CONNECTION OF

DIFFERENT SANITARY
FITTINGS
LECTURE 4
AR 207
Valves:

devices used for controlling the flow of liquid in a pipe line.

With the use of valve any section of pipe line can be isolated
for the purpose of inspection, repairs etc
1. Water taps

Taps are types of valves provided at the end of service pipe

They are screw down types and opens in anticlockwise direction

Several types of water taps are available and the most common is bib
cock

Functioning: By rotating the handle of the bib cock, the orifice opening
can be increased or decreased, thereby controlling the outflow
through the spout

Orifice opening: through which the water passes

They are available to be fitted in pipe sizes ranging 10-50 mm dia

There are different types of taps:

Bib tap
Pillar tap

1a. Bib tap:

Functioning: Operated through a disc

which is screwed down to close and up to
open

A washer fixed to the base of the disc

seals the tap when shut down

The supply of the bib tap is in line with the

pipeline

Fixed to the bath, basin or sink

Bib cocks/ bib taps
Bib cocks may be push type which opens from a slight
push given vertically upwards and closes down
automatically due to self weight when the push is
removed

Such valves are used in public taps in order to avoid

wastage of water from the handle type bib cocks

Bib cocks should be water tight and should not leak

The rubber or leather washers used in them may get damaged and lead to leakage,
and hence should be replaced

A washer is a thin
plate (typically
disk-shaped) with
a hole (typically in
the middle) that is
normally used to
distribute the load
of a screw or nut
1b. Pillar tap

Designed to be fitted to the bath, basin

or sink

Supply is connected vertically to the

base of the tap

Tap is usually covered by a metal or

plastic cover for appearance

Operates in thee same way as bib

cock through a screw down spindle
which opens or closes the orifice
2. Stop cocks

It is screw down type of valve which is used in smaller

sized pipes in service connections

Opens in anticlockwise direction

Used to completely shut off the flow of water to a fixture

They are extensively used in pipes upto 50 mm sizes

Location:

They are provided at the water entrance of each building and also within
the building

It is installed in a suitable chamber with cover, to close the supply, for the
repairs of the plumbing system

Functioning:

The body of the valve is so cast that the water passes through an orifice
when the valve stem is raised.

When the valve is closed , it rests against the seat, and thereby closing
the orifice
3. Ferrule

The supply is controlled by the ferrule on the main pipe

They are right angled sleeve made of brass or bronze, and is joined to a
hole drilled in the water main

It has a vertical inlet or screwing on to the water main and the horizontal
outlet to be connected to the communication pipe
 The size should not exceed a quarter of the nominal diameter of the
main and also be less than the size of the communication pipe

Its size varies between 10-50 mm dia

A stop cock is provided at the beginning of the service pipe

Any temporary disconnection is made by the stop cock and permanent

disconnection by the ferrule

2
outlet
2

inlet
1
1
4. Globe valve

Functioning: they control the flow, through a disc

that is lowered slowly by turning a screwdown
spindle to a seating.

Because the operation to shut the valve is by

screwing down they are also called screw
down valves

The design of the valve is such that they operate

to close and open at right angles to the line of
flow

In consequence there is a little

restriction of flow when the valve
is open as water flows up and
down and then along the pipe.
 Normally made up of brass

Used to control flow of water to wash basins, showers, kitchen sinks,

etc

This type of valve is normally used for high pressure system where it may
be necessary to shut off the water supply completely
5. Sluice or gate valves

Are helpful in dividing the water mains into suitable sections

Normally spaced 150-200m apart at all junctions, it controls the flow

of water in the pipe line

Functioning: It operates by raising or lowering a metal gate into or out of

the line of the pipe work as the spindle is screwed down or up.

This valve sometimes called fullway gate valve because when it is fully
open it does not restrict flow along the pipeline, unlike the globe valve .

For this reason it is used where there is low pressure flow in the
pipeline
Masonry chamber
6. Air valve

Some quantity of air is trapped inside the water pipe, which tries to
accumulate along the water pipe

Whenever there are distinct points in the gradient of the pipe line, an air
valve is installed to permit expulsion of air

If the air is not expelled, it is likely to be compressed by the water,

resulting in high pressure, which may cause the bursting of the pipe line

They can permit air to enter into the pipe line, when the pipe line is being
emptied during shut down , so that the vacuum is not created
Functioning: air

When air from the water pipe

enters the chamber, it
accumulates at the top, this pulls
down the lever and leads to
opening of the valve, the air is
released through the valve 1

The water gain rises into the

chamber, raising the lever and the
float and ultimately closing the poppet
valve before water escapes through
2 he valve
7. Ball valve with float

A hollow copper or plastic ball, fixed to an arm, floats on the water in the
cistern.

As water is drawn from the cistern the ball falls and the arm activates the ball
valve that opens to let the water into the cistern.

When the water has risen to the water line , marked on the cistern wall, the
ball and the arm/lever rise to close the valve

Float assembly works automatically, thus maintaining the constant water

level in the tank
8. Goose neck

This consists of a 75 cm long curved piece of flexible pipe made of brass,

copper or lead

It prevents the breaking of the main service pipe due to movement that
takes place between the water main and the service pipe, thus providing
flexibility of the junction

Inserted in between the ferrule and the service pipe. this goose neck is
provided to accommodate the possible movement, displacement or
settlement that may take place between the water main and the service
pipe due to water pressure and prevent damage to the connection.
 Service pipe

Communication
pipe
Water main

Gate valve

BIB COCK

WATER MAINS
GLOBE VALVE

House service connection

 Differentiate between sluice and globe valve
Differentiate between ferrule and stop cock