Weitkamp 1

Abby Weitkamp

Jason King

AP Seminar

18 November 2016

Annotated Bibliography

Citizenship Rights and Responsibilities. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services,

https://www.uscis.gov/citizenship/learners/citizenship-rights-and-responsibilities.

Accessed 7 Nov. 2016.

A. The source is in a position of authority. The author is in a position that allows access to

reliable evidence because they oversee lawful immigration into the United States.

Therefore, the source knows what being a good citizen requires because they create

citizens daily. The author does have a personal stake in the topic. If the ideas of what a

good citizen is changes, the way that they complete lawful immigration into the United

States could change. The source does have specialized knowledge on the topic because it

is the branch of government that works with creating good citizens daily. The author

remains neutral throughout the source.

B. This source describes some of the major rights and responsibilities of citizens that ensure

a prosperous America. It also says that not all of the rights listed are legally enforced.

Some examples of rights listed are freedom to express oneself, right to vote in elections

for public officials, freedom to worship as one wishes, etc. Some examples of

responsibilities listed are to support and defend the Constitution, participate in the local

community, defend the country if the need should arise, etc.

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C. This source was the driving force behind my question. I used the responsibility Defend

the country if the need should arise as the base of my question. It inspired the supporting

question Do gender inequalities exist within the responsibilities of citizens?

Fenner, Lorry M. "Either You Need These Women Or You Do Not: Informing The Debate On

Military Service And Citizenship." Gender Issues 16.3 (1998): 5. Academic Search

Complete. Web. 13 Nov. 2016.

A. Fenner is a well respected woman because she was a colonel in the United States Air

Force. She does have access to reliable evidence because he himself used to be in the

military and, therefore, knows what it is like. Fenner does have a personal stake in the

topic because it is about females in the military and she was a female in the military. She

also has specialized knowledge in the topic because she has a Master of Science in

National Security Studies. Fenner remains neutral throughout the article as she considers

the opinions of those for and those against females in the military.

B. The integration of females into the military has been debated for over fifty years.

However, this debate is not historicized nor is it easily accessible to the public. The initial

induction of women into the army began during World War 2. In 1947, Congress decided

that a permanent center of a womens corps and occupational experimentation might be

worthwhile.Then in 1948, Defense Secretary James Forrestal helped pass the Armed

Forces Womens Integration Act. Military mens misbehavior and abusive treatment was

evident. Women had severe restrictions put on their service whereas the terrible actions

of the men were condoned. Nursing soon became seen as a womens job and male

doctors were subjected to prejudice and accusations of femininity or homosexuality.

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There was more debate as to whether or not women should be in the military up until

1976 when women were entered into military academies for non-combat duties. Even

when women did not follow through with the restrictions set, they received no

recognition which contributes to promotion, benefits, and pay. The press also played a

big role in how the public viewed women in the military. Overall, outgroups are

ostracized, banned from participating, or limited in opportunities and benefits. However,

the debates on who is obligated to serve should have been resolved first but still are not

resolved.

C. This source furthers my research because it reviews the history of women in the military

and talks about how the definition of citizenship and who is obligated to serve in the

military makes a difference for women in the military. One question I gained from this

source is How much impact does citizenship relating to the military have on women

entering and succeeding within the military?

Lemmon, Gayle Tzemach. Meet the women fighting on the front lines of an American war.

Ted Talks, July 2015, Guest Lecture. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXvUdCdKTJY.

Accessed 13 Nov. 2016.

A. Lemmon is in a position of authority because she is a senior fellow at the Council on

Foreign Relations, serves on the boards of Mercy Corps and the International Center for

Research on Women, and has written two books. She has access to reliable evidence

because she has been to Afghanistan and her sources are the women she is speaking

about. The author does have vested interest in the topic because she could lose the

authoritative positions she holds if she is found a liar. The author does have specialized
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knowledge on the topic because she has been reporting conflicts since 2004 and

graduated from Harvard Business School where she studied MBA. The author does not

remain neutral throughout the Ted Talk because she only talks about the female team and

what they were doing and said nothing about how the males viewed the team of all

females.

B. In the Ted Talk, Lemmon speaks about a special operations team made of all women.

This team was called into Afghanistan so that America had the ability to communicate

with Afghan communities. However, they were assigned to different Special Operation

teams and went out on missions with them. Therefore, they were on the front lines of the

war in Afghanistan at a time when women were not allowed to participate in combat.

These women are like all women; they bake, watch movies, wear make-up, etc. but also

put on armor and serve our country.

C. This source drives my research because it talks about a Special Operations team made of

all women and I am focusing on the differences between males and females in the

military. One question inspired by the video was Are there more groups of women that

did the same thing?

Nye, Christopher D., Bradley J. Brummel, and Fritz Drasgow. "Differentiating Gender

Discrimination And Sexist Behavior: An Examination Of Antecedents And Outcomes."

Military Psychology (Taylor & Francis Ltd) 21.3 (2009): 299-314. Academic Search

Complete. Web. 13 Nov. 2016.

A. The authors have a good reputation because they all teach psychology at a university.

They all teach psychology and work with organizational psychology. Therefore, they are
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in a position that allows access to reliable evidence. The authors all have a personal stake

in the article/study because they could lose their jobs as professors. The authors do have

specialized knowledge in the topic of military psychology because they all study

organizational psychology. The authors do remain neutral throughout the study as they

are often changing their mind.

B. This article focuses on the value of gender discrimination and sexism. The Gender

Discrimination Scale and the Sexist Behavior Scale found that most people faced gender

discrimination in evaluation, assignment, and career but few experienced sexist behavior.

Overall, sexist behavior and gender discrimination need to measured separately because

there are various factors that cause each.

C. This source furthers my research because it describes sexism and gender discrimination

within the military. One supportive question I now have is How does gender

discrimination and sexism differ across military academies and divisions?

Pershing, Jana L. "Gender Disparities In Enforcing The Honor Concept At The U.S. Naval

Academy." Armed Forces & Society (0095327X) 27.3 (2001): 419-442. Academic Search

Complete. Web. 13 Nov. 2016.

A. Pershing was an assistant sociology professor at San Diego University. She was in a

position that allows access to reliable evidence because she was a college professor. The

author does not have a personal stake in the topic because she died. The author does not

have specialized knowledge on the topic. The author does not remain neutral throughout

the study because she focuses on disparities between genders in the naval academy only.
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B. Women first entered the Naval Academy in 1976. Generally, the men in the academies

have a traditional mindset regarding the role of women whereas women in the academies

have a nontraditional mindset. This article examines the impact of the Naval Academys

Honor Concept on gender integration. Within honor code violation reports, women are

disfavored. A cause of honor code violation is that women are highly visible, meaning,

they stand out at the academy because there are so few of them.

C. This source furthers my research because it describes a prominent disparity within the

naval academy. I will likely be using the idea that women are highly visible in my essay.

One question prompted by this source is Are females as visible in other military

academies as they are in the Naval Academy?

Rosen, Leora N., et al. "Cohesion And Readiness In Gender-Integrated Combat Service Support

Units: The Impact Of Acceptance Of Women And Gender Ratio." Armed Forces &

Society (0095327X) 22.4 (1996): 537-553. Academic Search Complete. Web. 13 Nov.

2016.

A. The authors have a reputation about writing many different things related to the military.

The authors are in a position that allows access to reliable evidence because it is a

research study that provided facts and statistics. The authors do have a personal stake in

the source because if the study is proven to be completely wrong, they may lose some of

their credentials. The authors have done multiple studies relating to the military and,

therefore, have specialized knowledge. The authors do remain neutral throughout the

study because they are trying to figure out which theory of two is correct.
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B. This study is attempting to understand how cohesion within a military unit affects the

admittance of females into said units. It describes two theories-Kanter and Blalock- and

works to determine which is correct. Kanters theory of tokenism believed discrimination

increases with less representation of a minority. Blalock believes the opposite and

attributes it to a competitive threat to the majority. The study applied these two theories

to gender ratio and unit cohesion. The minority- proportion discrimination hypothesis

(Blalock) was proven to be a better model for gender ratio on the cohesion of a unit.

C. This source advances my research because it describes how cohesion between genders

matters more than physical capabilities. One question that I acquired was Is sexism by

the males in the military the primary cause to the gender discrepancies within the

military?

U.S. Constitution. Art. , Sec. 8.

A. The reputation of the U.S. Constitution is reliable. It is a primary source document that is

often referred to in regard to the rights of people in the United States.The author is not in

a position that allows access to reliable evidence because the Constitution was written at

a time where many things in life were different. The authors did have a personal stake in

the Constitution because it was written to establish the laws for their country. The authors

all had specialized knowledge in the topic of rights because they all played a role in the

government. The authors do remain neutral throughout the Constitution.

B. Article , Section 8 of the Constitution highlights the power the Congress has in

controlling the military, in exercising legislations, and in making laws that aid the

destruction of foregoing powers.

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C. This information drives my research because it helps show that the government has

extreme power over the actions of its citizens. The government regulates what citizens

can do within the military. One supporting question I gained from this source was How

much power does the government hold over the responsibilities of citizens? Another

question I acquired was Can the government force citizens to protect their country?

U.S. News. Student Life. United States Military Academy, U.S. News, 2016,

http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/west-point-2893. Accessed

7 Nov. 2016.

A. U.S. News does not have a good reputation in relation to their college rankings. They are

believed to change the method used to rank colleges every year. U.S. News is not in a

position that allows access to reliable evidence because most of its evidence comes from

peer reviews. The source does have a personal stake in the topic because it has other

ranking systems that might be considered unreliable if their education rankings are. U.S.

News has no expertise in the topic. It is simply a general news company that brings all

sorts of news to the peoples eyes. The author does remain neutral throughout the text.

B. Out of the 4,348 students enrolled, only 19% are female. The other 81% are male

students.

C. This information drives my research by giving evidence to the percentage of genders

within military academies. The females are much less represented in these schools. One

supporting question I gained because of this source was Are there factors within the

enrollment system of these academies that discriminate against females?

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U.S. News. Student Life. United States Naval Academy, U.S. News, 2016,

http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/naval-academy-2101.

Accessed 7 Nov. 2016

A. U.S. News does not have a good reputation in relation to their college rankings. They are

believed to change the method used to rank colleges every year. U.S. News is not in a

position that allows access to reliable evidence because most of its evidence comes from

peer reviews. The source does have a personal stake in the topic because it has other

ranking systems that might be considered unreliable if their education rankings are. U.S.

News has no expertise in the topic. It is simply a general news company that brings all

sorts of news to the peoples eyes. The author does remain neutral throughout the text.

B. Of the 4,525 students enrolled, only 25% are female. The other 75% consists of male

students.

C. This source furthered my research because it shows that the percentages of gender within

the military academies differ between branches of the military. This source brought on

the question Why are there more females enrolled in the Naval Academy than the

Military Academy?

Young, Rowland L. "Divided Court Upholds Male-Only Draft." American Bar Association

Journal 67.8 (1981): 1028. Business Source Complete. Web. 13 Nov. 2016.

A. Young has a reputation of being very meticulous. He is not in a position that allows

access to reliable evidence because he is simply a journalist. Young does have a personal

stake in the topic because he himself was in the military. He has specialized knowledge in
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the topic because he was in the military and also reports on many Supreme Court rulings.

Young does remain neutral because he considers different point of views.

B. The Supreme Court decided to register only men for a possible future draft. There are

people for and against the decision but overall, if the decision to register women and men

was made, there would be tremendous uproar.

C. This source furthers my research because it talks about a decision over females in the

military. This source brings about the question What are the important moments

involving women and the military?