Purpose of drawing: - Drawing is the language of Engineers.

An Engineer must be well

conversant with drawings. Drawing represents reduced shape of structures and the owner
visualizes what is going to happen. The Owner desires his requirements and accordingly
drawings are prepared.

Prime requirements of a good drawing:- The following points should be considered to qualify
good drawings

It should be clear, simple and clean

Should be accurately drawn so that scaled measurements agree with figures and should
be free of repetitive details
Should give the exact informations so that work can be carried out at site without scaling
for missing measurements
Neatness, an ability for co-relative details and their arrangement in a logical sequence are
required
Notes on the drawings should be held in the minimum required to support the drawings
Ample space should be provided between views to permit placing of dimensions without
crowding
The arrangement of all views should be done by providing uniform clear space around
these views.

Different types of drawings:-

Preliminary Drawing: - Preliminary drawings are neat and proportionally dimensioned

sketches, not to scale prepared to serve as a basis for more definitive drawings showing
the designers general intentions. Changes in the layout of rooms, doors, windows or any
part can be done before exerting labor at this stage.
Diagram: - Diagram is drawn either to scale or not, to show access, circulation,
installations and functions of the parts of the building in a simplified way.
Working Drawing: - This is a set of drawings required for the execution of the works.
For building construction this includes foundation plan, plan of different floors, roof plan,
longitudinal and cross sections, elevations architectural and structural details including
details of reinforcement completely dimensioned and bearing all the indications required
for constructions.

Selection of Scales:-

Selection of Scale depends on the degree of accuracy required of scaled distances in preparing
drawings. Largest scale conveniently possible shall be adopted. All important dimensions should
be explicitly indicated on the drawing so that the work may be executed without resorting to
scaling measurements from the drawing. As a rule scaling for determining dimensions should be
discouraged. Typical methods of expressing numerical scales on drawings are as follows;-
1 cm = 10 metres or 1: 1000, 1cm = 2.5 km or 1cm=1/250000

From the above it means that 1cm on drawing represents 10 metres for actual dimension at site.

Thus 1cm = 2.5 km indicates a measured distance of 1cm on drawing for 2.5 km at site.

Scales for architectural and building drawings shall preferably be as follows:-

1. For working drawings, plans, elevations and sections;

1cm = 2m (1/200); 1cm = 1m (1/100); 1cm = 0.5 m (1/50).

2. For large scale drawings General details

1 cm = 20 cm (1/20); 1 cm = 10 cm (1/10).

3. Enlarged details ;

1cm = 10cm (1/10), 1 cm = 5cm (1/5), 1 cm = 2 cm (1/2), 1 cm = 1cm or full size.

Thickness of lines or Line work

For good quality drawings the line work carries an important bearing. The thickness of different
line for various uses is shown below.

TYPES OF LINES

TYPES OF LINES SHAPES THICKNESS DESCRIPTION

Outline of Parts Thick (0.6 to 1.0 mm) The outline to be
outstanding in the
drawing.
Dimension, Extension, Thin (0.2 to 0.3 mm ) For hatching, lines to
Construction and be spaced evenly to
Hatching lines make a shaded effect

Hidden lines Medium (0.35 to 0.5 Short dashes, closely

mm) and evenly spaced.
Centre and Locus lines Thin (0.2 to 0.3 mm) Alternate long and
short dashes in a
proportion ranging
from 6:1 to 4:1
closely and evenly
spaced in any one
drawing, the ratio
selected should be
maintained.
Cutting plane lines Thick (0.6 to 1.0 mm) One long and two
short dashes
alternately and evenly
spaced.
Break lines for long Thin (0.2 to 0.3 mm) Ruled lines and free
break hand zigzags

Dimensioning:-

Dimensioning on drawing is an art and this represents the quality of drawing. The following
principles should be followed for dimensioning.

Dimension line should be thin full line to indicate a measurement which is denoted by figures in
the space left in the dimension line or above the unbroken dimension line. Arrow heads or dots
as in fig.2-4 are used to terminate dimension lines, the length of arrow head is about three times
the depth. The space in arrow head should be filled in. When dot is used, it should be placed at
the intersection of the extension line and dimension line. The dimensioning figures should be
placed near the centre either in the space of the broken line or immediately above the unbroken
dimension line shown in fig. 2-4.All dimensions should be so arranged that they may be read
either from the bottom or right hand edge of the drawing.

PLACING OF DIMENSIONS

Units of Dimensioning:-

Dimensioning shall be done normally in millimeters. The symbol for the unit, mm, may be
omitted provided that a prominent note is added stating the unit in which all the dimensions of
the drawing are expressed. In case other units of dimensions are used, these shall be denoted by
specific notations.

Abbreviations and Conventional representations as per IS: 962 1967

These are standard symbols which are in constant use to save time and confusions.

SYMBOLS FOR DOORS, WINDOWS AND ROLLING SHUTTERS

SL. NO DESCRIPTIONS SHAPES

1 Single leaf ,single swing
2 Single leaf Double swing
3 Double leaf single swing
4 Double leaf double swing
5 Side hung
6 Centre hung
7 Folding double leaf
8 Door with projected hinges
9 Sliding
10 Sliding
11 Rolling shutter external
12 Rolling shutter internal
13 Revolving
14 Cupboard
15 Almirah
16 Vertical centre hung
17 Horizontal centre hung
18 Vertical sliding
19 Bottom hung
20 Top hung
21 Side hung left hand
22 Side hung right hand

SOME SYMBOLS GENERALLY REQUIRE FOR SHOWING MATERIALS IN

SECTION AND CONVENTIONAL BREAKS

SYMBOLS FOR MATERIALS IN SECTION

SL.NO MATERIALS SYMBOL

1 BRICK
2 CONCRETE
3 PLASTER AND PLASTER
PRODUCT
4 SAND
5 NATURAL OR
RECONSTRUCTED SAND
6 GLASS
7 WOOD IN HORIZONTAL
SECTION
8 WOOD IN CROSS SECTION
9 PARTION BLOCKS
10 FIBRE BOARD AND
INSULATION BOARD
11 EARTH
12 GROUND LEVEL
13 HARDCORE
14 METAL SECTIONS

SYMBOLS FOR LAND SURVEYING

SL.NO NAME SYMBOL

1 UNMETALLED
2 METALLED
3 EXCAVATED TANK
PERENNIAL
4 EXCAVATED TANK NON-
PERENNIAL
5 PERENNIAL WITH HIGH
EMBANKMENT
6 ROAD OVER RAILWAY
7 ROAD OR RALWAY

SOME SYMBOLS FOR ELECRICAL AND SANITARY INSTALLATIONS

SL.NO NAME SYMBOL

1 LIGHT BRACKET
2 BATTERN LAMPHOLDER
3 FLUOSCENT LIGHT (SINGLE)
4 FLUORESCENT LIGHT
(DOUBLE)
5 CHOKE
6 ONE WAY SWITCH
7 TWO-WAY SWITCH
8 SOCKET OUTLET,2 PIN 5
amp
9 SOCKET OUTLET,3 PIN 5
AMP
10 BELL PUSH
11 BELL
12 CEILING FAN
13 BRACKET FAN
14 EXHAUST FAN
15 COOKER CONTROL UNIT
16 EARTH POINT

SYMBOLS FOR SANITARY INSTALLATIONS

SL.NO NAME SYMBOL

1 SHOWER HEAD
2 PEDESTAL LAVATORY
BASIN
3 WALL LAVATORY BASIN
4 CORNER LAVATORY BASIN
5 PLAIN KITCHEN SINK
6 KITCHEN SINK WITH
SINGLE DRAIN BOARD
7 WC LOW DOWN
8 WC
9 URINAL WALL HUNG
10 URINAL STALL
11 INDIAN TYPE WC
12 WC LOW TANK
13 WC, NO TANK FLUSH TYPE

FITMENT SYMBOLS

SL.NO NAME SYMBOL

1 TOWEL RAIL
2 STAIR
3 PUMP
4 GULLY
5 STOP VALVE OR SLUICE
VALVE
6 MANHOLE OR INSPECTION
CHAMBER
7 REFRIGERATOR