Atomic bonds

L2
Atomic bonds
In this module we shall explore the nature of atomic bonds in solids
What is an atom?
Atomic Bonding
(Metallic, Ionic, Covalent, and van der Waals Bonds)
Metallic bond
Metallic bonding is the force of attraction between valence electrons
and the metal ions.
Ionic Bond
Ionic bond develops between two atoms having widely different
electronegativity.
For example: A bond between Na and Cl;
Two elements: one in group I and the other in group VII.
Covalent bond
A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical
bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms
When they share electrons, is known as covalent bonding.
Van der Waal bond
Are the residual attractive or repulsive forces between molecules or
atomic groups
Van der Waals forces are relatively weak compared to covalent bonds
 Bond energy
The bond energy is a measure of the amount of energy needed to break apart one mole of covalently bonded molecules.
Units:(kJ/mol)
Bond formation takes place when two atoms are close enough
Under equilibrium there is no net force acting on these.
However if you try to pull them apart a restoring attractive force acts on it.
The net energy under such a condition should be the lowest and the net force
should be zero.
Figure : When atoms are far apart there is little
interaction. As the distance decreases the
force of attraction increases. It tries to bring the
two atoms closer. This is why the force is
negative. However if you push further there is a
force of repulsion as well. This acts in the
opposite direction. The net force is the sum
total of the two. Under the position of
equilibrium the net force is zero. This happens
when the distance is r0. The net energy under
such a condition is the lowest.
 The bond may therefore be visualized as an elastic spring.
The negative term denotes the force of attraction and the positive
term is the force of repulsion.
Bond Energy = attraction + repulsion