KAT 141 UJIAN 1

Date: Monday, 13/8

Time: 12.00 12.50 am
Venue: Dewan E41 below
Perpustakaan 2
30 multiple choice questions
Till acid-base equilibria, excluding
polyprotic acid

ENSURE THAT IC IS WRITTEN

AND SHADED CORRECTLY. IF
NOT YOULL GET ZERO MARKS
BRING CALCULATOR !!!

N.Mohamed 1
ACID-BASE
TITRATIONS

N.Mohamed 2
Titration
Titrationisisaatried-and-true
tried-and-truetechnique,
technique,capable
capableof
of
high
highprecision
precisionand andaccuracy.
accuracy.

Gary Christian, Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed. (Wiley)

N.Mohamed 3
N.Mohamed 4
before approximately .after endpoint
endpoint... at endpoint... (overshot)

Air bubble that must be Rinse burette by rotating

removed between fingers

Buret reading of 52.7 mL

N.Mohamed 5
 Volumetric Analysis
Use 4 types of equilibria:
acid/base, precipitation,
complexometry, redox
TITRATION Amount of analyte in
a solution is determined from total
standard solution that had reacted
with it.
STANDARDISATION -
Determination of exact
concentration of a solution by
titrating with a primary standard.

N.Mohamed 6
 Equivalence point - Titration
stage when no. of equivalents
of primary solution added is the
same as the analyte.
End-point - Titration stage
when there is a change in
colour of the indicator used.
Titration error - Difference
between end-point and
equivalent point.
PRIMARY STANDARDS
Compounds that had been used
directly or indirectly for the
preparation of standard
solution. Has high purity.

N.Mohamed 7
 Primary standards
Requirements for a good primary
standard
High purity
Stable thermally, chemically
stable under normal lab
conditions.
High molecular mass reduce
errors in weighing

N.Mohamed 8
 Criteria for a successful
titration

Reaction should:
have known stoichiometry e.g.,
HC2H3O2 + NaOH
NaC2H3O2 + H2O
Be complete, high K, no side-
rxn.
Be rapid.
Give a distinct change in
property of solution at end-point
(colour, pH, electrical properties,
etc). End-point can be easily
detected.

N.Mohamed 9
 Neutralization titration

Primary acid solution.

Dilute from concentrated acid
Standardise against primary
standard base.
Sodium carbonate.
TRIS
Standard base solution.
NaOH
NaOH solution should be free
from carbonate. Standardise
against KHP

N.Mohamed 10
 Acid-Base Titrations
Titration of Strong Acid + Strong
Base
50.0 mL 0.100 M HCl is titrated with 0.100
M NaOH. Calculate pH of solution after
adding 0.0, 25.0, 50.0 and 60.0 mL base.
Addition of 0.0 mL
pH = - log[H+] = - log (0.100)
= 1.00
Addition of 25.0 mL
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
Initial, mmol 5.0 2.5 0 0
Equil, mmol 2.5 0 2.5 2.5
[H+] = 2.5 mmol = 0.033
(25.0 + 50.0) mL
pH = 1.48
N.Mohamed 11
Addition of 50.0 mL

HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O

Initial, mmol 5.0 5.0 0
Equil. 0 0 5.00 5.00
pH = 7.00
Addition of 60.0 mL
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
Initial, mmol 5.0 6.0 0 0
Equil, mmol 0 1.0 5.0 5.0
[OH-] = 1.0 mmol = 0.0091 M
(60.0 + 50.0) mL
pOH = 2.04
pH = 14.00 2.04 = 11.96

N.Mohamed 12
 Titration of Weak Acid +
Strong Base
50.0 mL of 0.100 M acetic acid is
titrated with 0.100 M NaOH.
Calculate the pH of the
solution after the addition of
0.0, 5.0, 50.0, 55.0 mL base.

N.Mohamed 13
Addition of 0.0 mL base
HOAc OAc- + H+
Initial, M 0.100 0 0
Equil, M 0.100-x x x
x.x = 1.75 x 10-5
0.100-x
Since CHOAc> 100Ka, x at the
denominator can be neglected.
x.x = 1.75 x 10-5
0.100
x = [H+] = 1.32 x 10-3 M
pH = 2.88

N.Mohamed 14
Addition of 5.0 mL NaOH

HOAc + NaOH NaOAc + H2O

Initial, mmol 5.00 0.50 0 0
Equil, 4.5
0 0.5 0.5
Buffer solution
pH = pKa + log [NaOAc]
[HOAc]
= - log (1.75 x 10-5) + log 0.50
4.50
= 3.81

N.Mohamed 15
Addition of 50.0 mL NaOH
HOAc + NaOH NaOAc + H2O
Initial, mmol 5.00 5.00 0 0
Equil, 0 0 5.00 5.00
Equivalence point
[NaOAc] = 5.00 mmol
(50.0 + 50.0) mL
NaOAc OAc- + Na+
OAc- + H2O HOAc + OH-
Initial,M 0.05 0 0
Equil 0.050-x x x
Kb = Kw = 1.00 x 10-14 = x.x
Ka 1.75 x 10-5 0.05-x
Since CNaOAc > 100 Kb
1.00 x 10-14 = x.x = 5.71 x 10-10
1.75 x 10-5 0.05-x
x = [OH-] = 5.3 x 10-6 M
pOH = 5.28
N.Mohamed 16
pH = 14.00 5.28 = 8.72
Addition of 55.0 mL NaOH

HOAc + NaOH NaOAc + H2O

Initial, mmol 5.00 5.50 0 0
Equil, 0 0.50 5.00 5.00

[NaOH] = 0.05 mmol

(55.0 + 50.0) mL
= 4.8 x 10-3 M
pOH = 2.32
pH = 14.00 2.32
= 11.68

N.Mohamed 17
 For
Foraaweak
weakacid,
acid,we
westart
startwith
withionization
ionizationof
ofHA.
HA.
In
Inthe
thebuffer
bufferregion,
region,use
usethe
theHenderson-Hasselbalch
Henderson-Hasselbalchequation.
equation.
At -
Atthe
theequivalence
equivalencepoint,
point,AA-hydrolyzes
hydrolyzesas
asaaweak
weakbase.
base.
Beyond -
Beyondthe
theequivalence
equivalencepoint,
point,excess
excessOH
OH-dominates.
dominates.
AAweak
weakbase
baseisistreated
treatedsimilarly,
similarly,but
butbeginning
beginningwith
withbase
baseand
and
ending with acid.
ending with acid.

Gary Christian, Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed. (Wiley)

N.Mohamed 18
 Indicators
HIn
HIn H+ + In-
Show colour difference in the
presence of excess titrant.
pKa of indicator is almost similar to
pH at end-point.
Colour changes due to differences
in the chemical form of the indicator.
i.e., from acid form (proton) to base
form
Colour changes distinct when
changes from ~ 90% of a particular
form to ~ 90% of the other form.

N.Mohamed 19
 If colour of non-ionised formed is to
be seen,
[In-] = 1
[HIn] 10
pH = pKa + log (1/10)
If the colour of the ionised form is to
be seen,
[In-] = 10
[HIn]
pH = pKa + log (10)
Indicator range pH range for
colour changes
Thus indicator range is pH
pH = (pKa + 1) - (pKa - 1)
=2

Most indicators require pH change of

1.5 2 pH units.
N.Mohamed 20
 For accurate determinations:
Require pH changes for changes
in colour of indicator to take
place, with minimum addition of
titrant.
i.e., at the steepest portion of
titration curve.
Require 2 types of indicator for
certain titration (2 end-points)
E.g. : titration of Na2CO3 with
HCl as titrant.
Phenolfthalein (first end-point
pink to colourless); Methyl
orange (second end-point
yellow to red)
The two indicators are added
together.

N.Mohamed 21
 pH
pHtransition
transitionrange
range==pKpKaa1.1.
We
Weselect
selectan
anindicator
indicatorwith
withaapK pKaanear
nearthe
the
equivalence point pH.
equivalence point pH.

Gary Christian,
Analytical
Chemistry, 6th
Ed. (Wiley)

pH transition ranges and colors of some

N.Mohamed 22
common indicators.
 AAstrong
strongacid
acidstrong
strongbase
basetitration
titrationcurve
curvehas
hasaalarge
largeend
endpoint
pointbreak.
break.
Phenolphthalein
Phenolphthaleinisisused
usedasasan
anindicator
indicatorbecause
becausethe
thecolorless
colorlessto
topink
pink
transition is easy to see.
transition is easy to see.

Gary Christian,
Analytical
Chemistry, 6th
Ed. (Wiley)

N.Mohamed 23

Titration curve for 100 mL of 0.1 M HCl versus 0.1 M NaOH.

As
Asthe
theconcentrations
concentrationsof
ofacid
acidand
andtitrant
titrantdecrease,
decrease,the
theend
endpoint
point
break decreases.
break decreases.
So
Sothe
theselection
selectionof
ofindicator
indicatorbecomes
becomesmore
morecritical.
critical.

0.001
M

0.01
M

0.1 M

Gary Christian,
Analytical
Chemistry, 6th
Ed. (Wiley)

N.Mohamed
Dependence of the magnitude of end-point break on 24
concentration.The concentrations of acid and titrant are
the same.
 This
Thisisisthe
themirror
mirrorimage
imageof
ofthe
theHCl
HCl
titration curve.
titration curve.

Gary Christian,
Analytical
Chemistry, 6th
Ed. (Wiley)

N.Mohamed 25
Titration curve for 100 mL of 0.1 M NaOH versus 0.1 M HCl.
AAweak
weakacid
acidgives
givesaasmaller
smallerend
endpoint
pointbreak..
break.. AAstong
stongbase
base
titrant
titrantisisalways
alwaysused.
used.
We -
Westart
startwith
withHOAc.
HOAc. Then
Thenwe
wehave
haveaabuffer
buffermixture
mixtureofofOAc
OAc-and
and
HOAc.
HOAc.
At -
Atthe
theequivalence
equivalencepoint,
point,we
wehave
haveOAc
OAc,-,aaweak
weakbase.
base.
Beyond
Beyondthe
theequivalence
equivalencepoint,
point,we
wehave
haveexcess
excessNaOH
NaOH
(suppresses -
(suppressesOAcOAc-hydrolysis),
hydrolysis),and
andthe
thecurve
curvefollows
followsthat
thatfor
foraa
strong
strongacid
acidtitration.
titration.

Gary Christian,
Analytical
Chemistry, 6th
Ed. (Wiley)

N.Mohamed 26
Titration curve for 100 mL 0.1 M HOAc versus 0.1 M NaOH
 The
Thebuffer
bufferregions
regionsare
areabout
aboutthe
thesame
samefor
forall
all
concentrations.
concentrations.
The
Theequivalence
equivalencepoint
pointpH
pHincreases
increaseswith
withincreasing
increasing
concentration.
concentration.

0.1
M

0.01 M

0.001 M

Gary Christian,
Analytical
Chemistry, 6th
Ed. (Wiley)

Dependence of titration curve of 100 mL acetic acid 27

N.Mohamed on
concentration. NaOH concentration the same as HOAc
concentration.
The
Theweaker
weakerthe
theacid,
acid,
the smaller the
the smaller the
break
breakand
andthe
themore
more
alkaline the
alkaline the
equivalence
equivalencepoint.
point.
Visual
Visualindicators
indicators
can
canbebeused usedfor
forKKaa
of -6
of10
10-6. .
AApH
pHmeter
meterprovides
provides
better
betterprecision
precisionfor
for
weaker acids.
weaker acids.

Gary Christian,
Analytical
Chemistry, 6th
Ed. (Wiley)
Titration curves for 100 N.Mohamed 28
mL 0.1 M weak acids of different
Ka values versus 0.1 M NaOH.
This
Thisisisthe
the
reverse
reverseof ofthe
the
HOAc titration
HOAc titration
curve.
curve.
We
Westart
startwith
with
NH
NH33 weakbase.
weak base.
Then
Thenwewehave
haveaa
buffer
buffermixture
mixtureofof
NH + and NH .
NH4 + and NH3 .
4 3
At
Atthe
the
equivalence
equivalence
point,
point,we
wehave
have
NH +, a weak
+
NH44 , a weak
acid.
acid.
Beyond
Beyondthe thee.p.,
e.p.,
we have excess
we have excess
HCl,
HCl,which
which
suppresses
suppressesthe the
hydrolysis
hydrolysis of of
NH +
NH44+, ,and
andthe
the
curve follows
curve follows
that
thatfor
foraastrong
strong
base
basetitration.
titration.

Titration curve for 100 mL 0.1 M NH3 versus 0.1 M29HCl.

N.Mohamed
Gary Christian, Analytical Chemistry, 6th
Ed. (Wiley)
The
Theweaker
weakerthe
thebase,
base,
the smaller the break
the smaller the break
and
andmore
moreacid
acidthe
the
equivalence point.
equivalence point.
Visual
Visualindicators
indicatorscan
can
be -6
be used for Kb of 10-6. .
used for K of 10
b
AApH
pHmeter
meterprovides
provides
better
better precisionfor
precision for
weaker
weakerbases.
bases.

Titration curves for 100 N.Mohamed

mL 0.1 M weak bases of 30
Gary Christian,
different
Chemistry, K
Analytical
6thb values versus 0.1 M HCl.
Ed. (Wiley)
 Noble Laureate Prof
Sherwood Rowland Lecture

Global Warming & Climate

Change
22 August 2007
9.45 11.00 am
Dewan Budaya

An event not to be missed !!!

N.Mohamed 31
 TITRATION OF
POLYPROTIC ACIDS
H+ will be neutralized, step
by step, starting with the
strongest H +, when a
polyprotic acid is titrated
with a strong base.
End point can be detected
when:
Ka1/Ka2 104
Value of Ka2: 10-7~10-8

N.Mohamed 32
 Example:

1) H3PO4; Ka1 = 7.1 x 10-3

Ka2 = 6.3 x 10-8
Ka3 = 4.5 x 10-13
theoretically 3 end points

2) Maleic acid;
Ka1= 1.2 x 10-2
Ka2= 4.7 x 10-7
2 end points

N.Mohamed 33
50.0 mL 0.100 M H2M is titrated
with 0.100 M NaOH. Calculate
the pH after adding 10.00,
50.00, 55.00, 100.00 and 110.00
mL base. For H2M,
Ka1= 1.0 x 10-3, Ka2 = 1.0 x 10-7
Addition 10.0 mL NaOH
H2M + NaOH NaHM + H2O
Initial, mmol 5.00 1.00 0 0
Equil, 4.00 0 1.00 1.00
buffer solution
pH = p Ka1 + [NaHM]
[H2M]
= 3.00 + log 1.00
4.00
= 2.40

N.Mohamed 34
Addition of 50.0 mL NaOH

H2M + NaOH NaHM + H2O

Initial, mmol 5.00 5.00 0 0
Equil, 0 0 5.00 5.00

amphoteric salt

[H+] = Ka1Ka2
pH = (pKa1 + Ka2) = (3.00+7.00)
= 5.00

N.Mohamed 35
Addition 55.0 mL NaOH
H2M + NaOH NaHM + H2O
Initial, mmol 5.00 5.50 0 0
Equil, 0 0.5 5.00 5.00
NaHM + NaOH Na2M + H2O
Initial, 5.00 0.50 0 0
Equil, 4.50 0 0.50 0.50
buffer solution
pH = p Ka2 + [Na2M]
[NaHM]
= 7.00 + log 0.50
4.50
= 6.05

N.Mohamed 36
Addition of 100.0 mL NaOH
H2M + NaOH NaHM + H2O
Initial, mmol 5.00 10.00 0 0
Equil, 0 5.00 5.00 5.00
NaHM + NaOH Na2M + H2O
Initial, 5.00 5.00 0 0
Equil, 0 0 5.00 5.00

Second equivalence point

[Na2M] = 5.00 mmol = 0.0333 M

(100.00 + 50.00) mL

Na2M M2- + 2Na+

M2- + H2O HM- + OH-
Initial, M 0.0333 0 0
Equil, 0.0333-x x x
x.x = Kb1 = Kw = 1.0 x 10-14
0.033-x Ka2 1.0 x 10-7
x.x = 1.0 x 10-7
0.033
x = [OH-] = 5.8 x 10-5 M
N.Mohamed 37
pH = 14.00 4.24 = 9.76
Addition of 110.0 mL NaOH
H2M + NaOH NaHM + H2O
Initial, mmol 5.00 11.0 0 0
Equil, 0 6.0 5.00 5.00
NaHM + NaOH Na2M + H2O
Initial 5.00 6.00 0 0
Equil, 0 1.00 5.00 5.00
[NaOH] = 1.00 mmol
(110.0 + 50.0) mL
= 6.25 x 10-3 M
pOH = 2.20
pH = 14.00 2.20
= 11.80

N.Mohamed 38
We
Westart
startwith
withaaweak
weakacid,
acid,HH22A,
A,followed
followedby
byaabuffer
bufferregion
regionof
of
HA- and H A.
-
HA and H2 A. 2

([H+] ]constant).
The - +
Thefirst
firstequivalence
equivalencepoint
pointisisHA
HA-([H constant).
Then 2-/ - 2-
Thenwe wehave
haveaaAA2-/HA
HA-buffer
bufferregion,
region,andandAA2-(a (afairly
fairlystrong
strong
base) at the second equivalence point, followed
base) at the second equivalence point, followed by excess by excess
titrant.
titrant.

Titration of diprotic acid, H A, with sodium

N.Mohamed 2 39
hydroxide.
Gary Christian, Analytical Chemistry,
6th Ed. (Wiley)
We
Westart
startwith
withionization
ionizationof
ofHH22A,
A,aaweak
weakto
tomoderately
moderately
strong acid.
strong acid.
In
Inthe
thetwo
twobuffer
bufferregions,
regions,use
usethe
theHenderson-
Henderson-
Hasselbalch equation.
Hasselbalch equation.
[H+] ]K
At - +
Atthe
thefirst
firstequivalence
equivalencepoint,
point,HA
HA-has
has[H Ka1a1KKa2a2. .
At 2-
Atthe
thesecond
secondequivalence
equivalencepoint,
point,AA2-hydrolyzes
hydrolyzesas asaa
fairly
fairlystrong
strongbase.
base.
Then -
Thenexcess
excessOH
OH-dominates.
dominates.

N.Mohamed 40
Gary Christian, Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed.
(Wiley)
TITRATION OF MIXTURES OF
ACIDS-BASES
Can be titrated if the ratio of
Ka or Kb 104
HOAc, Ka = 1.75x10-5
Propionic acid, Ka = 1.30x10-5

Only one equivalence point

H2SO3 Ka1 = 1.3 x 10-2

Ka2 = 5.0 x 10-6

N.Mohamed 41
A mixture of HCL and H3PO4 was
titrated using 0.100 M NaOH. 35.0
mL titrant was required to reach the
first equivalence point, and 15.0 mL
more of titrant for the second
equivalence point. Calculate
the mmol HCL and H3PO4 in
solution.

mmol(H3PO4+HCl)=35.0mLx0.100M
= 3.5 mmol.

mmol H3PO4 = 15.0 mL x 0.100 M

= 1.50 mmol

N.Mohamed 42
The
Thestrong
strongacid
acidtitrates
titratesfirst.
first.
At
At its equivalence point, wehave
its equivalence point, we haveaamixture
mixtureof
ofNaCl
NaCland
andHOAc,
HOAc,and
andthe
the
pH is acidic.
pH is acidic.
This -
Thisisisfollowed
followedby
byaabuffer
bufferregion
regionof
ofOAc
OAc-and
andHOAc,
HOAc,and
-
andthenthenthe
the
HOAc equivalence point,
HOAc equivalence point, where we have OAc ,- a weak base.
where we have OAc , a weak base.
The -5
Theweak
weakacid
acidKKa amust
mustbe
beno
nolarger
largerthan
than10
10-5to
togive
giveaasharp
sharpsecond
secondend
end
point.
point.
For 4 or more.
Fortwo
twoweak
weakacids,
acids,the
theKKas
a sshould
shoulddiffer
differby
by10
104 or more.

Titration curve for 50N.Mohamed

mL of mixture of 0.1 M HCl 43
Gary Christian,
and 0.2 M HOAc with 0.2 M NaOH. Analytical
Chemistry, 6th
Ed. (Wiley)
Titration of diprotic bases

Titration of Na2CO3 vs HCl.

CO32- + H2O OH- + HCO3-

Kb1 = Kw/ Ka2 = 2.13 X 10-4

HCO3- + H2O OH- + H2CO3

Kb2 = Kw/ Ka1 = 2.25 X 10-8

Kb values should differ by at least 104

N.Mohamed 44
 Start: pH determined by hydrolysis of
Bronsted base, CO32-
After starting till before first equiv. point:

CO32- / HCO3-
1st buffer region
First equivalence point
NaHCO3

After 1st equiv pt. till before 2nd equiv. pt.

HCO3- /H2CO3
2nd buffer region

2nd equivalence point

H2CO3

After 2nd equivalence point

pH contributed mainly from excess HCl

N.Mohamed 45
 We 2-, a quite strong base. Then we have a HCO -/CO 2- buffer.
Westart
startwith
withCO
CO3 32-, a quite strong base. Then we have a HCO3 3-/CO3 32- buffer.
At the first equivalence point, we have HCO3- ([H +] = K K ).
At the first equivalence point, we have HCO3- ([H+] = K a1 K
a1 a2).
a2

Then -
Thenwewehave
haveaaHCO
HCO3 /H
3
2CO
-/H
2 CO3 buffer,
3 buffer,and
andHH
2CO
2 CO3 atatthe
3 thesecond
secondequivalence
equivalencepoint.
point.
The first e.p. is used to approximate the second, which is more accurately used.
The first e.p. is used to approximate the second, which is more accurately used.

Gary Christian,
Analytical
Chemistry, 6th
Ed. (Wiley)

Titration curve for 50 mL 0.1 M Na2CO3 versus 0.1 M HCl.

Dashed line represents N.Mohamed
a boiled solution with CO2 removed.
46
Titrate
Titratetill
tillthe
themethyl
methylred
redindicator
indicator(gradually)
(gradually)changes
changesfrom
from
yellow through orange to red (occurs just before the equivalence
yellow through orange to red (occurs just before the equivalence
point).
point).
Then
Thenboil
boilto
toremove
removeCO CO22and
andcontinue
continuetitration
titrationfor
foraasharp
sharpend
end
point to a pink color.
point to a pink color.

Gary
Christian,
Analytical
Chemistry, 6th
Ed. (Wiley)
Titration of 50 mL N.Mohamed
0.1 M Na2CO3 with 47
0.1 M HCl using methyl red indicator.
 Back titration
Reagent is added in excess to
sample. After rxn is
completed, amount of reagent
that is in excess (unreacted) is
titrated.
Mmol reagent reacted = mmol
(original back titrated)
Especially useful for:
Volatile reaction products.
Slow reactions.
Unstable reagents.

N.Mohamed 48
 Determination of Cl-

Normal titration end-point

difficult to be determined.
Cl- + Ag+ AgCl(s)

Back titration:
Cl- + Ag+ (known) AgCl(s)
Ag+ (excess) + SCN- (titrant)
AgSCN (s)

Fe3+ used as indicator

N.Mohamed 49
 Back titration

2.63 g tablet that contained

Cr(III) was reacted with 5.00
mL 0.0103 M EDTA. After the
reaction had completed,
excess EDTA was back titrated
and required 1.32 mL 0.0112
M Zn2+ to reach the end-point.
Calculate % CrCl3 in the
sample.

Cr3+ + H4Y CrY- + 4H+

Zn2+ + H4Y ZnY- + 4H+

N.Mohamed 50
 Solution ..

Original EDTA = 0.0103 M x 5.00 mL

= 0.0515 mmoles
Unreacted EDTA = 0.0112 M x 1.32 mL
= 0.0148 mmoles
EDTA reacted = (0.0515 0.0148)
= 0.0367 mmoles
= mmoles Cr3+

mg CrCr3+ = 0.0367 mmoles x 158.4

mg/mmoles
= 5.81 mg
% CrCr3+ = (5.81 mg/2630 mg) x 100
= 0.22%

N.Mohamed 51
 Kjeldahl analysis

Used for the determination of

organic nitrogen.
% nitrogen X factor = % protein

Meat 6.25
Dairy products 6.38
Cereal 5.70

N.Mohamed 52
N.Mohamed 53
p.435
 Kjeldahl analysis

Dissolution step: Sample

treated in conc. sulphuric acid,
heated to convert bound
nitrogen to ammonium ions.
Distillation step: Solution is
cooled, and added base.
Ammonia that is liberated from
distillation step is collected in
excess of standard acid.
Titration step: Excess standard
acid is back titrated with
standard base.
N.Mohamed 54
 Kjedahl analysis
Kjedahl method was used to
determine N in 1.500 g soil
sample. The receiving flask
contain 75.00 mL 0.040 M HCl.
After the ammonia had been
collected, the solution is back
titrated with 0.100 M NaOH,
and require 23.70 mL base to
reach the end-point. Calculate
% N in the sample.

N.Mohamed 55
 Solution

Mmoles HCl consumed =

mmoles HCl (original excess)
= (75.00 mL x 0.040 M)
(23.70 mL x 0.100 M)
= (3.00 2.37) mmoles
= 0.63 mmoles
= mmoles NH3
= mmoles N
% N = 0.63 mmoles x 14.0 mg/mmole
1500 mg
= 0.59 %

N.Mohamed 56
END

N.Mohamed 57