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When a debtor offers a guarantor for his natural In ratification, the party is bound because he intended
obligation, he impliedly accepts the coercive to be bound; in estoppel, the party is bound
remedies to enforce the guaranty, and therefore, the notwithstanding the fact that there was no such
transformation of the natural obligation into a civil intention because the other party will be prejudiced
obligation. and defrauded by his conduct unless the law treats
him as legally bound.
ESTOPPEL (ARTICLE 1431)
Estoppel by acquiescence is closely related to Estoppel by deed a bar which precludes one party
estoppel by silence. In the former, a person is to a deed and his privies from asserting as against the
prevented from maintaining a position inconsistent other party and his privies any right or title in
with one in which he has acquiesced. derogation of the deed, or from denying the truth of
any material facts asserted in it; a written instrument
NATURE OF LACHES is necessary for there to be estoppel by deed