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MethodsandSelection
Dr.DonaldA.Bruce
Agenda
1. DrillinginRockandOverburden
1 1 Methods
1.1Methods
1.2FlushingCharacteristics
1.3MonitoringWhileDrilling
2. Grouting
2.1ClassificationofMicropilesBasedonGroutingMethod
2.2Means,MethodsandMaterials
2.3QA/QC
3. StorageHandlingandPlacementofReinforcement
4. GrowthoftheMicropileMarketintheU.S.
5. FinalRemarks
1
1.DrillinginRockandOverburden
1.1Methods
ScopeandCommonalities
Scope
Typically3to12inchdiameter.
Typically200footdepth.
Typicallywithin30 ofverticalorhorizontal.
Mostlybeneaththewatertable.
Requiredinalltypesofground,naturalorplaced,unconsolidated
or lithified, and will often encounter obstructions.
orlithified,andwilloftenencounterobstructions.
MayfaceFederalregulations,e.g.,USACE1997.
Mustcauseminimaldamagetothegroundorexistingstructures.
Mustallowcompletionoftheholeinoneday.
Mustbeconsistentandabletobecontrolledandmonitored.
Generallycontractordriven(performancespecification).
ScopeandCommonalities(continued)
Continuous,straightpenetration
Constantdiameter,stableandcleanbore
Consistentwiththepurposeofthedrill
hole(e.g.,groutholevs.anchorhole)
Appropriatecombinationsofthrust,
torque,rotation,percussion,flush
Cost effective
Costeffective
Dictatedbyground,nothistoricalbias
Environmentallycompatible
2
EvolutionofRockDrillingMethods
DawnoftheADSCAge
Basicdrillingmethodselectionguideforrockusingnoncoring methods,
LittlejohnandBruce,1977(adaptedfromMcGregor1967).
RockDrillingMethods(DiscoEra)
Rotary
Highrpm,lowtorque,lowthrust(blindorcore)
Lowrpm,hightorque,highthrust
RotaryPercussive
TopHammer
DowntheHoleHammer
Directcirculation
Reversecirculation
Dualfluiddrilling
Waterhammers
RotaryVibratory(Sonic)
3
OverburdenDrillingMethods
OVERBURDEN
DRILLING METHODS
Overburden is Overburden is
STABLE* UNSTABLE*
*Stability refers to the overburdens ability to maintain the shape and size of the drilled hole without detriment to the
surrounding ground after withdrawal of the drilling system.
Notesonthe2003Classification
Basicsubdivisionisstablevs.
unstable.Stableoverburdencanbe
drilledwithSSCFAorrockdrilling
methods(e.g.,rotarywithair).
Mostoverburdenisunstable especiallywhenholesarelong
andindifficulturbansettings.
Unstablemethodsaresubdividedinto4categories:
1. HSA butbecareful.
2. Combinationmethods canofferoriginalandeffective
projectsolutions.
3. Slurrysupportedmethods organicpolymersoffer
considerableadvantagesoverbentonite.
4. Casedmethods now5.
4
SomeEvolutionaryNotes
DTHusuallysuperiortoTopDriveorRotaryinRock
penetrationrates
perfootcosts
d i i
deviationcontrol
l
largediameter(<40inches)togreaterdepths(>300feet)
Verysophisticatedcomputerprograms/simulations
optimizedesignforspeed,durability,reliabilityand
forspecialapplications(e.g.shorthammersand
high frequency hammers)
highfrequencyhammers).
BIT
(33 LBS)
PISTON
(34 LBS)
NewPistonBitCombination(EqualMass) NewSimple,HighFrequencyRXHammer
SomeEvolutionaryNotes
(continued)
Airpressureshaveincreasedfrom160
250psiin1970s,toupto500psi
t d
today.
Betterunderstandingofmetallurgyofcomponentsandbits.
Morewidespreaduseofreversecirculation.
MorewidespreaduseofwaterpoweredDTHs efficiency,lower
flushingvelocities,straighterholes.
Useofrotaryvibratorymethods(Sonic)butmainlyforoverburden,
the
theonlytrueinnovationtocometothedrillingindustrysincethe
only true innovation to come to the drilling industry since the
Chineseinventedcabletooldrillingsome3,000yearsago(Roussy,
2002).
5
MoreRecentDevelopments
Theseinclude:
NumaSuperjaws featuring24
wingswhichopenbypressureon
the face of the hole Direct
thefaceofthehole.Direct
descendentofoldAckerCasing
UnderreamerSystem.
AtlasCopcoElemexsystem aringonthecasingredirectsthe
airflushawayfromtheDTHbitfaceandsomakesiteasierto
control.
Center Rock Rotoloc
CenterRock Rotoloc system
system featuresapatentedmethodof
features a patented method of
extending,lockingandretractingcuttingwingsonthecentral
pilotbit,inaverysimpleandreliablefashion.Doesnotrelyon
downwardspressureonthefaceandleavesnothingbehindin
theground.
RotoLock(retracted) RotoLock(extended)
6
1.2FlushingCharacteristics
Upholevelocity(UHV)>sinkingvelocity
Inwater,sinkingvelocity(Vz)isVz106 xd2 m/swheredis
thediameteroftheparticles.
Abilityofflushtocarryorsuspendcuttingsdependenton:
rateofflowoffluid
Viscosityoffluid
sizeandshapeofcuttings
s.g.offluidandcuttings
UHV(m/min)=
1274xFlushPumpRate(Liters/min)
l h ( / )
D2 d2 (mm)
where D= drillholediameter(inmm)
d = drillstringdiameter(inmm)
AcceptableUpholeVelocities.
7
DrillingFlush
Characteristics
Airvs.Water Rotaryvs.
Rotary Percussion
RotaryPercussion
Guidelineforselection:
Providecleanhole
Enhancepenetrationrate
Minimizetoolwear
Consistentwithpurposeofhole
Minimaldamagetoformationand/orstructures
Environmentallycompatible
Reconsideroptionsiflostflushoccurs
1.3MonitoringWhileDrilling
FundamentalConcept
ManualMonitoring
AutomatedMonitoring
BenefitstoOwnerandContractor(notcoveredinthis
B fi O dC ( d i hi
presentation)
8
BasicPrinciplesofMonitoringWhileDrilling(MWD)
FundamentalConcept
Everyholethatisdrilledinthegroundisapotentialsourceof
Every hole that is drilled in the ground is a potential source of
informationonthepropertiesandresponseoftheground.This
obviouslyappliestodesignatedsiteinvestigationholes,butis
equallytrueofeveryproductionhole,suchasdrilled
foranchors,micropiles,nailsorgrout
holes.Suchinformationcanbe
collectedbytwobasicmethods:
y
manualandautomatic.Thedatamust
bestudiedinrealtimetobeuseful.
Examples:
1. Helpsdetermineorverify
appropriatebondzonehorizonsfor
anchors andmicropiles.
2 Secondaryandhigherorderholes
2. Secondary and higher order holes
willdemonstrateprogressive
densificationofgroundin
compactiongrouting projects.
3. Helpsselectappropriatejetgrouting
parameters.
4. Willprovideamechanicaland
hydraulicpictureoftherockmass
ateachphaseofagroutcurtain
project.
9
Basic Principles of Monitoring While Drilling (MWD)
Manual Monitoring
The value of routine drillers logs can be
greatly enhanced by periodic recording
of:
penetration rate
thrust
torque
flush return characteristics (cuttings,
volume)
drill action
interconnections between holes
hole stabilityy
groundwater observations
These data can easily be recorded by a
good driller who has been briefed about
the overall purpose of the project and
so understands what to look for.
These data should be recorded at 5 ft maximum intervals.
BasicPrinciplesofMonitoringWhileDrilling(MWD)
AutomatedRecordingofDrillingProgressandParameters
Value of real time continuous
monitoringg for designg p
purposes
p
(manual vs. automatic)
Look for exceptions and
unexpecteds [Weaver, 1991]
Indication of progressive
improvement (e.g., denser, less
permeable conditions)
C
Concept t off specific
ifi energy
Several generations/evolutions as software and hardware
evolve
10
AutomatedMonitoring
CalculationofSpecificEnergy
e = F + 2NT
A AR
where
e = specificenergy(kJ/m3)
F = thrust(kN)
A = crosssectionalareaofhole(m2)
cross sectional area of hole (m2)
N = rotationalspeed
(revolutions/second)
T = torque(kNm)
R = penetrationrate(m/sec)
2.Grouting
2.1ClassificationofMicropilesBasedonGrouting
Method
GroutingandGroutFunction
Transfers loads from reinforcement to surrounding
ground
May be load-bearing portion of pile
Protects steel reinforcement from corrosion
May be used as drill fluid during initial drilling
Secondary/Post grout enhances soil/grout bond further
Basis for Micropile Classification
11
Classification Based on Grouting Method
Type A: Gravity
Type B: Pressure
grouting through
casing
Type C: Single, global
post grout
Type D: Multiple,
Multiple
repeatable post grout
Type E: Injection bore
bars
12
Pressure Grouting Through the Casing
(Type B)
Grout injected under controlled pressure through
pressure cap on top of drill casing (often the drilling
head itself)
Additional g
grout injected
j via g
grout tubes after p
placing
g
of primary grout
13
Type E Micropiles
Close up of Bit (Injection-Bore Threaded Bar)
14
Basics: Design of Neat Cement Grout
RelationshipofGeotechnicalBondValue
toGroutingPressure
450
420
390
360
m]
Ultimate Capacity of Anchor [kN/m
330
300
270
240
210
180
150
120
90
60
30
0.7 1.4 2.1 2.8 3.5
Influence of Grouting
Pressure on Ultimate Load
Holding Capacity
15
Grouting Equipment
Mixers
High-speed, high-shear colloidal mixers essential
Low-speed, low-energy mixers (paddle mixers) are
occasionally still used, but should not be
Pumps
Constant pressure, rotary-screw type pumps (Moyno)
Fluctuating pressure piston or ram pumps
Agitation Tanks
Combined Units
Batching and Injection Monitoring Equipment
Grout Batching
Water added to mixer using calibrated tank or flowmeter
Cement is batched by weight, either in bags or bulk from
a silo
Additives are proportioned in relation to weight of cement
16
Keys to Good Grouting
Grout Mixing
Grout
G t mixing
i i sequence: water,
t cement,
t additives
dditi
Grout colloidally mixed for a maximum of 2 minutes and
then held in a paddle agitation tank until needed
Safe workability time typically not in excess of 1 hour
Grout Monitoring
17
Limiting Excessive Takes of Primary Grout
Critical importance
Plans and specification development stage through final
construction
Implementation of all requirements
Enforcement of qualifications
S b itt l reviews
Submittal i
Installation
18
Site Organization and Leadership
Mission Control
19
Preproduction Testing
20
ConstructionMonitoring
Construction Monitoring
Grouting Placement
Prevent heaving or ground distress
Prevent soil in bottom of hole from blowing in
Grout as soon as possible after drilling the bond zone
Use tremie to ensure complete filling of hole
Tie tremie tube loose enough for removal during/or after
tremie grouting
21
Construction Monitoring
Grouting Placement (continued)
Grout Testing
22
Real time testingg of fluid g
grout
properties is far superior
Baroid Mud Balance (SG)
Marsh Cone (Fluidity)
Types
23
Placed either before or after initial
tremie grouting (but always before
the temporary casing is withdrawn)
Reinforcement must be clean of
surface soil and mud
Centralizers used to maintain the
specified grout cover
HandlingandStorage
24
Installation
Installation (continued)
25
4. Growth of the Micropile Market in the U.S.
Huge
$180
Federal
Government ISM
$150
$120
State
Annual Estim
Governments
$90
Professional
Engineering
$60
Societies
5. Final Comments
Profile of a Driller
26
Areas of Concern
27