Design of concrete structures for retaining aqueous liquids Design tables to BS 8007 Richard Cheng BSc, CEng, FiStuct §[V Thomas TelfordPublished by Thomas Telrd Publishing, Thomas Telfrd Servicer La, 1 Heron Quy, Ltn E14 41D Contents, Ft publishes 1996 1 Introduction 1 Diebler for Thomas Te books a USK: AmarianSeiety of Cl Engine, Pbtations Sle Depart, 245 Eat 47h Stet, New York NY 100172358 “pon: Maruzen Co. Ld, Book Depareent, 3-10 Nibosbati che, Chao, Toye 103 ‘Asati DA Books an Jounal, 648 Whiehorse Road Mica 3132, Vers 2 Design summary 21 Design for teamal and moisture eects 2 22 Design for fenure—serviceabiliy Himit state 3 23. Design for flexure— timate lint state 5 3. Design example 3.1 Design ofthe piled base sib ofa water holding tank 7 4 Design tables Tables Alto AB: reinforcements required for control of thermal and shrinkage cracks Notes to Tbles Ai tw AG 13 Title AL Wa=01, Cou often xumsion= 256 14 mn Ad 5 nas & TAY W & fine AS. Wins: Goer nr ea t the As Wo0a aloft ctanaen= NES Til Btw B36; fa “Ths te le SBT Dag fever ac g qe i ‘le 5 fe eect Table BL ‘Te design bles ar intend to be se by experienced and uli engin. Proper consent shld be ‘Table B2 ‘ake of al design and constuctonaleqetemests fo er ound enpnewing june sr de ‘Cae has bee take to ensure lhe dts nd ifomatonherin we tn and that mimes vas ae scum. The sulin and publisher assume no fespensbity fr ere ih or misirretsion of rman ‘tied ins Bok on ae A clogs record fr this tok aisle othe Bish Libary Caeiteation ‘tlabne Uric Cone Guace ‘Sur bie Inoue User Civil engines and eines ISBN: 0 72772517 3 (© R Cheng and Thoms Teed Series Lid, 1996 Bs: All sights, ining tnnsaton eve. Except of copyng, 0p of hi puizaton may be reproduced, ‘sre neon system o tested in ay form or by ry means ern, echnical, posoeopying ot tae, wit th por writen pension ofthe Books Publi, Thea Telioed Pubting, Tas “fr Serves La 1 Hero Quy, Landon E14 42 388 ‘Tle B21 ‘Table B22 ‘Table B23 “Table BOA ‘Tis bok is pubis onthe mdestnding that he sor esl repos forthe ements made sd pnins expesedin itz tts pablaton dosnt neces mph ft chats ser pinion ct eflect the views o pinion of the publishes, ‘ype by R. Chong and Teht Composition Lid Salty, Wii. Prd in Grete by Redwood Book, Trowbridge, Wise BESES. B38‘Table 2S ‘Table B26 ‘able B27 ‘able BOS ‘Table B29 “able B30 Table B31 Table BX Table BSS ‘Table B34 “Table BIS “Tble B36 46 a “ ” 0 sr 2 53 5 35 56 3 1 16 an DESIGN TABLES TOS 800704 Introduction In the design of enforced concrete structures, it isassumed that tensile capacity of concrete dacs ‘ot contribute 10 the strength ofthe statue, and steel reinforcement is provided to resist the ‘nena tensile forces which develop, Beease steel reinforcement can only develop the resisting tensile force by extension (ce. steel needs to extend to develop seas) and hence cause acs to form in the surounding concrete, cracks in reinfowed concrete stuctues cannot be avoided. ‘Concrete expands and contracts with the increase ia temperature during hydration of cement and ‘he sabsequen: flim temperature. In continuous stutues, if this movement i etne, tensile stresses will develop which can cause cracks to for. The effets of thermal contraction and dying sbrinkage may be controlled by the provision of renforements and movement joints. Although itis accepted that racks wil be present ic enforced concrete suc, the degree and ‘maghitue of cracking should be controlled, Inte design of liquid zeuining sites fis ‘sential to restic the wid of cracks in the uct, The maximum design surface crack wis 1 in BS 8007 for direct teasion and fexare or retained temperature and mois eet eS follows : (0.2 mum for sovete or vr severe exposure = 0.1 mm for eitcal aes apperanc. The above assumes tha, i eracks do not exceed 02 mm, they can esl autgeneousy |S 8007 is based onthe limit states approach, Genny, theultimate mt sts do not contol the design of the concrete section and eiforcement. and design should be cased out for the serviceability limit sate of cracking, followed by checking ofthe ulmate limit ste and other Secvieabilty conditions, Appendix A of BS 8007 provides calculations of misimum enforcement, crack spacing a erack ‘wii in relation to temperature and moisture effec, Section 21 summarne the desig formule and Tables Alto A6 provide the calculated renfowcements reid fr contol of themal and Shrinkage cracking Appendix B of BS 8007 provides calculations of crack widths in mature concrete under sructra loading. Section 2.2 summarises the design formulae ad Table to B36 abuse the service sd tukimate fleur! capacity ofa range of sab thicknesses and reinforcement eangenens under Airing conditions of rac width Limitation, conerde srength and cove, ‘The design ealcustions of both the serviceailiy limit state of cracking due 10 thermal and ‘moisture effets and flexural effets ean be tedious ard time consuming. In the preliminary design sage, the design tbls in his document should asst and shortcut the design proces, saving ‘valuable ime. The most economical design solution san be selected by det comparisog of dats wtia the abe2C.DESION TABLES TO BS 8007 2 Design summary 21 Design for thermal and moistre effects (Reference: BS 8007 Appendix A) 2.1.1 Procedures summarised below aro appropriate for long continuous slab and wall construction, and encking rising from temperture and moistre change is controlled by providing adequate ‘mounts of reinforcement without contraction joints. For design with contraction joints and paral rests refer to BS 8007 CL 5.3.3, 2.12 Minimum reinforcement required to control the early thermal and shrinkage nicking (within thre days) fall Pan ste critical tee ratio which is the minimum ratio of sel othe roe are ofthe ‘concrete ‘tion’ (cones setion being the surface zone as defined in Figs Aland A2 of Appendix A of [BS 8007). This etal reinforcement it required to wafer tensile force across he cracks and to datibute cracking f= rect tesile strength of immature concrete (usually taken at an age of te ys) if characteristic strength of reinforcement. aes of Pa Eaimated a, JeGo=ias | 00032 ‘0.0035 | 0.0065 FecC40)=175 | 0.0038 | 0.007 2.1.3. Reinforcement required to contol crack width due to thenmal and shinkage effect ‘TI = temperature rise duet hydration of coment (Refer to Table A2, BS 8007) "72 = temperature fl de to seasonal variation. coeicint of thermal expansion of mature conerete (ually taken as 12 > 104. BS 6110 recommends the following value for « ‘Raaregate type | _Colicet of expansion of cones (2) Flin, quate | 12 10 Granite, sat | 10 x 10-* Limestone Bx 10-6 w permissible crack width in mm. For ever o very severe exposure W = 0.2 mm. For erica senha appearance WY = 0.1 ma. 5 = crack spacing, ‘a= average bond strength between concrete and tel (6 = bar diameter. reinforcement rato based on area of surface 20ne DESIGN TABLES TO BS 800709, “rier = Stun de to temperature (TI 4-72). wr. 11s te lee sina pr ~ Son 38 S07 meme eine estan stb (2-12) erie =5(2)cr +72) inane end Su = (6) (3) Sey te remorse Ye [ ES) Oc [AG LIOe+ 22 Design for texure—servicabiity limit state (Reference: BS 8007 Appendix B) m4 o 10 rst ep.) oxen le vee ls tk A feo! e ve 22.1 The design is based onthe elastic theory, emcked section, -E, = modal of elasticity of reinforcement (200 x 10? N/mm) B= modal of elasticity of concrete in ascsing the suns fr caution of crack width, shouldbe taken as 5/F/l.S/2 4 Moderato z L= 6, (88 807 tnt w 045%.) 68, (BS 8007 limit, 10 087)‘40 0eSIGN TABLES To BS 4007 Equlibeiam of forces: ‘omcrte compression = tee tension (Glad? +229(3) 229 =0 —quadrwic equation Solution of quadratic equation fd = —ap + Map? + 2ap) x= (-ap-+ ViGo) + 20phd 1 shouldbe noted from the above equation, tat the neutral ais poston isa function ofthe ‘modular ratio and area of reinforcement ofa given secon oal)—it is independent of the applied er aay al In calculating crack with, BS 8007 gives allowance tothe sifning effect of concrete between cracks meaane here tui the average strain for caleulation of crac width 2s the suai duet the stiffening effet off coneete beoween cracks. eee = f=((22)ecrom ae oth—2) BA) 23 DESIGN TABLES TO.Bs B007.05 or crack width Wf 01 mn where a ite distance from the point considered to the surface ofthe nearest longtinal bar is the minimum covert the tension reifocement. M,= Add ~ G73) Subst f (function of Way ane in the above equation Design for fexure—aktate limit state (Reference: BS #100 Cl 3.4.44) 4 oon ral ~/ Tor A did 7 csr] ‘Seton vane Sereno[SCLDESIGN TABLES To 8s 6007 23.1 Equlibium of ores: Moment = canerete compression o tes esion times the lever am Z A0SFbiZ since Z = (d 0481) 405 Ma 0455) BS 8110 conditions (@) limit x10 054 () Z-< 0554 162 > 095d then May = O87F AD 95d DESIGN TABLES TOS: EXAMPLE SHEET, 100 707 1) Granite sgareaste coo of chermal expansion = 10° 2). Fle ameter is 600 mm PROJECT: © Water Holding Tank DESIGN OF PLED BASE SLAB | —mwater Pied rat base slab / 360 too dameter pes at 4mm grids Notes: 1) Continuous construction (eno canteaction joints) 2) Exposure — severe Limiting crack with t0 0.2 mm 2) Concrete mix (2) C35A concrete () B25 kain? cement content (6) max waterie ratio= O55 4) Cove = 2050 }aee Tee 20% 5) @) 5-460 “ype 2 deformed bar Per, = 0.0085 fyif, 2067‘SCADESIGN TABLES To Bs e087 EXAMPLE SHEETNo 101 PROJECT: Water Holding Tank Loapinia Self wt of sab = 0.2824 kN? Imposed oad (water) = 4 x10 40 kN 1 Senice design load = 48.4 ENY mit Ulimate desigh load = AA 14 = 678 bint EINEORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR CONTROL. OF THERWAI AND ‘SHRINKAGE CRACKS Top SURFACE ZONES ee hye = 175 mm 100 mm Bottom weoe Goeft of thermal expansion. Use Tate AS Tete 40% Forsurtace zone depth = 75mm (TOP) BatommA=704mn® — (12-1607) 16mm.A,=988 mm? — (6-2007) 20mm,A,=1178mn® (720-2507) (128-3007) (22-3001) eseg DESIGN TABLES 10.88 2007 8 MPLE SHEET No, 102 PROJECT: — Water Holding Tank femm, A=402mm? (112-2756) 16mm, (Tie 2008) 20mm, Ax 670mm® (120-3008) 25mm, A,= 888mm? (125-3008) 2mm, A,=1072mm?” (182-3006) DESIGALEOR FLEXURE — DESIGN AS FLAT SLAB Eftectve span = 40- 2/806 em F (SERVICE LOAD) = 4448.4 = 7748 Fig (ULTIMATE LOAD) = 4x4 678 = 108546 26 Bt, Tale 3:19 M, Moe O07 Fx OOM xFax! Interior #pan moment A a ae = 1984 =277 eM support moment |-O.O88XFx! Interior support moment oeAOCDESIGN TABLES TO Bs 6007 DESIGN TABLES TO 8s 62070 11 EXAMPLE SHEETNo, 103 EXAMPLE SHEETNe. 104 PROJECT: Water Holding Tank PROJECT: Water Holding Tank BS 8110, Tatle 3.20 = moment; ie 7e sim | Mee 62kNm con eee eee ons omen Ps ai a 7 a See AoE mor 2, Foe = SE, cover = GO eee fore ae | es 2m 2m Hd a cowmsep « ws |e iP |he == l= say | Sam, > = | oe = | = e fom Column stop & Note: Two-thirds of reforcement required to relat the support mama in the cok tcp should be placed ina width equal to half that of she cok strip and cantral wth the clan, SUMMARY OF REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR FLEXURE imate shear Utimate shear transter to ple = 1085 - 67.8 x (wx O.6?)/4 = 1066 KN 8 810, Table 319 Total columripile moment = 0,022 1066%3.6 eS 4=350-40-106800 rm J} tnesn0m 2360-60-10" 280m First critical perimeter (15d from column face) (600 + 2x18 4) 1470 = 5820 nm 1066 «(1+ 18x 85)(1066x1.47)) 64 KN V= (184 «10°/(6880 x290) Ave1671 mn? (120-2007) 100A,Ibd=054 ¥, = 0.62 Ninn? <0.68 INCREASE REINFORCEMENT LOCAL TO COLUMN STRIP To 120-1601, A,= 2096 NOOA/ad= 072, ¥, = 0668>068 Ninn? Use T20~ 15OT column strip/support‘#20 DESIGN TABLES TO BS 8007 EXAMPLE SHEET No, 105 PROJECT: Water Holding Tank Check shear at col face Vou = (154 0°V[2x70*900)x290] = 2.01 Nimm® <0.8 Ve, =47 Ninn DEELECNON Ultimate span moment = 277 ks y= 280mm aloe? = 277 «10°14000 x 280" 28 MODIFICATION FACTOR FOR TENSION REINFORCEMENT eae ‘Alonalie opanld = 144% 09x26 =33 Actual span/d = 40001280 = 1833 < 38 YOK DESIGN TABLES TO BS 207 13 Notes to Tables A-A6 1. The tbls give the area of reinforcement in mi? rquied for contol of thermal and shrinkage racking in each surface ofthe conerete surface zoe. 2. Wis the permissible crack width in mm. For severe or very severe exposure 70.2 mm, For etcal aesthetic appearance 10.1 mam. 3. Cocft of thermal expansion isthe coefficient of hemal expansion of mare concrete, usally taken es 12 x 10“. BS S110 recommends the follwing ‘Anareate pe | Cocticiento expansion of cones ‘in, quart | 12x 10 Granite, basalt | 10% 10 Limestone, | 8 10 4. Bar Dia. isthe diameter of reinforcement in rm, 5. T1472 isto temperature due to hydtation and seasonal variation in “C. 6. Surface zone depth isthe surface concrete depth in mm a8 specified in Figs AL and A2 of ‘Appendix A BS 8007 7. Inthe calculation of the tbls, bond stength of high eld deformed type 2 uted, Le. ah = 067 (laview ofthe very marginal cost fence betwen deformed high yl and mil tel ar, hers ism cost advantage in using mild sel bars) 8. Minimum enforcement assumed isp =0.003. 9. For design formule reer t section 2.1,{DESIGN TABLES To 8s e007 DESIGN TABLES TOS 6007015: 137] 150 | 175 [200DESIGN TABLES TO BS 8007017 {WCLDESIGN TABLES TO BS 8007 TABLE Ag ‘Coeff. of thermal expansion = 126-6 iseaecelesnadl slau ele ell ste) alae a ale ele ls eee ei‘sWO.DESIGN TABLES To BS 8007 DESIGN TABLES TO 8S 2007119 TABLE. AS Soetlof nermal expansion =E-8 rr 197 75 [200DESIGN TABLES TO. 8007.21 Notes to Tables B1-B36 |The tables give the service and lkimate moment cept in kN. 2. Stab (300) is stab thickness =300 mm 3. Reinforcement DIA. i th reinforcement diameter in mam, ‘(es the spacing ofthe reinforcement bac in mn, [Asis the area ofthe reinforcement inthe tension 2oce in mn per 1 m width of lb 4. Msis she service moment capacity i kN, "Malt is the timate moment capacity in kN, 5. Crack width isthe permissible cack width in mm nder flexural loa For severe or very severe exposure crack width=0.2 mm. For etal aesthetic appearance crack width=-0 1 mm. 6 Cover isthe concrete covert reinforcement in mm. Minimum cover specification in BS 8007 is omn, 7. Feu isthe charter seth of concrete, (C30 conerte doesnot stricly comply with BS 8007 in durability and should therefore only be used under special circumstances (eg. when using gatvanised and epoxy-coned reinforcement, temporary structure, special design mixes). 4. Reinforcement is high yield type 2 deformed bar with Fy = 460 N/mm’. (in view ofthe very ‘marginal os difrence betwen high yield and mild scl bars, thee i no cost advantage i wing ‘ld sel brs) 9, The tinted areas indicate areas of reinforcement belay the minimus level of (2) pan 0.0035 to «ach srface zone (assume half of slab thickness or 250 mam) or (b) 00013 ofthe goss concrete Section a specified by BS 8110, 10, For summary of design formulae refer osestions 2.2 and 23,ee ee = 222009 of=nog LO= MPM Y0RI9 8 eS ee SE = == = 5 Sere rer ere ae as E z 7 5 tet |e eS ate erates ce 2 eteteret eet ete ao 2 iere - a ete tee z 2 ha = o Hece ts tore ee : aoe att Bae ees a8 ae tate es jfpeetetetees ote se ete ere | Raeretetate ; eteretere eee Pa ‘ofa rte {oe eee eee bet : bee eer Pee | ate {sl el gl 2) eee = fete ete See Rete re tere tier | etetete etete EE Se ar eae ecetete Eee ete Breer e terete cgrd Stee fete a Z gietetetatetetetetetats SSE CEE ee te PRESSE eee eee Eretetetiteteretet ete terme | SHEET Stee Cee 1 . Boe Pair ar rb aeWe| Ce [Cen [oe [Cen [Cen [oe ea] | ar canes Stee Se te 2. ate o (eu 2S se ete eaters es ede ee te 3 rereteretet tate tte tee ete eplegieigte ee eee ele Se ere ae ete ce ee ee soHe-e acetate = - 2] pacar ae : Peet et ete ete [ele Sate a aT eee eee ate Hest bes ate eee mele Et epee ee oor Cette ssClLU 5 Hebe bette etoe Cae Cae ties 4 CEE Pee eee Q ran =o ae 2 PEC Se oe ate 2 ets = eat 5 Sree eee ee i He cbr a ear B 5 Ten fom ren Cen [Can |DESIGN TABLES TO 6S 2007.25, 24C DESIGN TABLES TO BS 8007 ate etete ret ee ete ete eye ao erate Sreteteteretetetet eet et ete e es eet ee sistersteteteetsteteret et etme ete ete Biatetatetetece st ftetet eet ete etsy stehete Psat eee ree Sate aera ete etm beta eet ae | ete ete eretetatereta ete et eet ae nies Grateretereteretet ate eae 2 Siete retete tet eter e terete feet Perera eter e tere aerate etete pape EGE aE Se ce igs # sce retete ere state ete Ste tRte te ELE ePetet ere Be StePetRtetere = SpECeTET eters a eta ere tet are eH Pete rer ete = etetitetet ete moe ee i { Be | = = Pia a-| ca Ste =— =CSTete : = 7 eee ee erate ee = alae ae ctecitete ateo & crepes ete Ha ae ate Hee Bpeleteteretederecatereretet acetate eS Sreteretelstaretarets aoe es = terete e Pet eet Sra eet eet ae a Hebe He eee Te rate ae = tatters be : = abe ote eee : eee Poetetete erate le ate ‘oe ie aa) eeetet es eet eee rere Peete etek = ate Stee < : ES =. beret oreteetetet bia ete Tn [en for or foeBkesenog ob=nod & te ETErE = ax 2 retreats retire gree ere] Peet Srte fote ies 2 et eee etete fratete ae 2 ate = are Le ee eta : statete Se Stetere ete = ee a4 8 Rete ete a pete 3 ete se a ee erate eee 8 ete vou a | ae | we z se ete ere ztetetet ee z StEtE pectete te ates Ee Siatetetereri te erga etete ete Sete gtetete BCHHECE te ORCS rete sfeehete Sete # rosep een Sra etete| ee eretetetetet ets pete eter et 2 Hib iefee Gi 4 or i : Ae 2 : gees ete ates SHS Geea & = # a HEE epee rae a tet eters nied ete eee ele ne| Heese ete Setee Hen 2 e-eterele He eters ete tet et = ete 2 | state e Sele: cretet eters j ete SH ee 8 ete eee = 2 7. 2 i : ae Hae | 5 ates = 4 i Eto = 9 Tan [oan [oan fom = iDESIGN TABLES TO 8S 0007.029, SE=n04 Om tMpM YeEID OF=2909 seemed VOR MAPHM OED 2BQ.DESIGN TABLES TO 86 8007 ae 7 oT = eee Stat Sates tee 2 eee ie ate crete State = Sa Ae Pine abe Hate ate eters ete a Ete re 1 =e zt etete ate E : a ie tt gratere Peters ite ree ce Ce | or CZ | Cer i20c108SI0N TABLES 70.8 087 DESIGN TABLES TO 85 4007:031 eeeleesh| | Bake ees] Rees feeb : aie 3 bake 3 5 ie 8 BARREN) be FI IRRARAS5) fll bl ERSEEE)DESIGN TABLES TO BS 8007033, S2ODESIGN TABLES T0 8S 6007 st=nog O= uM ¥eeI9 99-1009 steno Fo= pea yoR9 = 2 = =r a aries aie f = ie ee = ier | scete ea RRS azeaeel lessee BeeeeRae| Reels ea) se pe! Rrsanabh hae af 26 = eer i fet ote z fet ae <2 = iat = ora 2 aa igSHODESIGN TABLES To Bs 8007 HES SEE Tees = ete ae ee = ate eee z = ore eee ra nin SRT | [ete AE z ETE | . te 7 ete tesa ae = etree eae te z eee = ete z i ~ ate _: co ‘at = = a Hae - Sta tete tetas Ee PCa F etetetetst ese Fe ee 2 Steere : abaiar dese aoe eetetetete an ToS are ert eters Stee etal eet eter etate bib at ara Ce | Cor | Cer Oz Ce | Cen | Cer 0F=19809 ovens Yo-=tapM HOD iakhss W aldala & e es 2 (nee elsale} seb] Beueenaea i iF ilaslal| sleelela spl ki ki ie | hi P| 6| BaeeRR i leak) pele ee lng) lel leepealeel fel ke } i‘; dosh sf aecasal Bae se A qe [I 4 q 1 i 98=10109 ov=neg Lox PMID S8C1DESIGN TABLES TORS 80078 Sarees STETETS = SEE : = zg peters : Hee 2 Petetate Het etere Spee tert Q Tae} a 8. 2 Pert eet | & = Hate gate q = pata Steet aee eae 5 Stetete rae tates Brere i =| ae ete eters ete =| é tererete Fare ce = ea terete ree ete te ete ete = ee | = a era cetetete a = ere Stee tere rere z Prete _ =| Soe Seats = stareteteterete FEHR See te Pe eoetereretetetete ete retereretereret erate ir per Be Site riHid 81 Can | Can [Ce [Cer [om foe [Cen [oa [ees] ete rere tiete re = a eer eae e ae ele ei etetet etree 4 fe Prete Cera e eee Ee teeters ete rater tier e te = Bele ra ere rata coe ee - ce i + ate tee Hee = eter z a foe ee 8 Gite ete ee bral irr pet ti e Oe] [Cen Cer or oerDESIGN TABLES TO BS 2007 At 40D 0ESIGN TABLES TO BS 8007 ze10n09 of «nog = = : ree] tae etereta eo [7 Serer za frTe tise es Parte ¢ £ afeute te | ete a peste ie a e Steers eet oer | ei [er a aes is Tae =| ae pire tetatetet atest eter ete | eae ea ete eee 7 ae HS teeta eel en ts eters at fab esede dese vase erase rete tee fete ie |e eteteteteteret ere 7 Steretae erate Stee te ere stats eee tee ett eta & Sisk ete ii Haar ir ae fae at oi et | Gp oe [oe | or=sen09 or =nog Cah | Cen Cen | Can or oan fee oar ea owe| | eae! ae 420DESIGN TABLES To 8S e007 DESIGN TABLES To Bs 2007 8 3 * i e : 8 3 by be é 3 é 4 i laser B] RRE Sa: ‘TABLE 24eel blvseienas| eeeente| esebneeal asta seeal ‘ IE el : = ete E SELECT 3 = ete 5 Sete Here i = ie Ste tere terete ae = ete a rae a F a Behe Ce rete i rae = etapa te ret etter ate i Ze e TH Bouts ; = : = Sete ete ere i = : 3 erate i ere 2 f 2 rete ae Steteteret et eter e aie = SE flselei ; eekeare] Fore eer Fa Beast [siaisie lee i i" ese] fellcble kee see abl j zee Pe eres Bee teat . Sree ete Bietote — Cees steteterete E stele e ete eee : Pete re tetera Hee eee = Steteteterere 2S He Pape ses arted Settee He eee aes Brera retite : eet Et ere etetgterate ae SEG ies gigte erate : Sceretetetete Ete TEE zie a EPBte Le sorte Sprale erent eee 2 : SHitete e etete rete et ieee | z Piptete epee tate ee tata oer ae Pe se = tee Sebel : Steet et ete etete ftereteta tetera rates - eee eteteteceteotecete Eeretetate Set 2 siete epeetetet a eee ; SSH i be Bi bir rie | 3 Ten [On or foe [oe |eei Pete eter etre e| a eterete Sete estes 2 etree Stee 5 = Sete ret ee eee : : SEE epee mete q % ata ste ste teteree a = anaes ee : a ate Seater i Ste a = SCR Per eee roe eee Steere Boe & = Steere =e tet HEHe Re aE Se Ree eee | ete ere Stee = erst aed Stee ee ete ee Spats eae 2 4 {so [wane or rm Tete epee ee = : ete erate CEE rete e eit ae = — Ee = Be zt eta] we Stee 2+ state eats a afeteretete so See eee De i ar dear on |oE CR laa pees a Nalsceadady 48 DESIGN TABLES TO 8S 4007TABLE p27 Ga | Cac | Ca | Cae | Ce | Ca | Ga | Ga | Ce | ee | ‘4B QDESION TABLES TO Bs 6007 q be 3 / BRBia| Beg eRas Borie esety) Fou 35 Cover= 56 =02 ‘Crack with TABLE p28 Feu=36 Cover= 60 ‘Crack width= 0.2DESIGN TABLES TO 8S 8007 051 S0O.DESIGN TABLES TO BS 8007 g i St=ne4 Tom tMpM YEO See eS ee eee eee eleteterete tere rereaterete Bete tet ete rie aCe fetetertetete era ereretet set ate pete Cate be tis ee | [tetera rere tere terete tate erate tetet etry te Ue terete te State eer seretmelmeteletatelerel ite Stabete Hecate abate tee ae rae arte a bar art eee ere a SSE Seats Seep ee Srete terete erate a Coes Het eHEtete: eceterete OE e EEE terete Hee ee ete ete e te CCEtatete ote erate ete erere erate eer ate He Pete ete restate ereteerelatetetire te etecete ete pelea te eee oe Share tere tare Steteteretstete eet ere ee | Es tate x petere = ee a are freee =e aa = = cetera tated ie Herta : Bee Hae Pe # a eats - rigdese? Fe | fret ates Sretete a = reer ater te : ze = ag se Es a. 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