 = =
a 1 2a + 2 a + a 2 a 1 2a + 2 2
a a
1 1 1
a + 1 3(a 1) (a + 2)(a 1)
=
a 1 2(a + 1) a(a 1)
1 1 1
1 3 a +2 3a + 6
= =
1 2 a 2a
a 2 8a + 7a 2 36 a 2 a 42
(b) 2 2 : 2 =
a 11a + 30 a 1 a 4a 5
a 2 8a + 7a 2 36 a 2 4a 5
= 2 2 2
a 11a + 30 a 1 a a 42
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a 1)(a 7) (a + 6)(a 6) (a 5 )(a + 1) 1 1 1 1
= = = =1
(a 5)(a 6) (a + 1)(a 1) (a 7 )(a + 6) 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
Fracciones compuestas:
x+y
1
2
(a) 3x = x+y x
xy 3x 2 1
xy
x
x+y 1
=
3x x y
x+y
=
3 x( x y )
x+y
=
3x 2 3xy
a +b a b (a + b )2 (a b )2
a b a + b (a b )(a + b )
(b) =
a b a +b+a b
1+
a+b a+b
a 2 + 2ab + b2 (a 2 2ab + b2 )
(a b)(a + b )
=
2a
a+b
a 2 + 2ab + b2 a 2 + 2ab b2
(a b)(a + b )
=
2a
a+b
2 1 1
4ab a+b 2b 1 2b
= = =
(a + b)(a b) 2a ab 1 ab
1 1 1
Ejercicios Complementarios:
1) Efectuar las siguientes operaciones entre fracciones
algebraicas:
2x + 4 + 3x - 9 - 4x + 7
(x+2) (x-3) 1 =
(x - 3)(x + 2)
1
= x+2
(x - 3)(x + 2)
1
1
=
x-3
1 1
5x2 a 2 b2 5x2 (a + b)(a b) 1 a + b a + b
b) = = =
15 x 3 3 1 1 3 x 3x
a b a b 15x
1 3
a 2 a 2 a 2 2a a 2 a 2 2a + a 2
c) : =
2 2
a a 6 2a + a a 2 a 6 a 2 2a
1 1 1
(a 2)(a + 1) a(2 + a )
=
(a 3)(a + 2) a(a 2)
1 1 1
a +1
=
a 3
(a + b )2 c 2 (a + c )2 b2 a + b + c
(d) 2 2
2 : 2
=
(a b) c a + ab ac a
(a + b )2 c 2 (a + c )2 b2 a2
= 2
(a b ) c a + ab ac a + b + c
2 2
1 1 1 21
(a + b + c )(a + b c ) (a + c + b)(a + c b ) a
=
(a b + c )(a b c ) a(a + b c ) a +b+c
1 1 1 1
(a + b + c ) a
=
a bc
a 2 + ab + ac
=
a bc
2) Al reducir la siguiente expresin:
x 1 x 6 x +1
+ =?
x2 x2 4 x+2
3
A) ( x + 2)(x 1) + 1(x 6) (x 2)(x + 1)
x +2 =
3 ( x + 2)(x 2)
B)
x 2 x 2 x + 2x 2 + x 6 (x 2 + x 2x 2)
=
x 6 (x + 2)(x 2)
C) 2
x 4
x 2 x + 2x 2 + x 6 x 2 x + 2x + 2
x 10
=
D) 2 (x + 2)(x 2)
x 4 3x 6 3(x 2) 3
= = =
E) Otra expresin. (x + 2)(x 2) (x + 2)(x 2) x + 2
3) Al reducir la siguiente expresin:
x 2 + 5 x + 6 x 2 + 11x + 30 x + 6
: =?
2
x 25 2
x 9 x 5
A) x + 5 1 1 1 1
x +3 (x + 2)(x + 3) (x + 6)(x + 5 ) x 5
=
x3 (x + 5)(x 5) (x + 3)(x 3) x + 6
B)
x5 1 1 1 1
C) x + 5 =
x +2
x 5 x 3
4
D)
x+5
x+2
E)
x3
x
4) Se tiene que al reducir: =?
1
1
x
1+
y
A) x + y
x xx
= = = =
B) x - y 1 y x+yy
1 1
y+x x+y x+y
1
C) y
x+y
1
1 x x x+y
D) = = = x+y
xy x 1 x
x+y 1
x+y
E)
xy
2
5) Se tiene que al reducir: 2 =?
2
1
2
2
x2
A) x2 2 2
=2 =2
B) 2x2
1
2 2x 2
1
C) 4x2 2x 2 2 2( x2 1)
1 x2
D) 2
x 2 2(x 2 1)
1 =2 =2 =
E) 2
x 1 x 2 1
2x 2
x2 1
x 8 x2 + x 1 3x 1
2) (a) (b) (c)
8 5x 3 (x + 1)(x 1)2
b2 2b2 ab
(d) (e)
a(a 2 b2 ) 2(a 3 b3 )
5a 9 5ax 55x2
3) (a) (b)
18(a + 1) (3 + x)2 (3 x)2
n2 xy + y2 a 2 3a a2 + a
4) (a) ab (b) (c) (d) (e)
8mx x2 a 6 a 7
3a 2m2x 3b a 2 + 2a 3
5) (a) (b) (c)
2y2 5a + 15b a 2 49
1 x 2 2x 35
(d) (e)
2a 3 + a 2 x 2 8x
6) A 7) A 8) E 9) D 10) A 11) A