Chng I

PHN LOI V CU TO CP KIM LOI

I/-GII THIU CHUNG :

Trong thng tin in thoi hin nay, cp ng vai tr l mi trng truyn dn
nng lng sng in t gia ngun pht v ngun thu. V vy cht lng thng tin
khng ch ph thuc vo thit b u cui m cn chu nh hng ln ca cht lng
ng dy cp.

1-Lch s pht trin:

Cng vi s pht trin ca thng tin in thoi, tri qua nhiu thi k, n nay
c nhiu loi cp vi cu to khc nhau.
Cp kim loi c s dng trong lnh vc thng tin t gia th k 19 gm c cp
treo, cp chn v cp th di nc. Tuy nhin vo thi k , dung lng cp cn
nh v suy hao truyn dn cn ln.
Sang cui th k 19 u th k 20, mng li in thoi cc nc ang pht
trin gia tng nhanh nn cp kim loi c ng dng rng ri, phong ph v chng
loi v cht lng. Thi gian u cp c v bc bng kim loi, ch yu l ch v nhm.
Cht dng cch in gia cc dy l loi giy xen-lu-l c hng s in mi thp.
Cng ngy, yu cu v cht lng thng tin cng cao nn giy cch in trong cp
c thay th bng nha PE vi nhiu c tnh k thut u vit hn. V cp cng
c dng bng nha tng hp thay cho kim loi.
Vit Nam hin nay, cp kim loi ang s dng trong cc mng cp l loi cp
c cht cch in bng nha PE, v cp c ch to t nha PE t trng cao v trong
li cp thng c bm m Jelly nng cao cht lng. Hu ht cc loi cp c
nhp t nc ngoi nhng hin nay, ti Vit nam cng c cc nh my lin doanh
sn xut cp m bo cht lng v cung cp cho nhu cu s dng nc ta nh:
VINADAESUNG, SACOM, VINACOKY...

2. u nhc im:
Trong mng ni ht, vic dng cp kt ni thu bao vi cc trung tm chuyn
mch c nhiu u im nh sau:
- Cht lng thng tin cao.
- Dung lng cp ln nn mng khng rc ri.
- Nu dng cp ngm s m bo c m quan th.
- Thi cng bo dng d dng.
- Gi thnh lp t khng cao.
Tuy nhin vn cn tn ti mt s nhc im sau:
- D b xuyn nhiu .
- Suy hao truyn dn cn ln.
- Khng dng chung c cho cc thit b u cui c tc cao.
Trong tng lai, cp quang s thay th dn cho cp kim loi trong vic kt ni
mng.

II. PHN LOI :

Vic phn loi cp thng tin c th da vo cc c th ring v cu trc hay qu
trnh lp t s dng cp v thng c chia ra cc loi sau:
 1-Phn loi theo phng thc lp t
Theo cch phn loi ny, ngi ta chia ra 3 loi l cp treo, cp cng , cp chn.
a-Cp treo
Cp treo l loi cp m khi thi cng, ngi ta treo cp trn h thng ct c sn.
c im ca loi cp ny l ngoi dy cp ra, cn c mt dy treo bng thp
c lin vi dy cp gi l dy Ringer. Do tit din ca loi cp ny c dng hnh s 8
nn cp treo cn c gi l cp s 8.
b-Cp cng
Cp cng l loi cp m khi thi cng, ngi ta ko cp vo h thng cng cp
xy sn. c im ca loi cp ny l khng c dy treo m ch c dy cp nn tit
din ca cp l mt hnh trn.
c-Cp chn
Cp chn l loi cp m khi thi cng, ngi ta o rnh chn cp trc tip xung
t. c im ca loi cp ny l bn ngoi v cp c cc lp gia cng chu lc, cc
lp chng n mn bao bc.

2-Phn loi theo bng tn truyn dn

Theo cch phn loi ny ngi ta chia thnh 2 loi l cp m tn v cp cao tn.
a-Cp m tn
Cp m tn l loi cp ni t cc thu bao n tng i truyn dn tn hiu
thoi trong di m tn. c im ca loi cp ny l ng knh dy dn nh, thng
t 0,3 n 0,7 mm .
b-Cp cao tn
Cp cao tn l loi cp ni t tng i n tng i truyn dn cc tn hiu
c iu ch tn s cao. c im ca loi cp ny l ng knh dy dn ln hn
0,7mm.

3-Phn loi theo cu trc rut cp

Theo cch phn loi ny, ngi ta chia ra lm 2 loi l cp xon i v cp xon
qut.
a-Cp xon i: Cp xon i l loi cp m trong rut cp, cc i dy c
xon ring bit vi nhau.
b- Cp xon qut: Cp xon qut l loi cp m trong rut cp, 4 dy ca 2 i
c xon vi nhau sao cho c 2dy i din nhau l 1 i.
Hin nay ngi ta phn loi ch yu da vo phng thc lp t v chia thnh 3
loi: Cp treo, cp ko cng v cp chn v th sng.
Mi loi cp do khc nhau v phng thc lp t nn cu to ca chng cng c
nhiu im khc bit nhau r rt ph hp ring cho tng loi.

III.CC VT LIU CU TO CP:

1- Dy dn:
a. Tc dng :
Tc dng chnh ca dy dn l truyn dn tn hiu thoi. Bn cnh , dy dn
cn dn ngun in mt chiu v cc tn hiu bo hiu t tng i v cp cho my in
thoi. Yu cu ca dy dn l phi dn in tt, mm do, dai d thi cng, gi thnh
thp.
b. c im ca dy dn hin nay:
Hin nay, dy dn c lm bng ng nguyn cht vi nhng c im sau:
 + 99,95% nguyn cht
+ in tr sut ca ng = 0,01754 mm2/m
+ H s nhit in tr 0,004mm2/m
+ T trng 8,89.
hn ni ch cn hn bng nhit vi nhit khng cao lm, cht kt dnh bng
thic, cht xc tc bng nha thng. Gi thnh khng t so vi cc cht khc.
Dy dn dng trong cp thng tin thng c ng knh : 0,32mm, 0,4mm, 0,5m,
0,65m, 0,7m. S d dng nhiu loi ng knh nh vy l m bo cht lng
thng tin lin lc cc c ly xa, gn khc nhau, ng thi m bo gi thnh xy
dng hp l, khng lng ph.

2- Cht cch in:

a-Tc dng
Cht cch in gia cc vt dn trong rut cp ng mt vai tr rt quan trng.
N gi cho dng in truyn dn ch chy trong dy dn, khng b mt mt (dng r)
trn sut chiu di truyn dn.
Nu cht cch in bc quanh vt dn c tr s ngn cch (cch in) cng ln
th cht lng thng tin cng tt v ngc li.
Yu cu ca cht cch in l phi c in tr sut rt ln, chu c in p
nh thng ln v phi c hng s in mi thp.
b. c im ca cht cch in trong cp hin nay:
+ Cht cch in l nha PE nhum thnh nhiu mu khc nhau d dng xc
nh th t i dy.
i vi cp xon i, cht cch in c nhum thnh 10 mu l : Trng, ,
en, vng, tm, xanh, cam, lc, nu, tro
i vi cp xon qut , cht cch in c nhum thnh 8 mu l : Xanh, vng,
lc, , tm, Trng, nu, en.
+ dy ca cht cch in tu thuc tng loi cp v khong t 0,18 n
0,5mm
+ t b nh hng bi cc cht ha hc.
+ Kh nng chng m tt.
+ C bn c hc kh ln.
3- Lp bao che:
Lp bao che ca cp gm 2 thnh phn sau : B phn lm cht v mng chn t:
a-B phn lm cht:
c cu to bng cht cch in c th bng nha, vi, giy. Mc ch ca lp
ny gi cho rut cp c nh, khng b dch chuyn thay i v tr, khong cch gia
cc i, cc qut trong rut cp, ng thi lm tng cch in gia cc dy dn vi
t (vi v cp), lp ny c qun quanh li cp.
b-Mng chn t:
Tc dng ca mng chn t l ngn cc t trng bn ngoi khng cho xm
nhp vo trong rut cp gy xuyn nhiu ng thi cng ngn chn cc t trng sinh
ra trong rut cp gy nh hng ra bn ngoi.
Mng chn t c lm bng kim loi v bc bn ngoi lp lm cht . Kim loi
dng lm mng chn t phi l loi khng b nhim t. Thng thng, mng chn t
c lm bng l ng hoc l nhm mng,bn ngoi c ph lp nha chng dnh.
 Rut cap

Lam cht

Mang chn t

Vo bao v ngoai

Vo bao v
ngoai
Mang chn
t
Lam
cht
Rut cap

Hnh 1.1

4.V bo v (cn gi l v cp):

V bo v ngoi
rt quan trng, n che
ch bo v cho rut
cp khi b nh hng
ca khng kh m, cc
lc c gii tc ng
vo, nht l trong khi
chuyn ch thi cng.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Vt liu ch
to v cp phi tho 1. Rut cap 4. Bi tum
2. Lam cht 5. Gia cng
mn cc yu cu: bng st
- C bn c hc 3. Vo bao v bng ch kim chn t 6. Vo
cao; nha PVC
 - Chng c s n mn, ph hoi ca cc cn trng;
- C mm do d cun trn, th thng ra khng b rn nt;
- D hn ni.
Ty theo iu kin mi trng s dng m cu to v cp c cu to bng
nha hoc kt hp gia nha vi kim loi.

1 2 3 4 5 6
1. Rut cap 4. Vo nha PVC
2. Lam cht 5. Gia cng
st la
3. Chn t Hnh 1.2 6. Bi tum

IV- CU TRC CP
1-Cu trc c bn
Rut cp l thnh phn chnh ca cp bao gm ton b dy dn v thnh phn
lm cht.Cch sp xp dy dn trong rut cp c bit quan trng nhm hn ch n
mc thp nht nh hng trng in t ca dng in tn hiu gia mch dy ny v
mch dy khc,t gim nh c hin tng xuyn nhiu trong qu trnh lm vic.
Dy dn trong cp ng thng c sp xp theo cc kiu sau:
a-Xon dy
Xon dy ngoi tc dng chnh l chng xuyn m cn c mc ch lm cht rut
cp gim tit din mt ct ca cp ,tit kim c nguyn vt liu.
C 2 phng php xon dy thng c s dng l xon I v xon qut .
- Xon i :Trong phng php ny ,hai dy ca mt I c xon li vi
nhau.Tu thuc vo cc hng sn xut m bc xon nm trong khong t 3 n 7 cm
.N bc xon dy th hiu qu chng xuyn m tt nhng cp s nn cng tr ngi cho
thi cng bo dng .Tuy nhin nu bc xon qu tha th hiu qu chng xuyn m s
km lm nh hng n cht lng thng tin

- Xon quad : Vi phng php ny th : 4 dy ca hai i xon thnh 1

quad,trong 2 dy ca 1 i t i in nhau .Bc xon ca qut thng t 10 n 14
cm tu thuc hng sn xut.
 b-Kt nhm
+ d dng nh i dy trong vic sn xut cp c dung lng ln , mt s i
dy kt thnh mt nhm tu theo loi cp v ni xut x, cp c 10, 25, 50, 100 i to
thnh mt nhm.
+ Mt nhm l mt n v cu thnh, c dy buc nhm ring :
Nhiu nhm kt hp
thnh lp. Lp gia gi l lp
tm, tu theo dung lng cp
m c lp trung tm v cc
lp ngoi. Hai lp st nhau
c xon ngc chiu nhau,
nu lp ny xon theo chiu
kim ng h th lp st v
xon theo chiu ngc li, cc
dng xon ny c tc dng
chng xuyn nhiu gia cc
mch tt hn vic sp xp
cht ch v th t cc i dy
thng c tnh t tm n
lp ngoi cng.

1- Cu trc cp treo:
Cp treo cu to gm 2 thnh phn chnh l:
- Rut cp
- V bo v
Ngoi 2 thnh phn chnh cn thm thnh phn th 3 l dy treo. Dy treo
gm 1 hoc 3 hoc 5 hoc 7 si dy thp c ng knh 1,25 1,4mm c bn li
vi nhau sau c bc mt lp nha dy 1,2mm tr ln lin kt vi v bo v
ngoi. Dy treo v v cp c lin kt vi nhau to thnh mt dy cp c thit din
ngang nh hnh s 8, v vy ngi ta cn gi
cp treo l cp s 8.
Dy treo l thnh phn chu lc chnh
ca cp. Nh ta bit, lc chu ko, chu nn
ca rut cp v v bo v c hn. Nu khng c
dy treo treo cp th trong qu trnh thi cng
lc ko s lm nh hng n si cp. Khi cng
mt dy cp ln ngn ct, trong khong 2 ct
treo cp ta phi tc ng mt lc ko vo cp .
Lc ny c ln tng ng vi trng lng
ca cp trong khong ct . Nu cp c dung
lng cng ln, khong ct cng di th phi c
lc ko cng ln mi a c cp ln trn 2 ngn ct. Khi c dy treo bng thp dnh
lin vi v cp th dy treo s chu lc ko ny (rut cp, v cp khng chu lc ko)
do khng b h hng.

2- Cp ko trong cng:
Phng thc thi cng ny l ngi ta phi xy dng mt h thng cng di
t. Cng l mt ng rng bng nha hoc xi mng, v.v... thi cng xong h thng cng
cp ngi ta mi ko cp vo trong cng. Khi cp nm trong cng th n khng chu
bt k mt lc c hc no tc ng ln n na. Vy loi cp dng thi cng theo
phng thc ny cp ch b tc ng mt lc ko ko n vo cng. Nu lc ko b
tr hp l th lc tc ng ln cp s rt nh. Vi lc ny th bn thn ton b rut cp,
v bo v c th chu c. V vy loi cp dng ko trong cng l loi cp c bn
ta phn tch.

3- Cp chn trc tip v th sng:

Cp chn trc tip c chn thng xung t nn t s tip xc trc tip vi
v cp. Trong t c nhng a xt do cht hu c s n mn ph hy v cp, ng thi
chn trc tip th cp s chu lc nn ca t lp ln n. Tuyn cp i khng phi bng
phng, ln dc, xung dc nht l qua nhng vng i ni cp lun chu lc cng d
lm cho cp b t hoc rn nt. Vy cu to cp chn trc tip phi t yu cu
chung. Ngoi ra phi chng c hai kh nng c th lm h hng gim tui th ca
cp.
Cu to cp chn trc tip gm cc b phn nh cu to cp c bn l : Rut
cp, v bo v v thm lp gia cng, lp chng n mn. Lp v gia cng ty theo
mi nc sn xut lm bng lp v thp c gn sng hn kn (ca M) hoc lm bng
l st mng qun quanh ln v cp (cp Lin X). i vi cp th sng nc chy xit
c lm bng cc si st trn. Lp chng n mn c lm bng bi tum (dy gai
hoc giy tm nha ng) bao bc bn ngoi lp v. Hnh 1.2 m t cu to ca mt
s loi cp.

Cap cng Cap treo Cap chn

1 1 1

2 2 2

3 3 3

4 4
4
6
5
7

1- Rut cap 3- Mang chn t 5- Dy treo

7- Chng n mon
2- Lam cht 4- Vo bao v 6- Vo gia cng
Hnh1.3
4- Dy thu bao:
Ngoi cc loi cp ni trn cn c mt loi cp ch c mt i dnh ring cho
tng thu bao gi l dy thu bao.
Dy thu bao c ni tip vi cc i cp cc thit b u cui : Nh cp, t
cp, hp cp n my thu bao. Dy thu bao chia l 2 loi : Dy ngoi tri v dy
trong nh.

a- Cu to cc loi dy thu bao ngoi tri:

C 2 loi: Dy xp v dy c dy treo.
* Dy xp: dy xp cn gi l dy d chin
+ Dy xp ca M gm 2 si dy dn cch in bc chung li vi nhau bng v
nha nh m t hnh 1.4:
- Dy dn : L dy lng kim gm 2 lp trong bng thp, lp ngoi bng ng
( chu lc ko, dn in).
- Cht cch in : Bng nha PE, cht bc cch in bng nha PE mu en.
+ Dy xp ca Trung quc, Nht v Vit Nam gm 2 dy dn bc cch in
xon li vi nhau. Dy dn gm 7 si, trong 4 si thp chu lc, 3 si ng
dn in. Cht cch in bng nha PE, loi ny c u im chu c lc cng v
un cong nhng c nhc im l khi v bc cch in b rn nt d b xy ha lm
t dy dn. Hin nay hai loi dy ny khng c s dng na m ngi ta s dng
loi c dy treo.
* Cu to dy thu bao c dy treo
Gm hai si dy dn bng
ng 0,5mm 0,65mm hoc loi 3
2 1
nhiu dy ng nh xon li, bn
ngoi bc cht cch in PE c
mu phn bit dy a, b, dy a
trng, dy b . Hai dy dn ny
c bc dnh lin bng nha PE 1. Cht dn in (dy
vi mt dy treo bng thp. lng kim)
Dy thu bao ngoi tri 2. Cht cach in FE
hin nay ch c php dng loi 3. Vo boc ngoai PE
c dy treo v phi t ch tiu
sau: Hnh1.4
- ng knh dy dn (phn
ng): 0,5mm, 0,6mm,
0,65m 0,05mm. TH T NHMMU CHNhm 1Ch xanhNhm 2Ch camNhm
- Dy treo bng 3Ch lcNhm 4Ch nuNhm 5Ch troNhm 6Ch trng + ch

kim loi thp = 1,2mm xanhNhm 7Ch trng + ch camNhm 8Ch trng + ch lcNhm 9Ch
trng + nuNhm 10Ch trng + tro
dung sai 0,05mm.
- Lp cch in
v bc ngoi bng nha
PE c dy 1mm
0,1mm c mu en.
- Cht bc cch
in dy dn bng nha
PE c mu trng v .
in tr cch in gia
Bang 1.1
dy vi dy, dy vi dy treo 10.000M. in p nh xuyn trn 1 pht
1,5KV/Km.
- Suy hao cho php ln nht tn s 1000 Hz i vi dy c: 0,5 = 1,43 db;
0,6 = 1,19 db; 0,65 = 1,12db.

b-Dy thu bao trong nh:

Dy thu bao trong nh thi cng thng t trong ng nha i men theo tng
nh n my thu bao, v vy c th dng loi dy thu bao ngoi tri c dy treo hoc
dng dy dn in loi mt hoc nhiu si mm hai si dnh lin.
Dy thu bao trong nh phi t ch tiu sau:
- ng knh vt dn (dy dn) 0,4mm, 0,5mm, 0,6mm 0,05mm.
- in tr vng trn 1km loi: 0,5mm 290; 0,5mm 180; 0,6mm 136.

V- MT S CP THNG DNG:
1- ngha tc dng ca lut mu:
Hin nay nc ta ang s dng rt nhiu loi cp ca nhiu nc trn th gii
nh: M, Nht, c, Vit Nam, Triu Tin.
phn bit i dy dn trong rut cp, ngi ta da vo lut mu ca cht
cch in trn dy dn.
phn bit th t nhm, ngi ta da vo lut mu ca dy qun quanh
nhm.
Sau y ch gii thiu mt s cp cch in nha thng dng nc ta.
2- Lut mu cp cch
in nha xon i ca M, Vit Nam, Triu Tin, Nht:
+ Lut mu i trong nhm c bn 25+2 c lit k bng 1.1.
+ Lut mu th t nhm c lit k bng 1.2.
Nu cp c i Dy a Dy b i Dy a Dy b
dung lng ln hn i 1 Trng Xanh i 14 en Nu
10 nhm th tip tc (dng)
ghp tip vi mu ch i 2 Trng Cam i 15 en Tro
+ xanh, + i 3 Trng Lc i 16 Vng Xanh
cam... Nu cp c i 4 Trng Nu i 17 Vng Cam
dung lng rt ln c i 5 Trng Tro i 18 Vng Lc
i 6 Xanh i 19 Vng Nu
th ghp ba, bn,
i 7 Cam i 20 Vng Tro
nm nhm nh thnh
i 8 Lc i 21 Tm Xanh
nhm ln. Bng 1.2.
i 9 Nu i 22 Tm Cam
V d: ly nhm 1, i 10 Tro i 23 Tm Lc
nhm 2, nhm 3 to i 11 en Xanh i 24 Tm Nu
thnh mt nhm ln i 12 en Cam i 25 Tm Tro
bn ngoi qun ch i 13 en Lc
nh lut mu nhm Bng 1.2
nh phn bit
nhm ln th nht, th 2...
- i vi cp c dung lng
25 i hay 50 i, c trng hp
nhm 25 i chia thnh 2 nhm, nhm 13 i v nhm 12 i ch qun nhm cng
mu.
V d: cp dung lng 25 i chia thnh 2 nhm, nhm 12 i ch qun nhm
mu xanh. Nhm 13 i ch qun nhm mu xanh, nh vy ta khng cn phn bit
nhm 1, nhm 2.
Cng nh cp 50 i chia thnh 4 nhm trong c 2 nhm 12 i v 2 nhm
13 i. Vy nhm 1 gm: 2 nhm 12 v 13 i qun ch xanh; nhm 2 gm: 2 nhm
12 v 13 i qun ch cam.
Rut cp thng c mt s i dy d (gi l i d phng) s i ny khng
qu 1% dung lng, ti a khng qu 20 i, cc i ny thng gia cc nhm
ngoi cng.
3- Lut mu cp cch in nha xon hnh sao (qut)
+ Cp qut ca Nht: ly 5 qut, 10 i lm mt nhm c bn.
TT QUT I DY A DY TT MU TT MU CH
B NHM CH NHM
1 i 1 Trng Xanh Nhm 1 Xanh Nhm 6 Trng-xanh
i 2 Nu en Nhm 2 Vng Nhm 7 Trng-vng
2 i 3 Trng Vng Nhm 3 Lc Nhm 8 Trng-lc
i 4 Nu en Nhm 4 Nhm 9 Trng-
3 i 5 Trng Lc Nhm 5 Tm Nhm 10 Trng-tm
i 6 Nu en Bng 1.4 Bng lut mu th t nhm
4 i 7 Trng
1
i 8 Nu en 2
5
5 i 9 Trng Tm
i 10 Nu en 4 3 Nhom 5 quat
Bng 1.3 Bng lut mu nhm 5 qut 10 i 10 i

Nu s nhm vt qu 10 nhm th t Cap 50 i

nhm 1115 ghp theo ch mu.
- Nhm 11 ch nu + xanh
- Nhm 12 ch nu vng 4
Nu vt trn 15 nhm tc l t nhm 5
10 1
1620 ghp thm ch en: 2 6
- Nhm 16 ch en + xanh 9 3
- Nhm 17 ch en + vn 8 7
Nhom 5 quat 10
Cp qut ca c: i
TT I DY A DY B
Cap 100 i
QUT
Hnh1.6
1 i 1 Trng Xanh
i 2 en NHM 1 CH XANH
2 i 3 Trng Cam Nhm 2 Ch cam
i 4 en Nhm 3 Ch lc
3 i 5 Trng Lc Nhm 4 Ch nu
i 6 en Nhm 5 Ch tro
4 i 7 Trng Nu Nhm 6 Trng xanh
i 8 en Nhm 7 Trng cam
5 i 9 Trng Tro Nhm 10 Trng tro
i en Nhm 11 xanh
10 Nhm 20 tro
Bng 1.5 Lut mu qut trong nhm 5 qut Bng 1.6 Lut mu ch phn bit th t nhm
10 i
 Chng II
NGUYN L TRUYN DN TN HIU TRN CP KIM LOI

I/- CC HIN TNG HIU NG:

Trong qu trnh truyn dn tn hiu, nng lng sng in t lan truyn dc
theo i dy. T u pht n u thu, quan h gia sng in p v sng dng in l
mt gi tr khng i nhng nng lng ca sng th gim dn theo c ly v cc hin
tng hiu ng ca ng dy.
Trong thc t, c 3 hiu ng ng quan tm nht v ta s xt chng ln lt.
1- Hin tng hiu ng mt ngoi:
Khi c dng tn hiu xoay
chiu chy trong dy dn th nu tn
J - Jx
s cng cao, mt dng in cng
ln v pha xa trc ca dy dn. n I
mt gi tr tn s no th dng
in hu nh ch c mt ngoi dy
dn. Hin tng ny gi l hiu ng Jx
mt ngoi v c m t nh hnh J
2.1.
Khi dng tn hiu chy trong Hnh 2.1 Hiu ng mt ngoai
dy dn th khng ch quanh dy dn
m ngay c trong dy dn cng xut hin t trng bin thin. T trng bin thin
ny sinh ra cc dng in xoy nh hnh v v nh vy dng in thnh phn pha gn
trc s ngc chiu cn pha xa trc s cng chiu vi chiu dng in xoy lm cho
mt dng in pha xa trc s ln, gn trc s nh.
Do nh hng ca hin tng hiu
ng, tit din c ch ca dy dn b gim
xung lm cho in tr ca dy dn tng
ln sinh ra tn hao nng lng.
Hiu ng b mt t l vi tn s tn
hiu, t thm v in dn ca dy.

2- Hin tng hiu ng ln cn:

Trong si cp, do cc i dy t Hnh 2.2 Hiu ng ln cn khi 2 dng in
cnh nhau nn khi hai dy cnh nhau u trong 2 dy dn cng chiu
c dng in chy qua th s xy ra hin
tng hiu ng ln cn lm cho mt
dng in trong dy dn khng ng u
pha gu nhau v pha xa nhau theo hai
trng hp sau:
- Nu 2 dy c dng in cng
chiu th mt pha gn nhau gim i,
pha xa nhau tng ln. Hnh 2.3 Hiu ng ln cn khi 2 dng in
trong 2 dy dn ngc chiu
- Nu 2 dy c dng in ngc
chiu th mt pha gn nhau tng ln cn pha xa nhau gim xung.
 Trong c hai trng hp trn, tit din c ch ca dy dn u gim xung lm
cho in tr dy dn tng ln dn n vic nng lng sng in t b tn hao.
Hiu ng ln cn chu nh hng ca tn s tn hiu, t thm, in dn v
ng knh ca dy dn.

3- Hin tng hiu ng kim loi:

Khi mt i dy lm vic, t trng ca tn hiu xoay chiu s to ra cc dng
in xoy lm nng kt cu kim loi sinh ra tiu hao di dng nhit tng ng vi
vic dng in cng tc ang i qua mt in tr thun nn b tiu hao mt phn nng
lng do ta nhit.

II/- THAM S BC NHT:

Khi xt c tnh c bn ca cp thng tin, ta quan tm ch yu n cc tham s
bc nht ca chng. Cc tham s ny tn ti trn bt k mi im ca ng truyn v
nh hng trc tip n cht lng truyn dn. Chng ph thuc vo vt cht cu to,
thnh phn ca cp v tn hiu m n truyn i.

1- Tham s in tr R:
Tham s in tr R ca cp bao gm 2 thnh phn:
- Thnh phn in tr mt chiu R0 chnh l gi tr in tr thun ca dy dn
nn n ph thuc vo cht dy, tit din ca dy v chiu di ca n theo cng thc:
L
R0 = ()
S
Trong : : in tr sut ca dy dn c n v l .mm2/m
S: tit din ca dy dn c n v l mm2
L: chiu di ca dy dn c n v l m
Khi xc nh in tr mt chiu c quan tm n nhit th ta s dng cng
thc:
Rt = R20[1 + (t -20o)]
Vi l h s nhit in tr ph thuc vo cht liu dy dn.
- Thnh phn in tr xoay chiu R: khi i dy ang truyn dn tn hiu th
do nh hng ca cc hin tng hiu ng nn xut hin thnh phn in tr xoay
chiu R m ch yu l do hiu ng b mt. Nh vy tham s in tr ca ng dy
khi truyn tn hiu s l: R = R0 + R
Trong thc t, thun tin cho tnh ton ngi ta xc nh theo cng thc:
R = K1. R0 (/Km)
Vi K1 l h s gia tng in tr do hiu ng mt ngoi (K1 > 1)

2- Tham s in cm L:
Tham s in cm ca ng dy cp bao gm 2 thnh phn:
+ Thnh phn in cm ngoi l thnh phn in cm sinh ra do t thng bn
ngoi v chu nh hng ca bc xon, ng knh dy dn v khong cch gia 2
dy.
+ Thnh phn in cm trong l thnh phn in cm sinh ra do t thng bn
trong v chu nh hng ca hiu ng mt ngoi, t thm ca dy dn.
Trong thc t, tham s in cm L c tnh theo cng thc:
a-r
L = X. (4ln + K2 ). 10-4 (H/Km)
r
 Trong : X : L h s xon dy, a : khong cch gia 2 dy (tnh t tm), r:
bn knh dy dn, K2: H s gim in cm do hiu ng mt ngoi (K 2 <1), : h s t
thm ca vt liu lm dy dn.
T cng thc trn, ta thy:
ar
+ Phn th nht 4ln : l lng in cm ngoi, n ch ph thuc vo cu trc
r
ng dy m khng ph thuc vo tn s tn hiu.
+ Phn th hai K2: l lng in cm trong n ph thuc vo tn s tn hiu v cht
liu dy dn.

3- Tham s in dung C:
Hai dy dn ca mch song tuyn nm cnh nhau ging nh 2 bn cc ca mt
t in cn lp cch in xung quanh ng vai tr cht in mi nn i dy phi c
in dung C. Do trong cp c nhiu i dy t cnh nhau, bn ngoi li c mng chn
t nn in dung C ca i dy chu cc nh hng . Trong thc t, in dung C
r
C X( ).10 6
c xc nh theo cng thc: ar (F/km)
36 ln .
r
Trong : X: l h s xon dy, r: hng s in mi ca cht cch in, a:
khong cch 2 dy (tnh t tm), r: bn knh ca dy dn, : h s iu chnh do s k
cn gia cc dy dn v mng chn t.
Nh vy tham s in dung C khng ph thuc vo tn s tn hiu m ch ph
thuc vo cu trc ca ng dy.

4- Tham s in dn G: Gia cc i dy u c cht cch in nhng thc t khng

c cht cch in tuyt i nn c th c dng in r chy trong cht cch in.
c trng cho r in , ngi ta a ra tham s in dn G gm 2 thnh phn:
1
+ Thnh phn in dn mt chiu G0 vi: Go R
cd

Rc: l in tr cch in gia i dy, thng rt ln.

+ Thnh phn in dn xoay chiu G l lng dng in r sinh ra do s phn
cc ca cht cch in ch tip gip hai dy khi c dng tn hiu.
Trong thc t, tham s in dn G c tnh theo cng thc:
1
G .C.tg (Si/km). Trong : : tn s gc ca tn hiu ( = 2f), C:
Rcd
in dung ca mch, tg: tn hao trong cht cch in khi c dng tn hiu
T cng thc trn ta thy tham s in dn G ph thuc vo cht cch in ca
i dy v tn s tn hiu.

5- S tng ng cc tham s:
Trong qu trnh truyn dn tn hiu, cc tham s bc nht ca ng dy nh
hng trc tip n cht lng thng tin v thng c din t theo s tng
ng hnh 2.4.
T s tng ng, ta thy tham s R v L mc ni tip to thnh tr khng
ni tip cn tham s C v G mc song song thnh dn np song song.
 R L

C G

Hnh 2.4 S tng ng cc tham s bc

nht trn cp in

+ Khi R cng ln th ng dy cng tiu th nng lng ln lm gim nghe

r, gim c ly thng tin.
+ Khi L cng ln th cm khng cng cng ln v ng dy cng tiu th nng
lng nhiu hn.
+ Khi C ln th s c dng in r gia 2 dy cng ln do dung khng nh lm
gim dng tn hiu u thu.
+ Khi G ln th dng in r gia 2 dy ln, lm gim dng tn hiu u thu.
Nh vy nu 4 tham s bc nht ca ng truyn ln th suy hao truyn dn s
ln lm gim cht lng v c ly thng tin.

III/- NGUYN L TRUYN DN, CC TIU CHUN IN KH, PHN

PHI SUY HAO
1- Nguyn l truyn dn tn hiu trn ng dy ng nht:
Khi nghin cu qu trnh truyn dn ca sng in t trn ng dy ng nht
di v hn, ta thy y l qu trnh sng in p v sng dng in dch chuyn v
pha trc vi mt tc nht nh.
Trong trng hp cui ng dy c u thit b thu th khi sng in t
truyn n cui ng dy s xy ra mt qu trnh vt l mi lin quan n tr khng
ca ng dy v tr khng ca ti theo 2 trng hp nh sau:

a- Trng hp tr khng ng dy Zc bng tr khng ca ti Zt.

Ta c Zt = Zc v c gi l trng hp phi hp tr khng. Lc ny ton b
nng lng ca sng in t c ti hp th.

b- Trng hp Zt Zc
y l trng hp khng phi hp tr khng. Lc ny nng lng ca sng
in t khng c ti hp th ht nn xy ra hin tng phn x tr v u ng
dy theo 3 kh nng sau:
* Khi Zt = .
Sng in t truyn ti cui ng dy khng c ti hp th nn ton b
nng lng ny phn x li v u ng dy v c gi l phn x ton phn.
* Khi Zt = 0.
Cng ging nh trn, khi sng in t truyn ti cui ng dy khng c
ti hp th th ton b nng lng ny phn x li v u ng dy v c gi l
phn x ton phn.
* Khi Zt Zc
Trong trng hp ny, sng in t truyn ti ch c ti hp th mt phn.
Phn cn li phn x tr v u ng dy gi l phn x mt phn.
 Ni chung, khi Zt Zc th s c hin tng phn x. Ngi ta a ra h s phn
x theo cng thc:
Uxa
- U : H s phn x theo in.
Utoi
Uxa
- i : H s phn x theo dng.
Utoi
2. Bin dng tn hiu trong qu trnh truyn
Qua nghin cu ta thy 4 tham s bc nht : R , L , C , G ca ng dy c c
im l ph thuc vo tn s ca tn hiu truyn .Mt khc tn hiu truyn dn trn ng
dy bao gm c mt bng tn.V vy khi truyn dn tn hiu trn ng dy th ng vi
mt tn s nht nh s c mt suy hao, dch pha nht nh. Do vy m khi tn hiu
truyn n cui ng dy khng cn gi nguyn dng ban u. Hin tng ngi ta
gi l bin dng tn hiu ( hay cn gi l mo ).
Trong bin dng tn hiu ,ngi ta phn ra nhiu loi bin dng gm :
- Mo bin tn s
- Me pha tn s
- Mo phi tuyn
y ta nghin cu 2 loi c tc ng nht nh n cht lng truyn dn l:
Mo bin v mo pha :
a- Mo bin .
+ Nguyn nhn gy mo bin
Ta thy nng lng sng in t ca tn hiu truyn t u ng dy n cui
ng dy, ng vi cc tn s khc nhau th nng lng sng in t tiu hao trn ng
dy cng khc nhau . Nh vy quan h t l v bin ca tn hiu cui ng dy
khng cn gi nguyn ng nh quan h t l v bin u ng dy, do gy bin
dng tn hiu. Ta m t bng hnh v sau.
Im Im

2 2
t t

1 1
3 3

Tn hiu u ng dy Tn hiu cui ng dy

T hnh v trn ta thy dng tn hiu u ng dy l ng (3) gm 2 tn s

f1 v f2 trong f2=2f1 cn dng tn hiu cui ng dy l ng (3)cng gm 2
tn s l (f1) v (f2) trong (f2)=(2f1).So snh 2 tn hiu trn ta thy tn hiu
ng (3) (3).
+ Phng php khc phc mo bin :
Ta bit nguyn nhn gy mo bin l do c tuyn suy hao ca ng dy
bin i theo tn s. V vy ta c th lp thm vo cui ng dy 1 b suy hao cn bng
(lp pha trc ph ti). c tuyn suy hao ca b cn bng suy hao phi c dng ngc
li vi c tuyn suy hao ng dy nh m t bng hnh v sau:
b
Suy hao ca ng dy + Suy hao ca b cn bng

Suy hao ca
ng dy

Suy hao ca b
cn bng
f

Ta thy tng suy hao ca ng dy v ca b cn bng trong c 1 gii tn s l

mt hng s.( c tuyn l mt ng nm ngang ).
Nh vy tn hiu truyn qua ng dy v b cn bng n ph ti mi tn s u suy
hao nh nhau . iu ny c ngha l mo bin c khc phc .
Nhc im ca phng php ny l lm tng tng suy hao truyn dn. khc
phc ta phi u thm sau b suy hao cn bng 1 b khuch i.

b-Mo pha.
+ Nguyn nhn gy mo pha
Khi nghin cu v tn s , v pha ca tn hiu , ngi ta a ra cng thc
V= W /
Trong :* v l tc pha
*W l tn s gc w = 2 f
* l hng s dch pha (ph thuc vo 4 tham s bc nht ca ng dy)
Qua cng thc trn ta thy ta thy vn tc pha ph thuc tn s tn hiu , vo cc
tham s ca ng dy . V vy do tn hiu bao gm c mt gii tn, vn tc pha ca
mi tn s khc nhau nn thi gian truyn dn trn ng dy t u n cui ng
dy vn tc khc nhau . Do pha ca cc tn s tn hiu cui ng dy khc pha
ca cc tn s u ng dy, tn hiu s bin dng c th tn hiu ng (3) (3). M
t bng hnh v sau:
Im Im

2 2
t t

1 1
3 3

Tn hiu u ng dy Tn hiu cui ng dy

+. Bin php khc phc mo pha.

 Qua nghin cu phn trn ta thy. Nu tc pha ca mi tn s tn hiu u
nh nhau, tc l v = const vi mi tn s th s khng cn c mo pha. Do vy c 2 cch
khc phc :
- Tm cch thay i tham s ca ng dy.
V d tm cch tng in cm L ca ng dy sao cho :R/L=G/C
th cng s khc phc c mo pha theo tn s.
+ Lp vo cui ng dy 1 thit b cn bng pha. Vi thit b ny khi dng in
tn hiu truyn qua n c vn tc pha ca cc tn s ngc li vi vn tc pha trn ng
dy. Do vn tc pha ca tn hiu mi tn s khi truyn dn qua ng dy v qua b
cn bng pha s nh nhau.

3- Cc tiu chun in kh:

A - c tnh in ( ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS )
Ch tiu n v Kch thc dy dn
Unit 0.4 0.5 0.65 0.9

1. in dung cng tc trung bnh ti

1 Khz nF/Km
* Cp di 12 i 52 4
* Cp 13 i tr ln 52 2

2. Khng cn bng in dung ti 1

Khz
* i - i (Pair - to - Pair) 181
- C bit cc i i vi cp 12 i
tr xung 145
- C bit cc i i vi cp 13 i pF/Km
tr ln 45.3
- Trung bnh bnh phng cc i i
vi cp 13 i tr ln
* i - t 2625
- C bit cc i 656
- Trung bnh cc i i vi cp 13
i tr ln
3. in tr dy dn ti 20oC /Km
* Trung bnh cc i 139.0 88.7 52.5 27.4
* C bit cc i 147.0 93.5 56.5 29.0

4. Khng cn bng in tr dy dn
ti 20oC %
* Trung bnh cc i 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5
* C bit cc i 5.0 5.0 4.0 4.0

5. in tr cch in dy dn M > 10 000

(VDC=500v o trong 1 pht ) .Km

6. chu in p cao DC.Kv/

 * Gia cc dy dn 3sec 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.5
* Gia dy dn v v bao che 5.0 5.0 10.0 10.0

B - c tnh c , l ( PHYSICo-mechanical CHARACTERISTICS )

Theo tiu chun ASTM D 2633 , ASTM D 1248 , ASTM B3 90.
( According to ASTM D 2633 ASTM D 1248 , ASTM B3 90 )
B1. V Cp ( CABLE SHEATH )
- V cp bng nhn, trn u , khng c khuyt tt trn b mt ( nh vt
phng, ng rn, l thng, vt sn ... )
- Cng ko t ti thiu ca vt liu PE ly t v cp khng nh hn
1,2Kgf/mm2. gin di khi t ti thiu khng nh hn 400%.

B2. Dy dn bc cch in ( insulated wire )

B2.1. Vt liu cch in c nhum mu c ly t dy n ca cp thnh phm
p ng cc ch tiu sau :
* Cng ko t ti thiu khng nh hn 1,05 Kgf/mm2
* dn di khi t ti thiu khng nh hn 300 %
* co ngt ti a nhit (115 1)oC trong 4 gi nh hn 10mm
* un lnh ti a nhit th nghim (- 40 1) oC s mu hng so vi
mu th : 0/10
B2.2. gin di ti thiu khi t ca dy dn khng nh hn 22%.

C - Tiu chun in kh ca cp kim loi

(Theo cng vn s 3586 ngy 11 thng 12 nm 1997 )

TT ng in tr 1
knh chiu (/Km i)
(mm) Tiu
chun
1 0,32 440 1
2 0,40 278 2
3 0,50 178 3
4 0,65 105 4

+ in tr dy dn (200C)
* in tr vng (t PD n thu bao).
- Rv 1000
* Trng hp c bit: Rv 1200 .
+ in tr chnh lch R
- R 0,01Rv ().
* Trng hp c bit: R 0,025Rv ().
+ in tr cch in Rc.
* Cp lp t trong mng
- Rc > 500M.Km (gia dy vi dy).
- Rc > 500M.Km (gia dy vi t).
* Cp lp t trn 3 nm
 - Rc > 25M.Km (gia dy vi dy).
- Rc > 35M.Km (gia dy vi t).

4-Phn phi suy hao trn ng cp thng tin:

m bo cht lng thng tin gia bt k hai thu bao trong mng th phi
qui nh mc suy hao ln nht cho php. Trong thc t, khi qui nh cng sut pht
tiu chun ca my in thoi l 1mw cn cng sut thu theo tiu chun l 1w th suy
hao ca ton ng truyn l:
1 1mw 1
B= ln ln 1000 = 3,45 (N)
2 1w 2
1mw
hoc B = 10lg 1w 10 lg1000 30(dB )
Do vy, quy nh mc suy hao ln nht ca ng truyn l 3,6 (N) hoc 31,26
(db) v s c phn phi cho tng thnh
phn thit b trn ng dy mt cch hp l.

a- i vi mng cp ng di:
Suy hao trn ton tuyn c phn phi nh sau:

Cap Cap Cap

TK ng TK
T T T T
dai
NH D D NH

0,6N 0,15N 0,25N 0,1N 1,4N 0,1N 0,25N 0,15N 0,6N

Hnh 2.5 Phn b suy hao trn ton tuyn cp

+ Suy hao cp ng di khng qu 1,4N
+ Suy hao T ng di khng qu 0,1N
+ Suy hao T ni ht khng qu 0,15N
+ Suy hao cp trung k khng qu 0,25N
+ Suy hao cp ni ht + dy thu bao khng qua 0,6N

b- i vi mng li ni ht:
Suy hao gia 2 my in thoi trong mng ni ht c quy nh ln nht l
2,8N v c phn phi nh sau:

May T Cap T.K May T

T T
NH NH

0,5N 0,15N 1,5N 0,15N 0,5N

Hnh 2.6 Phn b suy hao trong mng ni ht

+ Suy hao cp trung k khng qu 1,5N

+ Suy hao T ni ht khng qu 0,15N
+ Suy hao cp + dy thu bao khng qu 0,5N
 Cc thng s c dng vi n v Neper. Mun chuyn sang n v Decibel
th s dng quan h gia 2 n v nh sau: 1N = 8,686 db; 1db = 0,115N.

IV. XUYN M V PHNG PHP CHNG

Trong qu trnh phn tch cc tham s bc nht ca ng dy, ta thy chng l
nguyn nhn gy suy hao cho ng truyn. Khi cc tham s cng ln th suy hao
ng truyn cng ln.
Bn cnh , cc tham s bc nht cn nh hng ti cht lng thng tin qua
hin tng xuyn m m nguyn nhn chnh l do tham s in dung C v tham s
in cm L.

1- Hin tng xuyn m:

y l hin tng nh hng ca mt i dy ang lm vic sang mt i dy
khc nm cnh n. i
dy b nh hng, ta c I1
th nghe v hiu c ni
dung thng tin mch Mac
A1 C1-2 B1 h 1
ang lm vic.
a- Nguyn nhn do ghp IC-0 IC-1
in:
Ta xt hai mch Mac
in nm cnh nhau v A Hnh 2.7 B h2
2 2
tng trng bng mch
n tuyn nh hnh v.
V hai mch nm cnh nhau nn gia chng hnh thnh in dung chp C 1-2. Gi
s mch I ang lm vic vi dng in I1 chy t A1 n B1. Do tn ti in dung ghp
gia 2 mch nn s c mt phn dng in r sang mch II v i v c 2 pha A 2 v B2
l IC-0 v IC-1 nh trn hnh v. Hai dng in ny c quy lut bin i nh dng I 1 nn
ta nghe v hiu c cuc m thoi trong mch I. Do dng IC -0 v IC-1 l dng
xuyn m t mch I sang mch II. Mch I c gi l mch ch xuyn; mch II gi l
mch b xuyn.
Trong mch II, dng IC-0 chy v pha u A2 cng pha vi u pht A1 gi l
dng xuyn m u gn cn dng IC -1 chy v pha u B2 ngc pha vi A1 gi l dng
xuyn m u xa. Gii thch hin tng ; Khi dy a v dy b ca mt mch c dng in
chy qua gi s dy a c din tch + Q dy b c din tch - Q . Cc din tch y lp nn
nung quanh n 1 din tch trng c ng sc phn b nh hnh v .
Nh vy dy c v dy d ca mt mch khc i gn nm trong t trng ca dy a v dy
b do c s chnh lch v in th , s to mt dng in chy trong mch cd . Dng
in c qui lut bin i nh dng in trong dy ab v chy v hai u ca mch cd .
Hin tng gi l nh hng nguyn nhn ghp in

b. Nguyn nhn do ghp t:

Ta cng xt mch I ang I1 L1
lm vic nm cnh mch II v
tng trng bng mch n Mac
A1 B1
tuyn. Tham s in cm L trn h1
M1-2
ng dy gia 2 mch lm tn
Im L2 Mac
A2 B2
h2
Hnh 2.8
ti h cm ghp ging nh 2 cun dy ca mt bin p c biu din theo hnh v
sau:
Dng I1 trong mch I khi chy t A 1 v B1 qua cun cm L1 s cm ng sang cun
L2 thng qua h cm ghp M12 to nn trong mch II mt sut in ng cm ng, sinh ra
dng in cm ngim chy t B2 sang A2. Dng Im c qui lut bin i nh dng I 1 nn
ta nghe v hiu c cuc m thoi mch I. N chnh l dng xuyn m.
Gii hin tng : Khi dy ab ca mch I c dng in bin i chy qua th
xung quanh dy ab c mt t trng .
Dy ca mch II nm trong t trng ca mch I s xut hin mt dng in cm ng
trong mch II . Dng in ny c qui lut ging nh dng in ca mch I. Hin tng
c gi l hin tng xuyn m do ghp t

2- Xuyn m u gn, xuyn m u xa

a-Khi nim
Do c 2 nguyn nhn xy ra ng thi nn dng xuyn m trong mch II l tng
hp ca 2 dng xuyn m do 2 I1 L1
nguyn nhn trn v c biu
din bng hnh 2.9. C1-2 Mach
mch b xuyn ,dng A1 IC-0
IC-1 M1-2 B1 1
xuyn m i v pha tai nghe
cng pha u pht. Ngi ta L2 Mach
gi l dng xuyn m u gn ( Imo 2
A2 B
gn vi u pht mch ch Hnh 2.9 2

xuyn ). Cn dng xuyn m i

v tai nghe pha ng kia gn vi u cui mch ch xuyn c gi l dng xuyn
u xa .
Khi nim u gn, u xa l do u pht ca mch ch xuyn u A v B.N
mang tnh cht tng i, v trong thng tin thng l thng tin 2 chiu .
xt v so snh dng xuyn m u gn, u xa ta xt mch in sau:
(hnh2-9 )
+ u gn : Ico l dng xuyn do ghp in
Imo l dng xuyn m do ghp t . V hai dng ny cng chiu nn : tai ngh
dng xuyn gn m u s l.
I 2o=Ico+Imo (1)
+ u xa : Ic1 l dng xuyn do ghp in
Imo l dng xuyn m do ghp t . V hai dng ny ngc chiu nn : tay ngh
dng xuyn gn m u s l.
I 21 =Imo-Ic1 ( 2)
So snh 2 biu thc (1) v (2) ta thy
Dng xuyn m u rt ln hn dng xuyn m u xa.
Kt lun : Trong thng tin m tn . Dng xuyn m u gn l ln nht , nn gy tc
hi nhiu nht . V vy nu trn ng dy ta tm cch khc phc c dng xuyn m
u gn th s khc phc c hin tng xuyn m, trong thng tin.
b- suy hao xuyn m u gn, u xa: Suy hao xuyn m l t s gia cng xut biu
kin u pht mch ch xuyn P1o vi cng xut biu kin ca dng xuyn m u
thu mch b xuyn P2o (xuyn m u gn) hoc P2l (xuyn m u xa)
cng thc biu th:
+. suy hao xuyn m u gn Bo = 10 lg P1o/P2o
 + suy hao xuyn m u xa B1 = 10 lg P1o/P21.
Qua cc biu thc trn ta thy :
- Tr s suy hao xuyn m B0 , B1 cng ln th dng xuyn m mch bi xuyn
cng nh.
- Tr s suy hao xuyn m B0, B1 cng nh th dng xuyn m mch bi xuyn
cng ln.
Tiu chun ca suy hao xuyn m
+i vi thng tin m tn . Qua nghin ca trn ta thy . Xuyn m u gn l
nghim trng nht so vi xuyn m u xa. V vy ngi ta a ra tiu chun suy hao
xuyn m u gn cho thc t nh sau
Bo >=65dB
+ i vi thng tin in thoi cao tn.
Trong thng tin cao tn trnh nh hng ca dng xuyn m u gn, ngi ta
thit k cc my ti ba sao cho gia 2 mch khai thc ti ba i gn nhau , bng tn pht
v bng tn thu khc nhau (cng chng loi thit b). Do vy ch c u xa dng thu v
dng xuyn m c cng bng tn cng tc nn xuyn m u gn khng cn nguy him
na , m ch quan tm n xuyn m u xa.
Tiu chun suy hao xuyn m u xa ca mch cao tn c qui nh nh sau:
B1 >= 65dB

3- Phng chng xuyn m:

a-Tc hi ca xuyn m
- Do nng lng dng tn b mt mt ( xuyn m sang mch bn cnh ) nn c
ly thng tin b gim .
- Mch b xuyn m do c dng xuyn m ca cc mch bn cnh nn cht
lng thng thoi km , c ly thng tin gim .
- Lm l b mt thng tin .
- S lng I dy trong mt si cp b hn ch v. v...
b- Phng chng xuyn m:
Vic phng chng xuyn m
S1 S2
rt quan trng v thng c thc
hin trong qu trnh ch to cp Mach 1
thng qua vic xon dy v nng cao A1 I1 B1
cht lng cht cch in. Bn cnh a
, ng dy phi c cu to ng Q=
nht v lm vic trong iu kin phi A i2a B2 Mach 2
i1a
hp tr khng. Tt c cc bin php 2

nu trn u c tc dng gim nh b

dng xuyn m trong bin php i1b i2b
xon dy c hiu qu nht.
Ta c th chng minh iu Hnh
ny nh sau: 2.10
Gi s c hai mch in nm cnh nhau, mch in I l mch ch xuyn xt
n tuyn, mch II l mch b xuyn xt song tuyn. C hai mch u c phn
thnh 2 on S1, S2 bng nhau.
+ Trng hp mch II cha xon, ta c mch nh hnh 2.9.
 Khi mch I lm vic, dng in chy t A 1 sang B1 v xuyn m sang mch II
trn hai dy a, b ca on 1 vi dng i1a v i1b cn trn 2 dy a, b ca on 2 l dng i2a
v i2b theo chiu trn hnh v (ta ch xt dng xuyn m u gn).
Nh vy dng xuyn m tng hp u gn khi cha xon:
I2A = (i1a + i2a) - (i1b + i2b)
= (i1a - i1b) + (i2a - i2b) (1)
Qua biu thc ta thy dng xuyn m u gn bng tng ca dng xuyn m
trn tng on.
+ Trng hp mch II xon, ta c mch nh hnh 2.11.

Trong trng hp ny, dng xuyn m u gn:

I2A = (i1a + i2b) - (i1b + i2a)
= (i1a - i1b) - (i2a - i2b) (2)

S1 S2

I1 Mac
A1 B1
h1
a

A2 i1a i2a B2 Mac

b h2

i1b i2b

Hnh 2.11

Qua biu thc ta thy dng xuyn m u gn bng hiu ca dng xuyn m
tng on.
So snh (1) v (2) ta rt ra kt lun: Khi xon dy, dng xuyn m s nh hn
rt nhiu so vi khi khng xon dy.

V- CHNG NH HNG DNG IN MNH

1. nh hng ca st v phng php phng chng:
a- nh hng ca st :
Khi c st nh xung mt im no th dng in st rt ln c th ln ti
200KA vi nng lng phng ti mt t 30 Kw/h v lan to trong t. Nu gn ni
st nh c cp th dng in s chy vo trong cp to thnh dng nung rt ln nh
thng cht cch in trong cp, ph hu cp v gy nguy him cho ngi v thit b.
Ngoi ra khi cp nm trong vng nh hng in t trng ca st th trong rut cp xut
hin dng in cm ng dng xung gy nn tp m lm gim cht lng thng tin. Trong
thc t cho thy rng, nhng tuyn cp khng c p dng thit b chng nh hng ca
st mt cch tch cc th ngoi nh hng ca cc nhiu m, tp m lm gim cht lng
thng tin m cn nh hng n dng in khi sm st nh thng vo cp lm thng v
cp, ph hu tng on cp, ng thi gy nguy him cho ngi v thit b thng tin
khc .
Tnh cht v mc nh hng ca cp thng tin ph thuc vo nhiu yu t c
im cu to ca cp, cp chn hay cp treo, v tr tng i ca cp v nhng m my
dung tch in v phng in cng nh cng in trng ca n .
a . nh hng gin tip:
Trong nhng trng hp ny ch st nh hng do in t trng ca st i vi
dy cp. Khi cp thng tin nm trong khu vc in t trng ca st th trong v cp v
rut cp s xut hin in ng v dng in cm ng dng in. mc thp nhng
xung in ny ch gy hin tng tp m lm cht lng thng tin. mc cao hn c
th lm tng mc in u vo ca cc thit b gy nh hng nguy him cho thit b.
Do tc dng ca v kim loi, cng nh l t nu l cp chn c v kim loi ,
trong trng hp st nh hng gin tip ch st mi nh hung ca t trng, cn nu l
cp treo khng c v bc kim loi th st nh hng n t trng v in trng.

b. nh hng trc tip:

Trong trng hp ny l dng in phng thng vo hoc truyn qua t hay vt
khc i vo cp rt gn ng truyn dn ca st . Mc c th khc nhau nhng d
cp chn hay cp treo, c v bc hay khng c v bc kim loi cng u chu nh hng
rt ln.

b-Phng php phng chng:

gim nh hng ca st i vi cp nn trnh lp t cp nhng vng c
tn sut st ln. Ngoi ra cn p dng trit nhng thit b chng st thng dng nh
cc b bo v t gia cp v cc thit b.
Trong thi cng cn thc hin cc quy nh phng chng c th cho tng h
thng mch cp nh sau:
* i vi cp treo:
- Ni thng mng chn t vi thit b tip t v vi dy treo cp.
- m bo c 250m dy treo phi c tip t vi in tr t nh hn 25.
* i vi cp ngm:
- Chn pha trn cp dc theo tuyn mt si dy ng, 2 u tip t tt.
- Nu cp i gn cc ct hay cy cao gia vng trng tri cn chn mt si dy
ng quanh cy hoc ct, dn ra cch cp khong 30m ri tip t tt.

2- nh hng ca dng in cao th v phng php phng chng:

a- nh hng ca dng in cao th:
Dng in cao th l dng in xoay chiu c in p t vi KV n vi trm
KV v tn s 50 60Hz. Trong qu trnh truyn dn in nng i xa, do ng dy
in lc khng cn ti cn pha nn khi cp i gn, cp s b nh hng lan nhim do
ghp in ghp t lm gim cht lng thng tin.

b- Phng php phng chng:

Khi thi cng ng cp cn thc hin tt cc khu sau y:
* a ng dy cp xa ng dy in lc, cng xa cng tt v ti thiu khng di
0,6m.
* Khi ng cp bng qua tuyn ng dy in lc phi b tr i vung gc.
* Cc mng chn t phi c ni thng v ni vi thit b tip t.
 Chng III
BO DNG V QUN L MNG CP

I/- CU TRC MNG CP

1- Khi nim chung:
Ngy nay, nhu cu v thng tin tng nhanh nn ngoi h thng mng in thoi,
cc dch v khc nh FAX Internet, truyn s liu, ni mng my tnh... cng ang s
dng mng cp lm vai tr mi trng truyn dn. iu ny lm cho mng cp
thng tin tr nn v cng quan trng v n chnh l h thng h tng c s, mt thnh
phn ca h tng kin trc th nh gi mc pht trin ca mt quc gia.
Mng li thng tin in thoi l mt h thn kinh ca mt quc gia nn n
c thit lp cht ch theo mt nguyn tc quan trng l:
- m bo lin lc thng sut, khng b rt mch, nghn mch.
- p ng nhanh chng.
- B mt thng tin.
- C th giao tip mng quc t.
T cc yu cu trn, mt c im chnh ca mng l h thng thit b hin i,
tng thch. Hin nay 64 tnh thnh c th khc nhau v chng loi, cu trc thit b
nhng tt c u hin i, kt ni c vi nhau.
c im th hai l ng truyn s dng cp si quang v vi ba s nn cht
lng thng tin rt cao. Vi c tnh u vit v k thut ca cp si quang nn khng
ch m bo c tc cao m cn tng c khong cch cc trm lp, qua gim
c thit b trong tuyn.
c im th ba l o ng thi khai thc c hai h thng cp quang l h
thng cp quang quc l 1 v h thng cp quang trn tuyn ng dy 500KV nn
cu trc mng hin nay l cu trc mng vng vi ch 1 + 1. Nh vy dung lng
s truyn theo 2 hng ca mch vng v nu mt hng c s c th hng kia m
nhn ton b dung lng thng tin. Qua m bo cho mng khng b tc nghn cho
d bt c iu g xy ra.
Mt c im na l do s dng ng truyn l cp si quang nn ngoi chc
nng lin kt thng tin ng di, n cn thc hin cc chc nng h tr khc phc v
cho mc ch chnh tr ca Nh Nc nh: Hi ngh t xa, cc cu truyn hnh...
Cng vi s tng trng ca nn kinh t, mng thng tin Vit nam ang tng
bc ha nhp vo h thng thng tin ton cu. Vi c s ng truyn hin c, vic
nng cp tc t 2,5 Gb/s hin nay ln 10 Gb/s cho ph hp mng Quc t vi im
cp b ti Nng l hon tan kh thi thng qua vic thay i thit b u cui.
Trong tng lai, tc truyn dn trong mng ng di cng s tng ln ph hp vi
pht trin thng tin ca ngnh trong nhim v chin lc ca Vit nam.
Mng cp ni ht c th c hiu l mt mng lin kt cc thu bao trong mt
khu vc nht nh. Mi mt ng truyn ch chu trch nhim cho mt thu bao, vi
di tn t 300 3400Hz do mng cp ni ht s dng cp kim loi l ch yu. Vic
kt ni cc thu bao vi nhau ty thuc vo s lng, phn b ca cc thu bao nn
mng cp ni ht c phn thnh 2 loi l mng n trm v mng a trm.
a- Mng n trm:
Mng n trm l mng ch s dng mt tng i. Vi mt a hnh nh, gn,
thu bao nm tp trung v s lng khng nhiu (khong vi ngn thu bao) th cc
thu bao s c ni tip vo tng i. Nh vy mng n trm, tng i s c 2
chc nng l chc nng tng i ni ht TB
TB
v chc nng kt ni ng di.
+ u im ca mng n trm l TB ng
rt n gin, chi ph u t thp, d qun dai
l. TB TT
+ Nhc im ca mng n trm TB
l h s an ton thng tin khng cao. Khi
s lng thu bao tng, lu lng thoi TB
TB
tng t ngt trong cc gi cao im th Hnh 4.1
s c nguy c b tc nghn mch lm
gin on thng tin.
Bn cnh , do tng i thng xuyn chu gnh nng ti nn tui th thit b
gim, tin cy khng cao. T nhng nhc im nn mng n trm t c s
dng.
TB
TB TB
b- Mng a trm: VT TB
i vi nhng khu VT
vc c a hnh dn tri, thu TT
bao c s lng ln v phn TB TB
b thnh tng cm ri rc th TB ng dai
thng s dng nhiu tng
i to thnh a trm. V tr TB VT TB
lp t cc tng i ph
thuc vo mt thu bao v Hnh 4.2
iu kin a hnh. Cc tng
TB
i c lin kt vi nhau bng TB TB
VT VT
cc ng cp lin i theo 3 cu TB
trc mng nh sau: TB QG
TB
* Cu trc mng hnh sao: QG
Trong mng hnh sao, ngi VT VT TB
ta chn mt tng i lm tng i
trung tm, n ni vi cc tng i TB TB
ng dai
khc trong vai tr l cc tng i TB TT
VT TB
v tinh. Tng i trung tm s kt
ni lu thoi ng di v iu tit TB VT
QG TB
lu lng thoi chuyn mch.
c im ca mng hnh TB
sao l n gin, chi ph u t VT TB TB
khng ln nhng li km an ton
do tng i trung tm kim nhim Hnh 4.3
nhiu chc nng nn kt ni chm
v tui th khng cao, d b nghn mch. Mng hnh sao ch thch hp vi nhng a
bn khng rng lm, dn c tha, s pht trin ca cc thu bao chm.
* Cu trc mng hnh tia:
i vi nhng a bn dn c rng ln, s lng thu bao nhiu v pht trin
nhanh ngi ta s dng cu trc mng hnh tia, trong mt tng i c s dng
lm tng i trung tm c chc nng kt ni ng di. Cc tng i v tinh c ni
gp vo mt tng i qu giang theo nhm trc khi ni n tng i trung tm. Nh
vy mng in thoi s c phn ra lm nhiu cp tng i, mi cp chu mt nhim
v khc nhau.
u im ca cu trc ny l h s an ton thng tin cao. Do tng cp tng i
c nhim v khc nhau nn chng s t b qu ti, t b nghn mch, tui th thit b
cao, p ng c vi VT VT
s pht trin nhanh ca
thu bao. Tuy nhin
QG
mng hnh tia li tn
km nhiu cp v thit VT VT
b nn chi ph u t VT
cao, qun l mng s TT ng
phc tp. QG dai
* Cu trc mng hnh
li (mt co) VT
Khi nhu cu lu QG
thoi lin i gia tng VT
VT
th tng i trung tm
phi chu sc ti ln v Hnh 4.4
s dn n b tc nghn
mch. gii quyt vn ny, ngi ta kt ni tt c cc tng i qu giang vi nhau
to thnh mng hnh li.
u im ca mng hnh li l gii quyt c lu thoi gia 2 tng i qu
giang m khng phi thng qua tng i trung tm. Nh vy h s an ton thng tin
ca mng rt cao, cc cp tng i s khng phi chu gnh nng ti trong nhng gi
cao im nn tui th thit b cao. Nhng c nhc im l rt tn km v thit b
cng nh cn nhiu cp cho cc ng trung k.

2. B m cp ni ht
Chi ph u t xy dng mt mng cp in thoi l rt cao, bao gm nhiu vt
t, thit b, chi ph nhn cng v thi gian thi cng. Mt khc, c im ca mng ni
ht lun lun bin ng theo s pht trin ca x hi, theo s tc ng ca con ngi
v thin nhin. Do vy mun nng cao hiu sut s dng mng li, thun tin cho
vic khai thc, qun l v s dng th cn phi thit lp mt s mng chi tit n
tn tng thu bao.
thc hin iu ny ton b h thng cp v thit b u ni phi c thng
nht qui nh k hiu v cch t tn trn phm vi ton quc.
B m cp ni ht l nhng qui nh k hiu v cch t tn cho nhng kt cui
u dy cp v nhng si cp trong mng cp qun l mng cp trn h thng my
tnh thng qua gin tuyn cp.

A. M KT CUI U DY CP:
1- nh ngha kt cui u dy cp
a- Phng u dy:
 Phng u dy l ni kt cui tt c cc ng dy cp v t ta ra cc ni
trong mng. Phng u dy bao gi cng ngang cnh trm in thoi v nh n, cc
mch in ca mi thu bao v ton b h thng tng i c ni vi mng cp.
Phng u dy vit tt l PD v c biu din bng k hiu nh hnh 4.5 a.
b- Nh cp:
Nh cp l ni kt cui nhng ng dy cp t phng u dy n v nhng
ng day cp i n cc t cp hoc hp cp. Nh cp c vit tt l NC v c
biu din bng k hiu nh hnh 4.5b
c- T cp
T cp l ni kt cui ca nhng ng dy cp t phng u dy hoc t nh
cp n v nhng ng cp i t hp cp.T cp c vit tt l TC v c biu
din bng k hiu nh hnh 4.5c.
d- Hp cp
Hp cp l ni kt cui ca mt cp, cp ny thng l loi nh t 50 i tr
xung. Hp cp l ni tip cn gn thu bao nht v c phn thnh 2 loi: hp cp
cu ch thu li v hp cp thng. Hp cp c vit tt l HC v c biu din bng
k hiu nh hnh 4.5d.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Hnh 4.5
a. Phng u dy; b. Nh cp; c. T cp; d. Hp cp

2-M kt cui u dy cp:

a- Phng u dy:
t tn cho phng u dy bng tn ca trm in thoi. Phng u dy ca
trm no mang tn ca trm .
V d: - PD5: l phng u dy thuc trm 5
- PD2: l phng u dy thuc trm 2
b- Nh cp:
t tn cho nh cp bng ch La-tinh in hoa bt u bng ch B v phng u
dy m nh cp ny ph thuc.
V d:
- NC5B: l nh cp th nht thuc phng u dy trm 5.
- NC2E: l nh cp th t thuc phng u dy trm 2.
c- T cp:
t tn cho t cp theo 2 trng hp:
- T cp l kt cui ca cp t phng u dy n th t tn bng s v tn ca
phng u dy m n ph thuc. th hin t cp khng qua nh cp ta dng ch A.
V d: TC5A1: l t cp th nht thuc phng u dy trm 5 khng qua NC.
- T cp l kt cui ca cp t nh cp n th t tn bng s v tn ca nh
cp m n ph thuc.
V d: TC5B2: l t cp th hai thuc nh cp 5B.
d- Hp cp:
t tn cho hp cp theo 3 trng hp:
 - Hp cp l kt cui ca cp t TD n th t tn bng s sau du gch cho
v tn ca PD m n ph thuc km theo 2 ch A lin tip.
V d: HC2AA/4: l hp cp th t thuc PD2 khng qua NC, TC.
- Hp cp l kt cui ca cp t NC n th t tn bng s sau du gch cho
v tn ca NC m n ph thuc km theo mt ch A.
V d: HC5BA/6: l hp cp th 6 thuc NC5B khng qua TC.
- Hp cp l kt cui ca cp t TC n th t tn bng s sau du gch cho
v tn ca TC m n ph thuc.
V d: HC2E4/1: l hp cp th nht thuc TC2E4.

B- M NG DY CP:
1- nh ngha ng dy cp:
a- Cp chnh:
Cp chnh l tt c nhng cp xut pht t PD n NC hoc TC hoc HC.
Trn ng i, cp chnh c th chia nh ra i n NC hoc TC khc nhng vn
c gi l cp chnh.
b- Cp mng:
Cp mng cn c gi l cp nhnh l tt c nhng cp xut pht t NC n
cc TC hoc HC.
c- Cp thu bao:
Cp thu bao l tt c nhng cp xut pht t TC n HC. y l on cp cui
cng trng mng cp. Nhng cp ni t HC n HC cng gi l cp thu bao.
d- Cp trung k lin trm:
Cp trung k lin trm cn gi l cp lin i l tt c nhng cp ni t PD
ca trm ny n PD ca trm khc hoc n PD ca u ni thng tin khc.
e- Cp lin lc:
Cp lin lc l tt c nhng cp ni t NC n NC hoc t TC n TC.
Ngoi nhng loi cp nu trn th dy ni t cc kt cui n my in thoi
c gi l dy thu bao.

2-M ng dy cp:
M ca tt c cc ng dy cp u c 2 nhm s ngn cch nhau bng du
gch cho.
a- Cp chnh:
t tn cho cp chnh bng 2 nhm s. Nhm s th nht l tn ca PD m
cp xut pht. Nhm s th 2 l s hiu ca cp.
V d: 5/1 l cp chnh th nht thuc PD5.
b- Cp mng:
t tn cho cp mng bng 2 nhm s. Nhm s th nht l tn ca NC m cp
xut pht. Nhm s th 2 l s hiu ca cp.
V d: 5B/2 l si cp th 2 thuc NC5B.
c- Cp thu bao:
t tn cho cp thu bao bng 2 nhm s. Nhm s th nht l tn ca kt cui
m cp xut pht. Nhm s th 2 l s hiu ca cp.
V d: 5C2/4: l si cp th 4 thuc TC5C2.
d- Cp trung k lin trm:
t tn cho cp ny bng 2 nhm s. Nhm s th nht l tn ca 2 PD m
cp ni thng. Nhm s th 2 l s hiu ca cp.
 V d: 2-5/2 l si cp trung k th 2 gia trm 2 v trm 5
e- Cp lin lc:
t tn cho cp lin lc bng 2 nhm s. Nhm s th nht l tn ca 2 kt cui
m cp ni thng. Nhm s th 2 l s hiu ca cp.
V d: 5B-5C/3 l si cp lin lc th 3 gia NC5B v NC5C.
f- Gin tuyn cp

II/- BO DNG MNG CP NI HT:

1-Qui nh chung
a-i vi n v qun l
n v qun l mng cp ni htphI t chc thc hin nhng cng vic sau y:
- Tun tra hng ngy
- o th hng ngy v o th nh k
- X l chng ngi
- Bo dng thng xuyn
- Qun l v cp nhp h s k thut mang cp-
b-i vi nhn vin tun tra
Nhn vin tun tra mng cp c nhim v thng xuyn.
- i kim tra quan st cc thit b trn tuyn : h thng u ni : nh cp hp cp
h thng ch tuyn cc ct mc :h thng cng b : h thng treo cp : h thng bo an :
dy t, ch cc trng im c nguy c lm hng cp nh: im cp treo vt ng,
cng trng ang thi cng, nhng on c th st l, ct siu vo, np hm b v, ln...
- X l nhng h hng nh trn tuyn m bo an ton tuyn cp.
- Quan h vi chnh quyn v cng an a phng theo iu L Bo V ng
Dy Thng Tin Lin Lc c bin php ngn nga v s l kp thi cc trng hp vi
phm lm nh hng n tuyn cp.
- Ghi chp y cc hin tng h hng trn tuyn vo s tun tra nu cn th
chp nh hin trng , lp bin bn xc nhn. Kp thi bo co , xut nhng cng vic
cn tu b, sa cha mang cp.
c-i vi nhn vin o th:
Nhn vin o th mng cp c nhim v sau y :
- Hng ngy: o th x l khi nhn c tin bo hng ca thu bao.
- Ban m vo 23h o qut ton b cc thu bao, sau chn lc nhng thu bao
khng t tiu chun k thut o li, xc nh tnh cht v v tr chng ngi ri thng
bo cho b ri x l sa kp thi. Nu dung lng tng i qu ln th mi m o
mt khu theo trnh t quay vng.
- Hng nm : m kim tra, o th nh k mt ln n cc my u cui thu
bao.
- i vi my in thoi: kim tra m thanh, tn hiu chung phm quay s, nu
thy khng tiu chun phi yu cu nh thu bao thay th hoc sa cha.
- i vi ng dy (t phng u dy ti thu bao) do cc thng s: in tr
vng, in tr trn lch, in tr cch in din dung cng tc, tiu hao ng dy (theo
tiu o phn ph lc).
Cc ktqu o th phI c thng k phn tch nh gi cht lng bo co
cp trn lm c s cho vic lp k hoch xy dng v duy tubo dng mng cp.

1-Ni dung ca cng vic bo dng

a-Bo dng tuyn cp treo
 - Hn v li cc on cp b gy, b bp, b rn nt.
- Kim tra v tu sa cc mng sng mi ni cp.
- Ko li chng dy cp.
- Vn cht cc kp bulong treo cp.
- iu chnh cc c ly dy treo cp.
- Dng li cc ct b nghing, gia c x l cc h hng ca ct.
- V sinh, sn li cc thit b trong nh cp, t cp, hp cp.
- Kim tra, sa cha hoc thay th cc thit b bo an, dy t m bo cc ch tiu
thit k ban u.
- Thu hi cc si cp, cc dy, cc vt t h hng khng th s dng c trn
tuyn m bo m quan th.
b-Bo dng h thng cp ngm v cng b trn mng:
V sinh no vt bn rc trong cng b cp, bm ht ht nc trong b cp thay th
cc ke st b h hng , gia c li cc np an, kim tra mng sng v cc ph kin trong
b cp, sp xp cp theo th t quy nh. Nt kn cc l cng cha s dng.
p , gia c nhng on cng st l , nhng on cng b ln , b hng trn tuyn.
Kim tra cc th ghi tn tng b cp trong si cp.
c- Bo dng cc tuyn cp chn trc tip :
- p sa nhng on cp chn b st , l , b r cy chn p, xe ti ln .
- Tu sa cc b cp trung gian v cc b cp nhp trm.
- Tu sa cc ct mc ch tuyn b h hng.
- D chuyn , thay th on cp theo yu cu .
- Lp t thm thit b hoc ko thm cp i vo tuyn cp .

3- Ch bo dng thng xuyn:

Ch bo dng thung xuyn c ngha rt ln trong vic gi vng s
thng sut ca thng tin lin lc v gp phn nng cao hiu sut s dng ca mng
li, iu ny dn n vic tng doanh thu cho ngnh v hn ch chi ph sa cha. Ch
ny bao gm nhng cng vic chnh sau y:
- Tun tra hng ngy l vic kim tra thng xuyn cc tuyn cp. i vi
tuyn cp treo th phi kim tra tnh trng cc ct ca tuyn, c bit l cc ct gc, ct
vt v cc ct u, cui tuyn.
Kim tra chng ca cp, tnh trng v cp, cc vt liu treo cp nh bu lng
u trn, kp gi dy treo, tng ... i vi tuyn cp cng th kim tra tnh trng b
cp, cng cp, v tr cc dy cp trong b cp.
Khi thc hin cng vic tun tra hng ngy nn i hai ngi. Khi kim tra cc
tuyn th ch trng n cc trng im c nguy c lm hng cp nh cc cng trng
ang thi cng, nhng vng hay st l, ngp nc v nhng ni cp treo vt ng,
vt sng...
- X l nhng h hng:
Trong qu trnh tun tra, pht hin nhng h hng c th x l c th phi
tin hnh x l m bo an ton cho tuyn cp. Vi nhng h hng nng khng t
x l c hoc c tnh quan trng th phi kp thi bo co lnh o khc phc.
- Khi gp cc trng hp vi phm iu l bo v ng dy thng tin lin lc
th tm cch tuyn truyn gio dc hoc lin h vi chnh quyn a phng nh can
thip.
 - Ghi chp y cc hin tng h hng trn tuyn vo s tun tra, nu c th
th chp nh hin trng, lp bin bn xc nhn. Kp thi bo co, xut nhng cng
vic cn thit trong vic tu b, sa cha mng cp.

4- - Ch bo dng nh k:
Cng vic bo dng nh k c thc hin mt vi nm mt ln theo k
hoch. Ch ny i hi nhiu thi gian, kinh ph v nhn lc. Trong khi thc hin
ch ny th nhng cng vic cn quan tm l:
- iu chnh tuyn cp treo nh: dng li cc ct nghing, lm li dy co, thay
ct chng, v sinh sn li cc thit b kt cui, sa cha thay th cc thit b bo an,
dy t.
- Sa cha cng cp, b cp nh: t, trt li b cp b rn nt, bt l thm nc,
nng cao hoc h thp np y b cp.
- Thay i hng tuyn cp do qui hoch hoc do iu kin thin nhin, kh hu
khng cn thch hp.
- Thay th cp mi hoc ko thm ng cp do bin ng v s lng thu bao
hoc do cht lng cp khng cn m bo.

5-X l chng ngi cp

a-Trnh t x l chng ngi
- Tm mi bin php m bo thng tin cho cc thu bao theo th t u tin :
Thu bao quan trng (cc thu bao c quan ng, Chnh quyn, Cng an, Qun s,
Kh tng, Cp cu y t, Cu ho, Cu h, Hng khng, Hng hi, cc c quan ngoi
giao. Bo ch, cc Ngnh, cc Doanh nghip ln) phi m bo lin lc trc.
- Khi c nhiu cp cng hng th cc cp quan trng, cc cp trung k, cc cp
dung lng ln v cc cp cha thu bao quan trng phi x l trc.

b- Nguyn tc x l chng ngi

- Khi x l chng ngi cp phi m bo an ton cho cc si cp i chung.
- Khi x l cp ko cng, khng c mng sng cp gia hai b cp( tr
loi cng c th m np ra d dng).
- Khi x l cp treo, khng c mng sng cp khong gia hai ct cp
- Cc cp dng thay th phi ng cht, ng c, cng dung lng v cng loi
cp.
- Khi x l chng ngi xong phi o th, kim tra cht lng m bo yu cu
k thut v phi tip tc theo di o th cp mi tun mt ln trong phm vi mt thng
nu thy cht lng cp gim st phi c k hoch x l li kip thi.
- Khi o bi ng ph x l cp ngm, phi dc ghp ca c quan th. X
l xong khi phc nguyn trng v khng qu thi gian qui nh cp php gy nh
hng giao thng.

c- Phng php x l:
Khi tin hnh x l cn lm nhng vic sau y:
- Khi nhn phiu bo phi i chiu ngy gi v tuyn cp x l.
- Chun b y dng c, vt liu phc v cho x l.
- Tin hnh phn on x l bt u t ng dy thu bao tr v phng u dy.
xc nh chc chn v tr chng ngi, thng ta dng t hp kim tra tn hiu
ngun.
 - Khi x l xong phi hon thnh cc th tc bo co theo ng quy nh.

d-Quy nh thi gian x l:

Trong iu kin bnh thng th thi gian quy nh x l chng ngi cp nh sau:
- i vi cp treo:
+ Di 200 i: khng qu 4 gi
+ Trn 200 i: khng qu 5 gi
- i vi cp cng:
+ DI 200 i: khng qu 5 gi
+ T 200 i 500 i: khng qu 7 gi
+ Trn 500 i: khng qu 8 gi
- i vi cp chn:
+ Di 100 i: khng qu 6 gi
+ Trn 100 i: khng qu 7 gi
Trong cc trng hp khc nh c thin tai, ha hon, chp in lc th khng
nht thit phi theo quy nh thi gian trn.

III/- O TH NH GI CH TIU CHT LNG

o th cht lng cp l mt cng vic quan trng trong bo dng tuyn cp.
Thng qua o th, cc thng s c bn ca ng dy nh in tr vng, in tr
chnh lch, in tr cch in c xc nh v c so snh vi tiu chun in kh
ca cp kt lun tnh trng, cht lng ng dy. Kt qu o th phi c thng
k phn tch nh gi lm c s cho vic lp k hoch xy dng pht trin v bo
dng mng cp.

1- o in tr vng ca i dy:
a-Phng php o in tr vng
in tr vng ca i dy chnh l gi tr in tr 1 chiu ca 2 dy ca mi
i, nh vy ta c: Rv = Ra + Rb
Vi Rv: in tr vng
Ra: in tr dy a
Rb: in tr dy b
Tiu chun in tr vng c xc nh bng n v /Km v cc gi tr ph
thuc vo ng knh ca dy. in tr vng ca ng dy (t phng u dy ti
thu bao) c quy nh khng qu 1000,trng hp c bit khng qu 1200.
o in tr vng, ta dng ng h o ng dng nguyn l cu cn bng in
tr v c mch in nh hnh 4.6:
- Mt u ca i dy u vo cu o, u kia ni tt li.
- Chnh Ro cho n khi cu cn bng:
R1 Ra Rb X1 Ra
Ta c: R1
R2 Ro
X2 Rb
Chn R1 = R2, ta c Ra + Rb = Ro A
R2 R0

Hnh 4.6
Nh vy gi tr xc nh c ca Ro chnh l in tr vng ca i dy.
b-nh gi cht lng
Vic nh gi cht lng i dy thng qua in tr vng phi c thc hin
theo hai bc :
+Bc 1
Sau khi c kt qu o,ta ly gi tr o c so snh vi tiu chun in tr vng ca
tuyn.Nu kt qu o c khng vt qu tiu chun th ta thc hin tip bc sau
+Bc 2
Ly kt qu o chia cho c ly o ri so snh vi tiu chun in tr vng ca loi cp
tng ng Nu ph hp vi tiu chun th nh gi chung l tt.

2- o din tr chnh lch ca i dy:

a-Phng php o in tr chnh lch
in tr chnh lch ca i dy l gi tr khc bit v in tr 1 chiu ca 2 dy
ca mt i. Nh vy ta c: Rcl Ra Rb
Vi Rcl l in tr chnh lch
Tiu chun in tr chnh lch c quy nh khng qu 1% Rv. Trng hp c bit
khng qu 2,5% Rv. o in tr chnh lch ca i dy ta dng nguyn l cu cn
bng in tr vi mch in nh hnh 4.7:
X1 Ra
R1
X2 Rb
A
R2
R0

Hnh 4.7

- Mt u ca i dy u vo cu o, u kia ni tt li v u t. Cc m
ca ngun c u t.
R1 Ra Rb
- Chnh R0 cho n khi cu cn bng, ta c:
R2 Ro
Chn R1 = R2, ta c Ra = R0 + Rb hay Ra - Rb = R0
Nh vy gi tr xc nh c ca R0 chnh l in tr chnh lch ca i dy.

b-nh gi cht lng

nh gi cht lng i dy thng qua in tr chnh lch ,ta ly kt qu o
c so snh vi tiu chun qui nh .Nu kt qu o c khng vt qu 1% gi tr
in tr vng ca i dy th nh gi l tt.

3- o in tr cch in:
a-Phng php o in tr cch in
Khi o in tr cch in .ta cn phi o in tr cch in gia hai dy ca
mt i v gia i dy vi mng chn t .
in tr cch in loi cp v nha v cht cch in bng nha c qui nh
nh sau:
- Cp mi lp t:
+ Dy vi dy > 500 M. Km
 + Dy vi t > 500 M. Km
- Cp lp t trn 3 nm:
+ Dy vi dy > 25 M. Km
+ Dy vi t > 35 M. Km
- Cp mi cn trong m-bin th in tr cch in chung l > 10.000 M. Km.
o in tr cch in, ta dng ng h Mgmet, cch o nh sau:
- Mt u i dy u vo tr L v E ca ng h, u kia h.
- Quay my pht in tc 120V/ph ch kim ng h ng yn th c tr s.
- Nu o Rc gia dy v t th dy u vo tr L, t vo tr E.

b-nh gi cht lng

Mun nh gi cht lng i dy thng qua in tr cch in, ta ly kt qu
o c nhn vi c ly o ri so snh gi tr tnh c vi tiu chun in tr cch
in tng ng vi loi cp v thi hn s dng .Nu gi tr tnh c ln hn tiu
chun th nh gi l tt.

4-o xc nh chng ngi tuyn cp:

Trong qun l mng cp,vic o xc nh chng ngi trn cc tuyn cp ng
vai tr rt quan trng .Thng qua php o,ta khng ch xc nh c nguyn nhn ca
chng ngi nh cp b t hoc cp b chp m cn c th nh v c khong cch
t im o n v tr chng ngi c th khc phc chng ngi mt cch nhanh
nht v hiu qu nht.
Nhng thit b o xc nh chng ngi tuyn cp hin nay tuy c nhiu loi
nhng u c nguyn l chung l da vo hin tng phn x sng in t trn ng
dy.Mt trong nhng thit b o c s dng nhiu v c chnh xc tng i cao
v thao tc n gin l my o KABELLUX 4T.
Cc bc tin hnh o:
+ Ci t my o:
- t ng knh dy dn
- t khong cch o
+Kt ni i dy cn o vo my o
+Bm nm thch hp tin hnh o
+T mn hnh hin th, xc nh nguyn nhn chng ngi v v tr ca chng
ngi
 Chng IV.
QUY NH MI V MNG CP NG

Thut ng-nh ngha

Mng ngoi vi - A. Outside Plant
Mng ngoi vi l phn ca mng li vin thng ch yu nm bn ngoi nh
trm vin thng, bao gm tt c cc loi h thng cp thng tin si ng, si quang
c lp t theo cc phng thc treo, chn trc tip, i ngm trong cng b, th
sng, th bin v cc h thng h tr bo v.

Phng hm cp - A. Cable Vault

Phng hm cp l mt khoang ngm hoc ni, ni kt ni cp bn ngoi v cp
nhp trm.

Cng trnh cp trong cng b - A. Underground cable plant

Cng trnh cp i trong cng b l tn chung ch cc cng trnh cp thng tin v
dy kim loi i trong h thng cng b.

Cng trnh cp treo - A. Aerial cable plant

Cng trnh cp treo l tn chung ch cc cng trnh cp v dy kim loi treo trn
h thng ng ct v cc cu trc khc.

Cng trnh cp chn trc tip - A. Buried cable plant

Cng trnh cp chn trc tip l tn chung ch cc cng trnh cp cng mng
xng ni c chn trc tip trong t, khng dng h thng cng b.

ng hm - A. Tunnel
ng hm l mt kt cu c cc dng v kch thc khc nhau di mt t
dng lp t, sa cha v bo dng cc trang thit b mng ngoi vi.

B cp - A. Jointing Chamber; MH/HH

B cp l mt tn chung ch mt khoang ngm di mt t dng lp t
cp, cha cc mng xng v d tr cp.

Hm cp - A. Manhole, MH
Hm cp l b cp c kch thc ln nhn vin c th xung lp t, sa
cha v bo dng (thng c phn thu hp bn trn gm c vai, c v np y).

H cp - A. Handhole, HH
H cp l b cp c kch thc nh khng c phn thu hp bn trn nh,
thng xy dng trn tuyn nhnh kt ni ti t cp, hp cp v nh thu bao.

Cng cp - A. Conduit/Duct
Cng cp l nhng on ng c ghp ni vi nhau chn ngm di t
bo v v dn cp.

Cng ph - A. Sub-duct
 Cng ph l ng nh t trong cng cp dng lp t cp quang.

Ct treo cp - A. Pole
Ct treo cp l ct bng b tng ct thp, bng thp (i khi cn c c bng g)
dng treo cp thng tin.

Ct gc A. Angle pole
Ct gc l ct m ti v tr hng tuyn ct b thay i

Rnh cp - A. Trench
Rnh cp l ng ho phc v vic lp t cng cp hoc lp t cp chn
trc tip.

Khong b - A. Span of Manhole

Khong b l khong cch gia hai tm ca hai b cp lin tip lin k nhau.

Trn hm - A. Manhole top

Trn hm l phn bn trn hm bao gm vai (thnh), c v np hm.

Np b - A. Chamber cover
Np b l phn c th y hoc m ra thi cng cp.

Cp si quang - A. Optical fiber cable

Cp si quang l cp thng tin dng cc si thu tinh lm mi trng truyn
dn.

Thnh phn kim loi - A. Metallic member

Thnh phn kim loi l phn bng kim loi ca cp khng dng truyn dn,
nh v bo v, mng ngn m hoc thnh phn gia cng.

Cp ng - A. Copper cable
Cp ng l cp thng tin dng cc i dy bng ng lm mi trng truyn
dn.

Cp nhp trm -A. Tip cable (connector stub)

Cp nhp trm l cp vin thng trong nh c c tnh chng chy dng ni
cp bn ngoi i vo ti phng hm cp ti phin dc ca gi u dy MDF.

Mng xng cp - A. Closure/Joint Closure

Mng xng cp l ph kin dng bt kn mi ni cp

Cp chnh (hay cn gi l cp gc, cp s cp, cp fedeer)- A. Main/ A.

Primary/ A. Feeder cable
Cp chnh l cp t gi u dy MDF ti t cp u tin.

Cp phi (hay cn gi l cp th cp, cp ngn) - A. Distribution Cable

 Cp phi l cp ni t t cp u tin ti cc hp cp trong cp phi t t
cp cp 1 n t cp cp 2 gi l cp phi cp 1, cp phi t t cp cp 2 n hp cp
gi l cp phi cp 2.

Mt ko cp - A. Pulling eye
Mt ko l mt dng c dng ng kp cht vo u cp, mt u c vng kim
loi dng ko cp.

R cp - A. Cable grip
R cp l mt ng dy bn dng mt li ko cp.

Cp treo - A. Aerial Cable

Cp treo l cp thng tin c ch to lp t trn h thng ng ct v cc
cu trc khc.

Cp cng - A. Duct Cable/ Conduit Cable

Cp cng l cp thng tin c ch to lp t trong cc h thng ng hoc
cng b.

Cp chn trc tip - A. Buried Cable

Cp chn trc tip l cp thng tin c ch to chn trc tip trong t, .
Terminal
ng dy thu bao - A. Subcriber line
ng dy thu bao l ng truyn dn thng tin t nt chuyn mch/im
truy nhp n my thu bao. FTTO
Cp vo nh thu bao (hay cn gi l dy thu bao) - A. Lead-In cable
Cp vo nh thu bao l cp ko t hp cp n nh thu bao.

T cp -A. Cross connection cabinet (CCC)

T cp l ni kt ni gia cp chnh v cp phi hoc cp phi cp 1 v cp
phi cp 2.

Hp cp (hay cn gi l tp im) -A. Distribution Point (DP)

Hp cp l im kt ni gia cp phi v cp vo nh thu bao.

I-CU TRC MNG NGOI VI

1. Mng cp thu bao
Mng cp thu bao gm:
- Mng cp ng thu bao l h thng cp thng tin si ng kt ni t nt chuyn
mch/im truy nhp n nh thu bao, mng bao gm cc thnh phn nh: gi MDF,
mng xng cp, phin ni dy, t cp, hp cp, cp vo nh thu bao v h thng cng
b;
- Mng cp quang thu bao l h thng cp si quang kt ni t nt chuyn
mch/im truy nhp n nh thu bao, mng bao gm cc thnh phn nh: gi ODF
(Optical Distribution Frames), mng xng quang, t cp, ONU (Optical Network Unit)
v h thng cng b .
Cu trc tng quan mng cp thu bao c trnh by trong hnh di y:
 FTTH
FTTH
ADSL
ADSL
HOST H cp
Hm
cp
Cp ng VDSL FTTH
FLC VDSL ONU

Router Terminal

MDF Hm cp
FTTO
ONU
T cp FTTO
ng hm cp Cp quang Hm cp
Phng hm cp

Mng xng cp
quang Khuchung
Khu chung
c
c
FLC
FTTC RT
ONU

FTTC
FTTC

Hnh 1. Cu trc mng cp thu bao

2. Mng cp quang trung k

Mng cp quang trung k c chia lm hai cp:
- Mng trung k cp I l h thng cp quang thuc mng vin thng ng trc
quc gia, quc t c s dng kt ni trung k gia cc tng i Host - transit,
Tran sit - Transit, Transit - Gateway, Gateway- Gateway.
- Mng trung k cp II l h thng cp quang thuc mng vin thng ni tnh, thnh
ph, c s dng kt ni trung k gia cc tng i Host - Host, Host - Tandem
ni ht, Host - V tinh/im truy nhp.

3. H thng h tr, bo v mng ngoi vi

H thng h tr, bo v mng ngoi vi bao gm h thng hm, h, cng cp, ct b
tng cp, trang thit b chng st cho mng cp ng v cp quang.

II.NGUYN TC T CHC MNG NGOI VI

1. C s,cn c t chc xy dng mng
T chc mng ngoi vi phi da trn:
- Cu trc ca mng chuyn mch quc gia v theo vng phc v ca tng i ni
ht;
- Mt dn c ca tng vng, tc tng trng thu bao hng nm, nhu cu s
dng cc dch v vin thng ca tng khu vc hin ti cng nh trong tng lai, c
bit l cc dch v bng rng nh truy nhp Internet v truyn s liu tc cao;
- Quy hoch pht trin th, cc trung tm thng mi, cc khu cng nghip, khu
ch xut u t nc ngoi, cc vng trng im kinh t ca trung ng v a ph-
ng;
 - c im a l vng dn c (thnh th, nng thn, min ni, vng su, vng xa,
bin gii, hi o);
- Hiu qu kinh t trong vic u t xy dng v bo tr khai thc mng ngoi vi.
2.Nguyn tc t chc mng cp thu bao
2.1. Mng cp ng thu bao

2.1.1. Phn vng phc v

Mng cp ng thu bao c qui hoch phn vng da trn cc nguyn tc sau:
- Mng cp ng thu bao ca mt tnh, thnh ph c phn thnh cc vng mng
theo ng vng phc v ca cc tng i ni ht.
- Trong mt vng mng, mng cp ng thu bao ca mt tng i c phn thnh
nhiu vng phc v theo cc tuyn cp chnh ca nh minh ho trn hnh 2.
- Da vo cc mt dn c , c im a l? ca vng dn c v cc chng ngi
t nhin to bi cc ng giao thng ln, ng st, sng ngi, knh rch phn
khu vc phc v ca cc tuyn cp chnh thun tin cho vic thi cng, xy dng v
qun l mng;
- Vng phc v ca mt tuyn cp chnh c phn thnh 3 dng sau:
a. Vng phc v trc tip: Trong vng phc v trc tip thu bao c kt ni
trc tip vi nt chuyn mch qua mt cp chnh, khu vc A trn hnh 2 m t phm vi
vng phc v trc tip ca mng cp chnh;
b. Vng phc v qua mt cp phi cp: Trong vng ny thu bao c kt ni vi
nt chuyn mch qua mt cp phi v mt cp chnh, khu vc B trn hnh 2 m t
phm vi vng phc v ca mt cp chnh.

Hnh 2. S phn vng phc v ca mng cp ng ni ht

 c. Vng phc v qua hai cp phi cp: Trong vng ny thu bao c kt ni vi
nt chuyn mch qua mt cp chnh, mt cp phi cp I, v mt cp phi cp II, khu
vc C trn hnh 2 m t vng phc v ca mt tuyn cp phi cp I;
2.1.2. Nguyn tc phi cp
Thc hin nguyn tc gim cp phi cp n mc ti thiu nhm nng cao cht l-
ng mng ngoi vi; Khng khuyn khch m hnh phi cp ln hn hai cp tr nhng
trng hp trin khai tm thi do nhu cu pht trin nhanh v cha trin khai u t
kp.
C ba cch phi cp trn mng cp ng thu bao:
- Phi cp trc tip l cch phi cp m thu bao c ni vi nt chuyn mch
ch qua mt hp cp, hnh 3 l s cu hnh phi cp trc tip, trong s ny, cp
chnh l cp ni t MDF n hp cp, cch phi cp ny thc hin ngay khu vc t
tng i v nhng khu vc c mt dn c cao cch tng i khong 500 mt;

Hnh 3. S cu hnh phi cp trc tip

- Phi cp mt cp l cch phi cp m thu bao c ni vi nt chuyn mch

ch qua mt hp cp v mt t cp. Hnh 4 m t cu hnh phi cp mt cp. Trong cu
hnh ny, cp chnh l cp ni t MDF n t cp, cp phi l cp ni t t cp n
hp cp, cch phi cp ny thc hin ti cc khu vc th n nh c mt in
thoi cao, vng phc v ca tng i n nh v l ni c nhu cu cao v dch v
Internet bng rng.

Hnh 4. s cu hnh phi cp mt cp

- Phi cp hai cp l cch phi cp m thu bao c ni vi MDF qua mt t

cp cp I, mt t cp cp II v mt hp cp; Hnh 5 m t cu hnh phi cp hai cp.
Trong cu hnh ny, cp chnh l cp ni t MDF n t cp cp I, cp phi cp mt l
cp ni t t cp cp I n t cp cp II, cp phi cp hai l cp ni t t cp cp II
n hp cp; Cch phi cp ny c tnh linh ng cao, thng p dng i vi vng
dn c ang pht trin hoc vi vng ngoi thnh, khu vc nng thn nng cao hiu
sut s dng ca mng cp chnh v cp phi. Khi s pht trin thu bao ti cc cc
vng ny n nh th s chuyn sang cu hnh phi cp mt cp bng cch thay t
cp cp mt bng mng xng r nhnh cp;

Hnh 5. S cu hnh phi cp hai cp trn mng cp ng

2.1.3. Mng cp chnh:

- Cn c vo c im a l v vng phc v ca tng i ni ht, mng cp chnh
phi c t chc theo tng tuyn v c phn vng phc v cho tng cp chnh
theo cc nguyn tc nu
- Cp chnh phi c ngm ho ti cc trung tm tnh, thnh ph, huyn l, th
trn;
- S dng mng xng cp trn cc tuyn cp chnh r nhnh cp chnh sang cc
tuyn khc nhau vi nhu cu dung lng cp cn dng trn cc tuyn nhnh thp hn,
khng c dng t cp r nhnh cp; Mng xng cp phi chu c ngp nc
lu ngy;
- T cp cp I c dung lng t 200 i n 600 i;
- T cp c t trong vng phc v ca t cp. V tr t t cp c la chn sao
cho bo m yu cu s dng ti u dung lng cng b, cng nh thun tin cho vic
thi cng cp phi, bo dng, x l? v thay th cp. Khng t qu su trong vng
phc v ca t cp nhm trnh vic phi chy nhiu cp phi ngc v pha tng i
gy tn dung lng cng b.
- Khng t t cp gn t phn phi in lc. T cp t cao trnh ngp lt
theo cc qui nh v phng chng lt bo ca TCTy;
- Trc khi tuyn cng b b qu ti t nht l 18 thng, phi lp phng n thay cp
ng bng cp quang vi thit b truy nhp nhm gii phng l cng b cho pht trin
mng trong tng lai. u tin thay trc cc tuyn cp c cht lng xu, c chiu di
ln nht v qua nhiu cp phi cp.
- Cc tuyn cp c cht lng xu do s dng lu nm hoc do s c k thut cn
c phng n thay th ;
- Nguyn tc nh c mng cp chnh c qui nh trong Ph lc F - Nguyn tc
xc nh dung lng mng cp ng.
2.1.4. Mng cp phi
- Ti cc trung tm tnh, thnh ph phi thc hin trit vic ngm ho mng cp
phi;
- Mng xng cp c s dng r nhnh cp phi khi cn thit nhm mc tiu
gim cp phi cp trn ton tuyn v nng cao cht lng tuyn cp;
- Khu vc phc v ca t cp II phi c la chn v khoanh vng r sao cho
trnh c trng hp cc tuyn cp phi n hp cp phi ct ngang qua cc ng
giao thng ln, qua sng ngi.
- Khong cch gia hai t cp lin k trn mt tuyn cp hoc gia cc t cp ca
hai tuyn cp khc nhau trong khong t 200 mt n 300 mt. Ti cc khu vc c mt
in thoi c bit cao th khong cch gia hai t c th ngn hn yu cu trn;
- V tr t t cp cp II cng tun th cc nguyn tc nu.
Cc hp cp c dung lng t 10 i n 50 i. T cp cp II c dung lng t 100
n 200 i.

2.1.5. Cp vo nh thu bao

- Cp vo nh thu bao l on cp ni t hp cp vo nh thu bao c lp t
theo hai phng thc: treo hoc i ngm. Dung lng ca cp t mt n hai i. Li
cp c xon i v c bn vi nhau
- Cp vo nh thu bao cng ngn cng tt, khng di qu 300m trong cc khu vc
th. Ti vng ngoi thnh v nng thn th c th di hn nhng phi nm trong
phm vi cho php v suy hao ng dy .

2.1.6. Cp vng
- Cp vng l cp ni gia hai t cp cp I ca hai cp chnh trong vng phc v
ca mt tng i ni ht, hoc gia hai t cp cp II trong vng phc v ca mt cp
chnh;
- Cp vng c s dng vi mc ch p ng nhu cu t chc thng tin t xut
do thiu cp pht trin thu bao, thiu s cc b hoc cn pht trin dch v thu knh
ring v.v...ca n v khi cp chnh hay cp phi ti vng phc v s dng ht dung
lng hoc c cht lng xu cn phi chuyn sang tuyn cp khc;
- ng knh si ng ca cp vng phi bng ng knh si ng ca cp chnh
trong trng hp cp vng ni gia hai t cp cp I v bng ng knh cp phi trong
trng hp cp vng ni gia hai t cp cp II;
- di ca cp vng phi c tnh ton sao cho m bo cc ch tiu suy hao -
ng dy ca mch vng thu bao;
- S dng cp vng ch l gii php tm thi khc phc c tnh cht ng cu v
loi b gii php tm thi ny khi c iu kin, hnh 6 di y m t cch u cp
vng gia hai t cp cp I ca hai cp chnh khc nhau.
 Hnh 6. S cp vng gia hai t cp cp I ca hai cp chnh.
2.1.7. Bn knh phc v ca mng truy nhp cp ng v tiu chun k thut
- i vi vng mt dn c cao nh ti cc thnh ph, th x, bn knh phc v
ca mng cp tnh t trung tm chuyn mch n hp cp kt cui khng qu 3 km i
vi c dy 0,4mm v khng qu 4 km i vi c dy 0,5mm; Suy hao ng dy t
gi MDF n hp cp kt cui khng qu 7dB; in tr mch vng ca mt i cp t
MDF n hp cp khng qu1000 .
- i vi vng nng thn, mt dn s thp, bn knh phc v ca mng cp tnh
t trung tm chuyn mch n hp cp kt cui c th ln hn 4 km nhng suy hao -
ng dy thu bao khng vt qu 10 dB v khng qu 2 ln thay i ng knh dy,
in tr mch vng ng dy thu bao khng qu 1200 , c th s dng cp ng
c ng knh 0,65 mm, 0,9mm m rng vng phc v ca cp ng nhng phi
bo m ch tiu k thut v phi tnh n hiu qu kinh t so vi vic dng cp quang
v thit b truy nhp.
- Mc tiu lu di i vi mng ngoi vi ca mt Bu in tnh, thnh ph l t
c 90% thu bao nm trong bn knh phc v < 3km v trn 95% thu bao nm
trong bn knh phc v < 4km.

2.2. Mng cp quang thu bao

Mng cp quang thu bao gm mng cp quang t nt chuyn mch/im truy nhp
n cc nh thu bao, cp quang s dng trn mng thu bao quang cc th loi
c bit v loi mt c th s dng loi cp quang c dung lng n 144 si, cc
BT, TP khc tu theo nhu cu s dng dch v m s dng cp si quang c dung
lng n 48 si.

III . NGUYN TC T CHC MNG TRUNG K

1. Mng cp trung k cp I
- Mng cp quang trung k cp I c t chc theo dng Ring 2 si hoc 4 si tu
theo yu cu v dung lng cng nh bo v mng li.
- Tc truyn dn ca mng Ring phi m bo tho mn nhu cu v lu lng t
nht l 7 nm;
- Cc d n u t cho mng cp quang cp I phi tnh n vic b xung si quang
cho tuyn trc ni tnh ni m tuyn cp I i qua;
- Cp quang s dng trn mng trung k cp mt s dng loi cp c dung lng t
16-24 si;

2. Mng cp trung k cp II
- Mng cp quang trung k cp II c t chc theo mng Ring (2 si hoc 4 si)
cc trm Host Host, Host Tandem tu theo yu cu v dung lng cng nh bo
v mng li;
- Tc truyn dn ca mng Ring phi m bo tho mn nhu cu v lu lng t
nht l 5 nm;
- Cp quang trung k cp II c th s dng kt hp cho mng trung k cp I v vy
cp quang s dng trn mng cp II cc th loi c bit c th s dng cp c
dung lng ti 144 si; cc th loi mt c th s dng loi cp quang c dung
lng ti 96 si, cc th loi II v cc th x c th s dng loi cp quang n 48
si,
- bo m an ton mng, cc im truy nhp c t chc thnh mng ring v
kt hp vi cc tuyn nhnh nh m t trong hnh 8.
- Cp quang s dng trn mng trung k l loi cp quang n mode, cp quang s
dng trn mng thu bao quang c th dng loi n mode hoc a mode tu theo mc
ch s dng, cht lng si quang v v cp phi p ng cc yu cu k thut theo
tiu chun ngnh v tiu chun ITU, s si quang c tnh khi lp d n cho cc
mng trung k cp I, II, phi tho mn cho nhu cu s dng hin ti, c d phng cho
cc bc pht trin thm h thng mi;

AP
AP Mng truy nhp

AP
AP
maximum
3Km

HOST

AP

AP

Ghi ch :

AP im truy nhp AP

V ng pht trin cp ng
Mch vng s i quang

Hnh 8. Mng truy nhp FO t chc theo mng Ring SDH

- Tu theo tng a hnh ca tuyn, cp quang c th i trong h thng hm cng

ca mng ni ht, i ngm trong ng nha HDPE, chn trc tip, treo trn ct hoc th
sng, th bin.

IV. NGUYN TC T CHC H THNG H TR BO V MNG NGOI .

1. H thng hm, h, cng cp
H thng hm, h, cng cp l phn rt quan trng ca h thng mng ngoi vi v
c t chc nh sau:
- Phng hm cp c xy dng di phng t MDF ca cc tng i;
- Phng hm cp l ni t cc mng xng cp ng, mt u mng xng l cp
chnh, mt u l cp chng chy c ni vi MDF;
- Nhng ni khng c iu kin xy dng phng hm cp th cc mng xng cp -
c t trong ng hm cp;
- ng hm cp c xy dng t phng hm cp n hm cp u u tin r
hng cp, ng hm cp phi c ke cp, cp t MDF, ODF i cc hng c
c nh trn cc ke cp d thi cng, bo dng, s l s c cng nh thay th
cp khi cn thit, kch thc ng hm cp c xy dng theo quy phm xy dng
mng ngoi vi;
 - H thng hm, b, cng cp ca mng ngoi vi phi c qui hoch p ng vi
s pht trin thu bao trong khong t 20 n 30 nm, c kh nng lp t cp ng -
ng knh 0,4 mm ti 2000 i ;
- Trn mi tuyn hm, cng cp phi c t nht 01 cng F 100 dnh cho vic lp t
cp quang;
- Khong cch gia hai hm, h cp lin k nhau t 150 mt 300 mt, khong
cch trung bnh gia cc hm, h cp trong mt tuyn hm cng khng di 230 mt,
nhng tuyn hm, cng, cp quang i ring khong cch gia hai hm k nhau t 500
mt n 2000 mt tu theo a hnh v c im vng dn c;
- Kch thc ca cc hm, h cp tun theo quy phm xy dung mng ngoi vi;
S lng v loi ng cng cho tng tuyn khi thit k phi da vo d bo di hn mt
thu bao ca tng vng;
- Cc loi ng nha PVC dng trong cng cp phi c sn xut theo tiu chun
c TCT ph duyt;
- Cc tuyn cp qua cc nt giao thng, cn s dng cc loi ng nha un cong
c sn vi cc ng knh khc nhau tu theo a hnh;
- Khi thit k mi hoc sa cha, nng cp cc tuyn hm, b, cng cp ti cc
thnh ph loi c bit v thnh ph loi mt nh th H Ni, Thnh ph HCM,
Hi Phng, Nng.. cn thc hin vic ngm ho ti tn nh thu bao;
- Thc hin thay np hm, h cp bng kim loi ti cc khu vc trung tm Tnh,
Thnh ph, nhng ni ng ph c nng cp m rng, xy dng mi c cnh
quan th hin i;
- Cc np hm, h cp bng kim loi a vo s dng trn mng phi theo tiu
chun c Tng cng ty ph duyt v ban hnh.

2. H thng ng ct treo cp thng tin

- Nhng ni cha c h thng hm cng cp, hoc khng c kh nng xy dng h
thng hm cng cp do iu kin v kinh t, k thut;
- Nhng ni cha c quy hoch vng dn c m c nhu cu pht trin thu bao ln
th c th t chc xy dng ng ct treo cp thng tin phc v cho s pht trin
kinh t a phng;
- Nhng ni c ng in lc th c th treo cp thng tin chung trn ng ct
nhm mc ch gim gi thnh chi ph cng trnh, khong cch gia cp thng tin v
cp in lc h th phi tun theo quy phm xy dng mng vi;
- Ct b tng treo cp thng tin phi m bo tiu chun k thut ct b tng (s
hiu tiu chun: 05- 04 2003 - KT) do Tng cng ty Bu chnh vin thng Vit Nam
ban hnh ngy 27 thng 05 nm 2003, vn bn hng dn s: 3579 NV/VT, V/v s
dng ct b tng treo cp trn mng ngoi vi ca Tng gim c Tng cng ty Bu
chnh Vin thng Vit Nam k ngy 01 thng 07 nm 2003;
- Vic la chn ct, la chn tuyn, v cc vn lin quan n vic t chc tuyn
ct phi tun theo cc yu cu trong chng IV v chng V;
- Nhng ni thung xuyn xy ra bo l m gy nhiu ln ct, t cp thng tin
th cc n v c php trin khai tuyn hm cng cp hoc chn trc tip bo v
cp thng tin trong ma ma l;
 3. H thng tip t chng st cho mng ngoi vi
3.1. Quy nh chung
1) Cng trnh ngoi vi c xem l b nh hng in, in t trong cc trng
hp sau:
- Xy dng trong khu vc c s ngy dng trung bnh trong nm ln hn 5 ngy
dng/nm v in tr sut ca t ln hn 100 .m hoc c thu bao nm trong khu
vc trn;
- Tip xc vi dy in lc c in p so vi t ln hn hoc bng 430 V;
- in th t ti khu vc lp t cng trnh ngoi vi vin thng chnh lch so vi
t xa (ni c in th c xem l bng khng) ln hn hoc bng 430 V;
- in p cm ng trn cng trnh ngoi vi vin thng so vi t vt qu 430 V.
2) Tt c cc cng trnh ngoi vi phi c cc bin php phng chng nh hng
in, in t ph hp vi tng trng hp c th.

3.2. Bo v cng trnh cp trong cng b

3.2.1. Bo v cp si ng
1) Phi thit lp v duy tr tnh lin tc ca cc thnh phn kim loi trn ton tuyn
cp.
2) Cc thnh phn kim loi phi c lin kt vi nhau ti cc b cp v phi ni
vi h thng tip t ca b cp.
3) Nhng ni c hot ng dng st cao phi s dng loi cp c v nhm v v
nhm - thp v bc ngoi bng Polyethylene.
4) Cp i trong cng b ni vi cp treo b nh hng ca st phi tip t ti ch
ni gia cp treo v cp i trong cng b. Tip t c thc hin bng cch ni cc
thnh phn kim loi v dy treo vi thanh tip t.

3.2.2. Bo v cp si quang
1) Khng lp t cp si quang cng vi cp in lc trong cng mt ng hoc
trong cc ng ring bit ca cng mt h thng ng cng hoc dng chung b cp.
2) Nu c mi ni ti b cp phi ni cc thnh phn kim loi vi h thng tip t
ca b cp
3) Tt c cc mng xng v v thit b phi c ni vi tip t ca b cp.

4. Bo v cng trnh cp treo

4.1. Bo v cp si ng
1) Phi thit lp v duy tr tnh lin tc ca cc thnh phn kim loi (mn chn in
t, dy treo cp, cc thnh phn gia cng,v.v) ti cc mi ni v ti cc t cp, hp
cp dc ton tuyn.
2) Cc dy treo cp ring l trn cng mt ct phi lin kt li vi nhau; Khong
cch gia cc im lin kt bng 400 m. Lin kt phi thc hin ti mi u cp v ti
im ct ngang.
3) Dy treo cp phi c ni t; Vic ni t phi thc hin bng cc cch sau:
a. Ni trc tip vi cc tip t;
b. Ni vo dy co c tip t;
c. Mi lin kt v tip t phi dng dy ng ng knh ti thiu bng 4 mm.
4) Nhng ni c nguy him do st cao cn phi dng cp c v nhm v v nhm -
thp, bc ngoi bng cht do Polyethylene (PE).
 5) Phi lp t cc b bo v cp ti cc u cui ca tuyn cp hoc hai u
ng dy. Phi lp t b bo v cp trn tt c cc dy ti cc mi ni gia hai cp
c cht cch in khc nhau (v d: cp c cht cch in bng cht do v cp c cht
cch in bng giy). Cc b bo v cp phi c ni gia tng dy v mn chn
in t.
6) Phi m bo khong cch song song v giao cho vi ng dy in lc nh
sau:
a. Cp treo khi giao cho vi ng dy in lc c in p n 1 kV phi thc
hin ng nhng iu quy nh di y:
- Cp thng tin phi i di ng dy in lc;
- Khong cch thng ng ng dy in lc thp nht vi cp thng tin phi ln
hn 1,2 m;
- Mn chn in t v dy treo cp phi c ni t; in tr ni t khng c
ln hn 25 .
b. Khong cch thng ng gia ng dy in lc thp nht c in p ln hn
1 kV n cp thng tin ti ch giao cho phi ln hn cc tr s ghi trong bng 1.
c. Ch giao cho phi chn gn vi ct ng dy in lc. Khong cch t im
giao cho n ct in lc c in p n 1 kV phi ln hn 1 m. i vi ng dy
in lc c in p ln hn 1 kV phi bo m khong cch t ct in lc n cp
thng tin khng c nh hn 7 m, t ct treo cp thng tin n dy dn ca ng
dy in lc khng nh hn 10 m;
Bng 1 Khong cch thng ng gia cp thng tin treo trn ct v ng
dy in lc thp nht c in p ln hn 1 kV ti ch giao cho

in p ca Khong cch thng ng (m)

ng dy ng dy in lc ng dy in lc Khi t dy in
in lc (kV) c trang b chng st khng c trang b lc khong ct k
chng st
n 10 kV 2 4 -
n 35 kV 3 4 1
n 110 kV 3 5 1
n 220 kV 4 6 2
d. Cho php gi li ct treo cp di ng dy in lc ti ch giao cho nu
khong cch t nh ct treo cp n dy in lc thp nht khng nh hn:
- 5 m i vi ng dy in lc c in p n 10 kV;
- 6 m i vi ng dy in lc c in p n 35 kV;
- 7 m i vi ng dy in lc c in p n 110 kV
- 8 m i vi ng dy in lc c in p n 220 kV;
e. Khng cho php b tr ct treo cp thng tin di dy dn ca ng dy in
siu cao p (in p trn 300 kV). Khong cch t nh ct treo cp thng tin n dy
dn thp nht ca ng dy in siu cao p khng nh hn 20 m. Khong cch t
ct treo cp thng tin n hnh chiu ln mt t ca dy dn gn nht ca ng dy
in siu cao p khng nh hn 15 m. Khong cch thng ng t cp treo n dy
dn thp nht ca ng dy in siu cao p (ti ch giao cho) nhit khi tri
nng nht v trong ch lm vic bnh thng ca ng dy in siu cao p khng
nh hn 5 m.
 f. Phi m bo khong cch ti thiu gia cp thng tin v ng dy in lc khi
dng chung ct khng nh hn cc tr s quy nh trong bng 2.

Bng 2 Khong cch ti thiu gia cp thng tin v ng dy in lc

in p ca cp (dy) in lc (kV) Khong cch ti thiu (m)
n 1 1,25
n 15 kV 3
Trn 15 kV 5
7) Trong cc trng hp sau y dy co phi c tip t:
+ Ct ngang qua cc dy in lc;
+ C khong cch n cc dy in lc nh hn 3,1 m;
+ Gn vo ct c dy co khc ct ngang qua cc dy in lc hoc c khong
cch n cc dy in lc nh hn 3,1 m; hoc
+ Gn vo ct treo cp nhng tip t dy co khng c hiu qu.

Ch :
1. Tr cc trng hp sau y khng cn tip t cho dy co
+ Nhng ni c vn v n mn in phn hoc n mn do dng r mt chiu;
+ Nm cch hng ro ca trm in nh hn 3,1 m;
+ Nhng ni khng th thc hin tip t.
2. Cc dy co khng c lin kt vi dy ni t ca dng c chng st. Thc
hin tip t dy co bng cch ni dy co vi dy treo cp c tip t tt hoc
dng tip t ring cho dy co.

4.2. Bo v cp si quang
- i vi cp quang phi kim loi phi lin kt v tip t dy treo cp theo quy
nh
- i vi cp quang c thnh phn kim loi phi lin kt v tip t dy treo cp
theo quy nh. Cc thnh phn kim loi khc phi c lin kt vi dy treo cp ti
mi mi ni. Cc mi ni lin kt phi t cch nhau nhng khong cch thng
bng 2km, nhng khng c vt qu 4,8 km.

5. Bo v cng trnh cp chn trc tip

5.1. Bo v cp si ng
1) Phi bo m v duy tr tnh lin tc ca cc thnh phn kim loi (mn
chn in t, thnh phn gia cng,v.v) ti cc mi ni v ti cc t cp, hp cp dc
ton tuyn. Nhng ni b nh hng ca st, phi dng v cp c cht cch in gia
li v li che chn cao; v d nh cp c v nhm hoc v nhm - thp, c bc
ngoi bng cht do Pholyethylene;
2) Phi lp t cc b bo v cp ti cc hp cp, cc ch ni cp chn trc
tip vi cp phi hoc dy thu bao b nh hng ca st.
3) Phi bo m khong cch t cp vin thng n cp in lc v h
thng tip t ca in lc nh sau:
a. Trng hp cp thng tin chn trc tip giao cho vi ng dy in lc c
in p n 1 kV phi m bo cc quy nh sau:
- Khong cch t cp thng tin chn trc tip n ct c ni t hay cc ni t
ca ct ng dy in lc phi ln hn 5 m i vi vng c vt che chn st; 25 m
i vi vng khng c vt che chn st;
 - Khong cch t cp thng tin chn trc tip n ct khng ni t ca ng dy
in lc phi ln hn 5 m i vi vng khng c vt che chn st; 2 m i vi vng c
vt che chn chn st v 1 m i vi vng qu cht hp, nhng cp thng tin phi t
trong ng kim loi.

b. Cp thng tin chn trc tip giao cho vi ng dy in lc c in p ln

hn 1 kV phi m bo cc quy nh sau:
- Khong cch t cp thng tin chn trc tip n ct c ni t hay cc ni t
ca ct ng dy in lc phi ln hn cc tr s trong bng 14.3.
- Nu khng thc hin c yu cu trn th cho php gim bt khong cch
xung n 5 m, nhng cp thng tin phi i trong ng kim loi; khong cch t u
ng kim loi n dy in lc gn nht phi ln hn 10 m.

Bng 14.3 Khong cch t cp thng tin chn trc tip n ct c ni t hay cc
ni t ca ng dy in lc c in p ln hn 1 kV

in tr sut ca t (m) Khong cch nh nht (m)

n 100 10
Trn 100 n 500 25
Trn 500 n 1000 35
Trn 1000 50

c. Cp thng tin v cp in in lc cng chn trc tip phi m bo cc quy

nh sau:
- Khi cp thng tin v cp in lc cng chn trc tip, th ch giao cho, cp
thng tin phi i trn cp in lc; khong cch thng ng gia hai cp phi ln hn
0,5 m; trng hp mt trong hai cp c v bc bng kim loi hoc c t trong ng
kim loi th khong cch c th gim xung 0,25 m.
- Cp thng tin v cp in lc cng chn trc tip gn nhau, khong cch ngang
gia hai cp phi ln hn 0,6 m. Trng hp c bit khng th thc hin c th cho
php gim bt khong cch xung n 0,25 m i vi cp in lc c in p n
10 kV, i vi cp in lc c in p ln hn 10 kV th cho php gim bt khong
cch xung 0,25 m, nhng mt trong 2 cp phi t trong ng kim loi.
4) gim nhiu do cm ng ca ng dy in lc trung tnh c tip t ti
nhiu im c in p gia dy pha v t n 34,6 kV, phi lin kt tip t ti hai
u ca cp v c 1,6 km chiu di cp phi thc hin lin kt v tip t cc thnh
phn kim loi khng dng cho mc ch thng tin.
5) Cp thng tin cn cch ly vi h thng in c in p gia dy pha v t ln
hn 34,6 kV.

5.2. Bo v cp si quang
1) Cp si quang phi kim loi
Nhng ni b nh hng ca st, cp quang phi kim loi chn trc tip phi cch
cc i tng kim loi ngm mt khong cch thch hp ngn nga h hng cp do
phng in h quang ca st gy ra bi cc i tng kim loi ngm.
2) Cp si quang c thnh phn kim loi
- Phi thit lp v duy tr tnh lin tc ca cc thnh phn kim loi (mn che chn
in t, cc thnh phn gia cng bng kim loi,v.v). Cc thnh phn kim loi phi
c lin kt vi cc b phn kim loi ca cc v thit b lp, cc mng xng. Cc
thnh phn kim loi phi c tip t ti cc v tr thit b lp.
- Lp t cc dy chng st ngm (dy che chn) bo v cp si quang. Vic lp
t dy chng st ngm c thc hin theo quy nh nh sau:
+ Khng cn dng dy chng st, khi : < 100 m;
+ Dng mt dy chng st ngm, khi : = 100 m 1000 m;
+ Dng hai dy chng st ngm, khi : = 1000 m 3000 m;
+ t cp si quang trong ng thp, khi : > 3000 m.
Ch :
+ Khi dng mt dy chng st: Dy chng st t bn trn v cch cp si
quang mt khong cch ti thiu bng 305 mm, tt nht bng 610 mm;
+ Khi dng hai dy chng st: t hai dy chng st bn trn v i xng v
hai pha i vi cp si quang. Khong cch gia hai dy chng st t 305 mm n
460 mm v khong cch t hai dy chng st n cp t nht bng 305 mm, tt nht
bng 610 mm;
+ Cc dy chng st khng c bc cch in v c ng knh khng nh hn
2,6 mm.
 MC LC

NI DUNG TRANG
CHNG I. PHN LOI V CU TO CP KIM LOI
I. GII THIU CHUNG
II. PHN LOI
III.CC VT LIU CU TO CP
IV. CU TRC CP
V. MT S CP THNG DNG

CHNG II.
NGUYN L TRUYN DN TN HIU TRN CP KIM LOI
I/- CC HIN TNG HIU NG:
II/- THAM S BC NHT:
III/- NGUYN L TRUYN DN, CC TIU CHUN IN KH, PHN
PHI SUY HAO
IV. XUYN M V PHNG PHP CHNG
V- CHNG NH HNG DNG IN MNH

CHNG III. BO DNG V QUN L MNG CP

I. CU TRC MNG CP
II. CC CH BO DNG:
III. O TH DNH GI CH TIU CHT LNG

CHNG IV.QUY NH MI V MNG CP NG

I.CU TRC MNG NGOI VI
II.NGUYN TC T CHC MNG NGOI VI
III.NGUYN TC T CHC MNG TRUNG K
IV NGUYN TC T CHC H THNG H TR BO V