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TOEIC PREPARATION
NIM : 141510060
Thanks to Allah for helping me and give me chance to finish this assignment
timely. And I would like to say thank you to Mr. Mhd. Johan, S.S., M.Hum., as
the lecturer that always teaches us and give much knowledge about how to
practice English well.
English As Second Language I realized this assighment is not perfect. But I hope
it can be useful for us. Critics and suggestion is needed here to make this
assighment be better.
Compiler
Budi Satria
Table Of Contents
Preface.................................................................................................... i
Table Of Contents................................................................................... ii
Chapter 1 what is TOEIC ?..................................................................... iii
Chapter 2 contents summary................................................................ 1
1.Gerunds and Infinitives Part 1................................................................... 1
Verbs Involving Senses........................................................................... 6
1.1 Using Possessives with Gerunds...................................................... 6
2.Present Conditionals.............................................................................. 7
2.1 Present Real Conditional.................................................................... 7
2.2 Present Unreal Conditional.................................................................. 8
3.Simple Past........................................................................................ 10
3.1 Formation................................................................................ 10
3.2 Usage..................................................................................... 11
4.Simple Future..................................................................................... 13
4.1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action............................................... 14
4.2 "Will" to Express a Promise.......................................................... 14
4.3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan..................................................... 15
4.4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction................................. 15
5. past tense....................................................................................... 17
6.Simple Past Tense................................................................................ 19
7.Past Continuous.................................................................................. 20
7.1 Interrupted Action in the Past........................................................ 21
7.2 Specific Time as an Interruption..................................................... 21
7.3 Parallel Actions......................................................................... 22
7.4 Atmosphere.............................................................................. 22
Chapter 3 End...................................................................................... 23
3.1 Conclusion................................................................................... 23
3.2 Suggestions................................................................................... 23
Chapter 1 what is TOEIC ?
The TOEIC Speaking and Writing tests have recently been added to the
TOEIC program. These tests complement the TOEIC Listening and Reading test,
allowing for a full assessment of a person's ability to communicate in English
across all four language skills.Test form
Using paper and pencil test, because the form of multiple choice, that use
audio, image, and writing (reading) to evaluate the ability of this peserta.Tes
language with a multiple choice question number as many as 200 eggs. It has a
range of types of TOEIC scores ranging from 10-900.
in addition to the assessment instrument for you that will work. but also
teaches about how to speak English is good and true.
lessons that can be of TOEIC some of them are;
2. Present Conditionals
3. Simple Past
4. Simple Future
5. past tense
7. Past Continuous
4
Chapter 2 contents summary
1. Gerunds and Infinitives Part 1
Both gerunds and infinitives can be nouns, which means they can do just
about anything that a noun can do. Although they name things, like other nouns,
they normally name activities rather than people or objects. Here are five noun-
uses of gerunds and infinitives (and one additional non-noun use, the adjective
complement, that we throw in here, free of charge).
3. Both of these verbal forms can further identify a noun when they play the
role of Noun Complement and Appositive:
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decision plan requirement
desire possibility suggestion
fact preparation tendency
instruction proposal wish
motivation recommendation
4. Infinitive phrases often follow certain adjectives. When this happens, the
infinitive is said to play the role of Adjective Complement. (This is not a
noun function, but we will include it here nonetheless.)
c. But she would not have been content to play high school
ball forever.
Here is a list of adjectives that you will often find in such constructions.
b. She thanked her coach for helping her to deal with the
pressure. Two prepositions, except and but, will sometimes take an infinitive.
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6. And, finally, both gerunds and infinitives can act as a Direct Object:
Here, however, all kinds of decisions have to be made, and some of these
decisions will seem quite arbitrary. The next section is about making the choice
between gerund and infinitive forms as direct object.
Verbs that take other verb forms as objects are called catenatives (from a
word that means to link, as in a chain). Catenatives can be found at the head of a
series of linked constructions, as in "We agreed to try to decide to stop eating
between meals." Catenatives are also characterized by their tendency to describe
mental processes and resolutions. (Kolln)
Some of the verbs in the following table may be followed by a gerund if they
are describing an "actual, vivid or fulfilled action" (Frodesen). We love running.
They began farming the land. These are described, also, below.
Emotion
care hate love
desire like regret
hate loathe yearn
Choice or Intent
agree hope prepare
choose intend propose
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decide need refuse
decide plan want
expect prefer wish
Initiation, Completion, Incompletion
begin get start
cease hesitate try
commence manage undertake
fail neglect
Mental Process
forget learn remember
know how
Request and Promise
demand promise threaten
offer swear vow
Intransitives
appear seem tend
happen
Miscellaneous
afford claim pretend
arrange continue wait
The verbs in the next table will often be followed by an infinitive, but they
will also be accompanied by a second object. We asked the intruders to leave
quietly. They taught the children to swim. The teacher convinced his students to
try harder.
The verbs in blue, with an asterisk, can also follow the same pattern as the
verbs in the table above (i.e., the second object is optional). We all wanted to go.
They promised to be home early.
Communication
advise forbid remind
ask* invite require
beg* order tell
challenge permit warn
command persuade urge
convince promise*
Instruction
encourage instruct train
help teach
Causing
allow force need*
cause get would like*
choose hire
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Miscellaneous
dare* trust want*
expect* prepare*
Gerunds accompany a form of the verb to go in many idiomatic expressions:
Let's go shopping. We went jogging yesterday. She goes bowling every Friday
night.
The following verbs will be followed by a gerund. Did I mention reading that
novel last summer? I recommend leaving while we can. I have quit smoking
These verbs tend to describe actual events.
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The verbs in this next, very small table can be followed by either an
infinitive or a gerund, but there will be a difference in meaning. I stopped
smoking means something quite different, for instance, from I stopped to smoke.
The infinitive form will usually describe a potential action.
On the other hand, do we say "I noticed your standing in the alley last
night"? Probably not, because it's not the action that we noticed; it's the person. So
we'd say and write, instead, "I noticed you standing in the alley last night."
Usually, however, when a noun or pronoun precedes a gerund, that noun or
pronoun takes a possessive form. This is especially true of formal, academic
writing.
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There are exceptions to this. (What would the study of language be without
exceptions?)
This is also true when the "owner" of the gerund comes wrapped in
a noun phrase:
2. Present Conditionals
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[If / When ... Simple Present ..., ... Simple
The Present Real Conditional is used to talk about what you normally do in
real-life situations.
Examples:
Both "if" and "when" are used in the Present Real Conditional. Using "if"
suggests that something happens less frequently. Using "when" suggests that
something happens regularly.
Examples:
USE
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The Present Unreal Conditional is used to talk about what you would generally do
in imaginary situations.
Examples:
Examples:
Only the word "if" is used with the Present Unreal Conditional because you
are discussing imaginary situations. "When" cannot be used.
Examples:
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EXCEPTION Conditional with Modal Verbs
There are some special conditional forms for modal verbs in English:
The words "can," "shall" and "may" cannot be used with "would." Instead,
they must be used in these special forms.
Examples:
Examples:
If I had more time, I would could exercise after work. Not Correct
If I had more time, I could exercise after work. Correct
If he invited you, you really would should go. Not Correct
If he invited you, you really should go. Correct
3. Simple Past
The simple past or past simple, sometimes called the preterite, is the
basic form of the past tense in Modern English. It is used principally to describe
events in the past, although it also has some other uses. Regular English verbs
form the simple past in -ed; however there are a few hundred irregular verbs with
different forms.
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The term "simple" is used to distinguish the syntactical construction
whose basic form uses the plain past tense alone, from other past tense
constructions which use auxiliaries in combination with participles, such as the
past perfect and past progressive.
3.1 Formation
Regular verbs form the simple past in -ed; however there are a few hundred
irregular verbs with different forms. For details see English verbs: Past tense.
Most verbs have a single form of the simple past, independent of the person or
number of the subject (there is no addition of -s for the third person singular as in
the simple present). However, the copula verb be has two past tense forms: was
for the first and third persons singular, and were in other instances. The form were
can also be used in place of was in conditional clauses and the like; for
information on this, see English subjunctive. This is the only case in modern
English where a distinction in form is made between the indicative and
subjunctive moods in the past tense.
Questions, other clauses requiring inversion, negations with not, and emphatic
forms of the simple past use the auxiliary did. For details of this mechanism, see
do-support. A full list of forms is given below, using the (regular) verb help as an
example:
I/you/he/she/it/we/they helped
Question form:
Negative:
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Negative question:
3.2 Usage
The simple past is used for a single event (or sequence of such events) in the past,
and also for past habitual action:
For action that was ongoing at the time referred to, the past progressive is
generally used instead (e.g. I was cooking). The same can apply to states, if
temporary (e.g. the ball was lying on the sidewalk), but some stative verbs
do not generally use the progressive aspect at all see Uses of English verb
forms: Progressive and in these cases the simple past is used even for a
temporary state:
The simple past is often close in meaning to the present perfect. The
simple past is used when the event is conceived as occurring at a
particular time in the past, or during a period which ended in the past
(i.e. a period that does not last up until the present time). This time
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frame may be explicitly stated, or implicit in the context (for example
the past tense is often used when describing a sequence of past
events).
The simple past also has some uses in which it does not refer to
a past time. These are generally in condition clauses and some
other dependent clauses referring to hypothetical
circumstances, as well as certain expressions of wish:
For use of the simple past (and other past tense forms) in
indirect speech, see Uses of English verb forms: Indirect
speech. An example:
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He said he wanted to go on the slide.
4. Simple Future
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to."
Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often
express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too
abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both
"will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.
Form Will
[will + verb]
Examples:
Examples:
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4.1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary
action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to
respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when
we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we
use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:
Examples:
Examples:
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He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
Who are you going to invite to the party?
A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.
Examples:
Examples:
When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct
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4.4.3 ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as:
always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
5. past tense
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for politeness.
and hypotheses:
and wishes:
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I would have helped him if he had asked.
It was very dangerous, What if you had got lost?
I wish I hadnt spent so much money last month.
We can use the past forms to talk about the present in a few polite
expressions:
Excuse me, I was wondering if this was the train for York.
I just hoped you would be able to help me.
Object of the preposition is the object that follows the preposition, which can be
a noun (noun), pronoun (pronoun), gerund or noun clause.
Here are some examples of sentences object of the preposition in the form of
the noun (phrase / clause), pronoun, and the gerund. Specification:
preposition
object of prepositio
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Gerund (phrase) She is reading an book about swimming.
In some languages, the grammatical expression of past tense is combined with the
expression of other categories such as mood and aspect (see tenseaspectmood).
Thus a language may have several types of past tense form, their use depending
on what aspectual or other additional information is to be encoded. French, for
example, has a compound past (pass compos) for expressing completed events,
an imperfect for expressing events which were ongoing or repeated in the past, as
well as several other past forms.
Some languages that grammaticalise for past tense do so by inflecting the verb,
while others do so periphrastically using auxiliary verbs, also known as "verbal
operators" (and some do both, as in the example of French given above). Not all
languages grammaticalise verbs for past tense Mandarin Chinese, for example,
mainly uses lexical means (words like "yesterday" or "last week") to indicate that
something took place in the past, although use can also be made of the
tense/aspect markers le and guo.
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The "past time" to which the past tense refers generally means the past relative to
the moment of speaking, although in contexts where relative tense is employed (as
in some instances of indirect speech) it may mean the past relative to some other
time being under discussion.[1] A language's past tense may also have other uses
besides referring to past time; for example, in English and certain other languages,
the past tense is sometimes used in referring to hypothetical situations, such as in
condition clauses like If you loved me ..., where the past tense loved is used even
though there may be no connection with past time.
Some languages grammatically distinguish the recent past from remote past with
separate tenses. There may be more than two distinctions.
A general past tense can be indicated with the glossing abbreviation pst.
7.Past
Continuous Form
Examples:
Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was
interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past.
Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
Examples:
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While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
What were you doing when the earthquake started?
I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm.
You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.
While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.
Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane.
While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off.
A: What were you doing when you broke your leg?
B: I was snowboarding.
Examples:
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or
finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action.
Examples:
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When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it
expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The
actions are parallel.
Examples:
Example:
When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some
were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and
customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a
secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other
about the bad service.
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Chapter 3 End
3.1 Conclusion
From Expose or explanation above, the writer can conclude that in accordance with
the paper "Preparation Toeic" the authors concluded that not only gives TOEIC
questions referring to the rate or levels we are in a foreign language. but also teach
how important for us to learn the language as an international language.
3.2 Suggestions
Realizing that the author is far from perfect, the future will be more focused and
writers in explaining details about the paper on top of the source - a source that
is much more that can be accounted tentunga.
For suggestions could contain criticisms or suggestions for writing are also able to
respond to the conclusions of the discussion paper that has been described. For
the last part of the paper is the bibliograp
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