J AG I E L L O N I A N S T U D I E S I N H I S T O RY

Artur Patek
The term Aliyah Bet refers to illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine in the period of
the British Mandate for Palestine; it constituted one of the most effective methods

JEWS ON ROUTE TO PALESTINE 19341944

of struggle of the Zionist movement for the sovereign state of Israel. Its history is
marked, on the one hand, by clandestine activities and spectacular operations, and
on the other, by dramatic events (catastrophes of sea liners carrying immigrants,
deportations of refugees). The book discusses events without which one cannot
understand the contemporary Israel.

Artur Patek

JEWS ON ROUTE TO PALESTINE

19341944
Sketches from the History of Aliyah Bet
Clandestine Jewish Immigration

www.wuj.pl Jagiellonian University Press

Jews_on_route_okladka_font.indd 1 12/10/2012 9:55:04 AM

JEWS ON ROUTE TO PALESTINE
19341944
 J AG I E L L O N I A N S T U D I E S I N H I S T O RY

Editor in chief
Jan Jacek Bruski

Vol. 1
Artur Patek
JEWS ON ROUTE TO PALESTINE
19341944
Sketches from the History of Aliyah Bet
Clandestine Jewish Immigration

Jagiellonian University Press

The publication of this volume was financed by the Jagiellonian University in Krakow
Faculty of History

REVIEWER
Prof. Tomasz Gsowski

SERIES COVER LAYOUT

Jan Jacek Bruski

COVER DESIGN
Agnieszka Winciorek

Cover photography: Departure of Jews from Warsaw to Palestine, Railway Station, Warsaw 1937
[Courtesy of National Digital Archives (Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe) in Warsaw]

This volume is an English version of a book originally published in Polish by the Avalon, publishing
house in Krakow (ydzi w drodze do Palestyny 19341944. Szkice z dziejw alji bet, nielegalnej
imigracji ydowskiej, Krakow 2009)

Translated from the Polish by Guy Russel Torr and Timothy Williams

Copyright by Artur Patek & Jagiellonian University Press

First edition, Krakow 2012
All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any eletronic,
mechanical, or other means, now know or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,
or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers

ISBN 978-83-233-3390-6
ISSN 2299-758X

www.wuj.pl

Jagiellonian University Press

Editorial Offices: Michaowskiego St. 9/2, 31-126 Krakow
Phone: +48 12 631 18 81, +48 12 631 18 82, Fax: +48 12 631 18 83
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Contents

The most important abbreviations and acronyms ......................................... 7

Introduction ..................................................................................................... 9

Chapter I: The old new country

1. Context ........................................................................................................... 17
2. Towards Pax Britannica ............................................................................. 21
3. The Gordian knot .......................................................................................... 23
4. Yishuv.............................................................................................................. 30
5. Polarization .................................................................................................... 32
Chapter II: Illegal or independent immigration?
1. The dispute over terminology ...................................................................... 37
2. Without formalised frameworks ................................................................. 38
3. The position of the leaders of Yishuv .......................................................... 42
4. The first transport .......................................................................................... 44
5. Revisionist Haapala ...................................................................................... 46
6. For Jews the world divides itself into two places... ................................. 49
7. Af al pi .......................................................................................................... 52
8. The Polish chapter ......................................................................................... 55
Chapter III: On the eve of war
1. Mossad the maritime department of Hagana ...................................... 65
2. The cooperation of enemies for acommon cause ................................. 72
3. Immigration today is aquestion of life or death .................................... 78
4. The intensification of Aliyah Bet ................................................................ 81
5. Great Britains position and the Arab voice................................................ 89
Chapter IV: In the shadow of the White Paper
1. The reality of wartime ................................................................................... 97
2. Through the green border ......................................................................... 103
3. From Anders Army ...................................................................................... 105
4. The only alternative is to maintain the existing procedures ................. 108
Chapter V: The Atlantic Mauritius
1. The story of the passengers of the Atlantic ............................................... 115
2. The Patria .................................................................................................... 118

5
 3. Deportation to Mauritius ............................................................................. 121
4. Five years of exile ........................................................................................... 123
Chapter VI: If the gates to Palestine had been open...
1. The Kladovo group ........................................................................................ 131
2. The case of the Darien II ............................................................................ 134
3. Catastrophes at sea (the Pencho and the Salvador) ................................... 137
4. The tragedy of the Struma ............................................................................ 141
Chapter VII: The sole route to survival
1. Londons concessions .................................................................................... 153
2. With Romania and Turkey in the background .......................................... 154
3. The sinking of the Mefkura ........................................................................ 161
4. The arrival of the USSR................................................................................. 165
5. In lieu of summing up................................................................................... 168
Final remarks........................................................................................................... 171

Appendices............................................................................................................... 173

Selected bibliography ............................................................................................. 181

List of tables ............................................................................................................. 207

List of maps.............................................................................................................. 208

Index ......................................................................................................................... 209

Introduction

Illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine during the British Mandate was one of
the most spectacular enterprises organized by the Jews in the first half of the 20th
century before the creation of the state of Israel. The Jews called such immigration
Type B (Aliyah Bet), to differentiate it from the official type (aliyah) allowed for by
British authorities. Aliyah Bet was an indication of the diasporas longing to return
to the Promised Land, and simultaneously away of fighting the restrictive policy of
Great Britain which limited Jewish immigration to Palestine. It was also aform of
aid to Jewish refugees from Europe and salvation for Jews menaced by Nazism. In
due time Aliyah Bet became anational myth, part of the Jews collective conscious-
ness.
This book deals with Aliyah Bet activity in the years 19341944. It opens with
the organization of the first sea transport of illegal immigrants to set sail for Pales-
tine (the ship Velos, in July 1934). That date is considered the symbolic beginning
of Aliyah Bet, though the phenomenon was known to exist from much earlier. The
closing bookend of the books chronology is December 1944 and the last wartime
sea transport (the ship Taurus). Thus two entirely different chapters in the history
of Aliyah Bet form the subject of my analysis: the period when the movement was
forming and becoming organized, and the war years atime of great challenges
and even greater difficulties. The book does not address the postwar period (1945
1948), asubject to which adecidedly varied literature has already been devoted;1 this
decision was dictated by the need to focus on issues which had received relatively
little attention in previous research.
The work is structured both chronologically and thematically. The introductory
chapter attempts to explain the complicated realities of the Middle East, with partic-

1
See for example: Y. Bauer, Flight and Rescue: Brichah, New York 1970; M.S. Greenfield, J.M. Hoch-
stein, The Jews Secret Fleet. The Untold Story of North American Volunteers Who Smashed the British
Blockade, Jerusalem 1987 (rev. ed. JerusalemNew York 1999); Z.V. Hadari, Second Exodus. The Full
Story of Jewish Illegal Immigration to Palestine, 19451948, London 1991; Z.V. Hadari, Z. Tsahor,
Voyage to Freedom. An Episode in the Illegal Immigration to Palestine, London 1985; A. Halam-
ish, The Exodus Affair. Holocaust Survivors and the Struggle for Palestine, London 1998; F. Liebre-
ich, Britains Naval and Political Reaction to the Illegal Immigration of Jews to Palestine, 19451948,
London 2005; N. Stewart, The Royal Navy and the Palestine Patrol, LondonPortland, Or 2002;
G. Thomas, Operation Exodus. The Perilous Journey from the Nazi Camps to the Promised Land
and Back, London 2010; I. Zertal, From Catastrophe to Power. Holocaust Survivors and the Emer-
gence of Israel, BerkeleyLos AngelesLondon 1998.

9
ular consideration devoted to the factors which determined the Palestinian problem
in the Mandate era. Illegal immigration was an integral part of the then-existing or-
der, and the many circumstances which shaped it originated in the preceding years.
In the second chapter I present the genesis of Aliyah Bet, including the particulars
of the organization of the first refugee sea transport in 1934. I consider the reasons
why Zionists-Revisionists were initially extremely active in this area and show the
dilemmas faced by Yishuv leaders concerning this form of Jewish immigration. My
work deals separately with the Aliyah Bet of Jews from Poland. Immigrants coming
from the Republic of Poland constituted asubstantive percentage of illegal immi-
grants in general, and Polish authorities unofficially supported this so-called tourist
emigration. I endeavor to answer the question as to what motives lay behind these
authorities actions. In the third chapter I discuss the reasons for the intensifica-
tion of Aliyah Bet in the last months before the outbreak of the Second World War.
In this context I present Mossad leAliyah Bet (the naval department of Hagana),
the secret organization responsible for illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine in its
entirety. Ialso write about other circles and individuals who, acting independently,
allied themselves with Aliyah Bet and consider their motives for doing so. Great
Britains position on the inflow of Jewish refugees to Palestine is discussed, as well
as Arab reactions. In addition, I approach the question of immigration from the
Third Reich, in which context I mention the Zentralstelle fr jdische Auswander-
ung based in Vienna.
Subsequent chapters address the period of the Second World War. I begin with
an attempt to answer the question of how the realities of the time influenced the
nature and aims of Aliyah Bet, the position of the Yishuv leaders, and the policy
of Great Britain. As is known, Palestine and the Middle East played a very im-
portant role in Londons strategy. I devote a separate section to topics less com-
monly associated with Aliyah Bet in the popular mind, although they were part
of it. Ihave in mind here the secret forms of Jewish influx via the green border
(mainly from Syria and Lebanon) and what was called Aliyah Vav, i.e., willful
or legal desertion from the ranks of the Wadysaw Anders Polish army (whose
troops were stationed for a time in Palestine) by soldiers of Jewish origin who
had decided to remain in Eretz Israel. The fifth chapter depicts the circumstanc-
es surrounding the deportation of 1580 Jewish refugees to Mauritius by Mandate
authorities in December 1940, and describes their five-year exile on this distant
island in the Indian Ocean. In the following chapter, I examine the dramatic di-
visions in Aliyah Bet: the tragic fate of Jewish refugees from the Kladovo group
and the sinking of the Salvador (in the Sea of Marmara in December 1940) and
the Struma (in the Black Sea in February 1942). I reflect on whether these trage-
dies could have been avoided, and where the responsibility (moral and other) for
the deaths of hundreds of unfortunate refugees lay. In the seventh and last chapter,
I write about the relaxation of British immigration policy which occurred in 1942
and 1943. Ireveal how in changing conditions Mossad leAliyah Bet renewed its ef-

10
forts to organize further transports (by ship) of Jewish refugees. In the Appendix
the reader will find alist of the sea transports organized by Aliyah Bet in the years
19341944.
In my work, I strive to answer the question, what was illegal Jewish immigration?
What were the external and internal factors which determined its course, which
acted for and against it? What set its tone? What motives drove its organizers and
participants? Were these motives consistent over time, or did they change from one
period to another? How did Aliyah Bet influence Great Britains Palestinian policy
and its relationship with Yishuv before and during the war?
Although various topics concerning illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine have
interested scholars, writers and artists before, such interest has largely been focused
on particular episodes rich in human drama, such as the tragedy of the Struma men-
tioned earlier or, in the postwar period, that of the Exodus 1947.
The first attempts to comprehensively synthesize the history of Aliyah Bet ap-
peared relatively early. They were written by the brothers Jon and David Kimche
(The Secret Roads. The Illegal Migration of a People, 19381948, London 1954),
Bracha Habas (Portzei ha-shearim. Sipur korotehah shel Aliyah Bet, Tel Aviv 1957;
English edition: The Gate Breakers, New YorkLondon 1963) and Chaim Lazar-Litai
(Af-al-pi. Sefer Aliyah Bet, Tel Aviv 1957). Those books, however, were not scholarly
works (they were closer to journalism), and when reading them it is not difficult to
establish where the authors sympathies lie. This can be observed in the selection
of arguments, the placement of emphasis, etc. The Kimche brothers and Habas ap-
proach the problem from the perspective of the Zionist left, while Lazar-Litai pre-
sents the views of the Revisionist movement.
Of scholarly monographs, Dalia Ofers book Escaping the Holocaust. Illegal Immi-
gration to the Land of Israel, 19391944 (New York 1990), first published in Hebrew
in Jerusalem in 1988, is of fundamental importance. This thorough study, based on
wide preliminary source research, devotes much attention to the tactics of the Zion-
ist movement. Aryeh L. Avneris Mi Velos ad Taurus. Asor rishon le-haapalah
be-darkhe ha-yam, 19341944 (Tel Aviv 1985) [From Velos to Taurus. The First
Decade of Jewish Illegal Immigration 19341944] must also be cited. The work has so
far only appeared in Hebrew, which by nature limits its potential readership.
Among other works, Mordechai Naors popular outline Aliyah 2, 19341948: me-
korot, sikumim, parashiyot nivharot vehomer ezer/ha orekh (Yerushalayim 1988)
bears mention. It has also appeared in ashortened English version (Haapala. Clan-
destine Immigration 19311948, Tel Aviv 1987; no footnotes or bibliography). Se-
finot be-terem shahar. Sipuran shel sefinot ha-maapilim mi Vilus ad Kerav Emek
Ayalon. Leksikon ha-haapalah, 19341948 (Hefa 2004) [Dawning Ships. The Story of
the Clandestine Immigration Ships From Vilus to Ayalon Valley Battle. Dictionary
of the Clandestine 19341948] by Shai Horev is apopular, encyclopedic history, with
many illustrations and separate entries for each Aliyah Bet sea transport. A collec-
tion of studies on the subject edited by Anita Shapira, Haapalah: measef letoladot

11
ha-hazalah, ha-berihah, ha-haapalah usheerit ha-peleitah (Tel Aviv 1990), has also
only appeared in Hebrew.2 These works deal only in part with the period surveyed in
the present work and, due to their popular nature, may serve only as an introduction
to the subject.
Works concentrating on particular sub-divisions within Aliyah Bet comprise
aseparate group. They include studies of illegal immigrants deported to Mauritius
(by Ronald Friedmann, Genevive Pitot and Aaron Zwergbaum, among others),3 as
well as monographs on selected Aliyah Bet sea transports. The tragic destinies of the
Struma and Mefkura in particular, ships which sank in the Black Sea in somewhat
mysterious circumstances during the war, have attracted historiographers atten-
tion. Israeli, American, German, Rumanian, and Turkish authors have written about
these issues, including Douglas Frantz and Catherine Collins, Serban Gheorghiu,
Efraim Ofir, Jrgen Rohwer, Shimon Rubinstein, Mihai Stoian, and etin Yetkin.4
Erich Gershon Steiner has written afictional novel about the disaster on the Patria
in November 1940.5
The basic source materials which I used for this book were from the National
Archives in London and the Central Zionist Archives in Jerusalem. The British ar-
chives house rich collections of both original documents produced by high-ranking
officers in the Foreign Office, Colonial Office and War Office, and translations and
transcriptions of materials created by Aliyah Bet organizers, Jewish operatives in
Palestine, Great Britain and the United States, and immigrants themselves (reports,
interrogation transcripts). Reports of the British intelligence services, MI5, must
also be mentioned here. I have tried to compare and contrast the information in
documents of British provenance with that in Jewish documents from Palestine and
the diaspora.
The Central Zionist Archives contain groups of documents created by the Office
of the Jewish Agency and its immigration department in London and New York.
In the archive I found pre-war British reports revealing Great Britains attitude to-

2
Studies in the History of Illegal Immigration into Palestine 19341948. See: Zeev Tzahors review
in Studies in Contemporary Jewry. Vol. IX: Modern Jews and Their Musical Agendas. Ed. E. Men-
delsohn, New York 1993, pp. 362364.
3
R. Friedmann, Exil auf Mauritius 1940 bis 1945. Report einer demokratischen Deportation jdi-
scher Flchtlinge, Berlin 1998; G. Pitot, The Mauritian Shekel. The Story of the Jewish Detainees in
Mauritius, 19401945, Port Louis 1998; A. Zwergbaum, Exile in Mauritius, Yad Vashem Studies
(Jerusalem). Vol. IV: 1960, pp. 191257.
4
D. Frantz, C. Collins, Death on the Black Sea. The Untold Story of the Struma and World War IIs
Holocaust at Sea, New York 2003; S. Gheorghiu, Tragedia navelor Struma i Mefkure, Constana
1998; E. Ofir, With No Way Out. The Story of the Struma. Documents and Testimonies, Cluj-Napoca
2003; J. Rohwer, Die Versenkung der jdischen Flchtlingstransporter Struma und Mefkure im
Schwarzen Meer (February 1942, August 1944), Frankfurt/Main 1965; S. Rubinstein, Personal Trag-
edies as aReflection to aGreat Tragedy Called Struma, Jerusalem 2003; M. Stoian, Ultima curs de la
Struma la Mefkre, Bucureti 1995; . Yetkin, Struma. Bir dramin iyz, Istanbul 2008.
5
E.G. Steiner, The Story of the Patria, New York 1982.

12
Selected bibliography

I. Archives collections

1. The National Archives (former Public Record Ofce), London

a. Admiralty Records (ADM)
ADM 116/4312 Palestine: efforts to curtail illegal immigration of Jews, 19391940
ADM 116/4659 Palestine. Illegal immigration of Jews, 19401942
b. Colonial Office Records (CO)
CO 67/364/4 Jewish Camps in Cyprus. Detention of Illegal Immigrants in Cyprus, 1949
CO 537/2398 Palestine. MI5, Illegal Immigration Reviews, 1947
CO 733/255/11 Palestine. Immigration Report by Mr. E. Samuel, 1934
CO 733/331/3 Palestine. Illegal immigration, 1937
CO 733/394/1 and 2 Illegal immigration of Jews into Palestine, 1939
CO 733/395/1 Illegal immigration. Measures in Palestine: setting up of refugee camps,
1939
CO 733/395/4 Illegal Immigration: Tiger Hill, 1939
CO 733/429/1 Palestine. Situation and counter measures, 1940
CO 733/429/4 Palestine. Illegal immigration. The Low Countries, 1940
CO 733/431/1 Palestine. Illegal immigration. Publicity, 1940
CO 733/446/4 Palestine. Illegal immigration. Commission of Enquiry into explosion and
sinking of SS Patria, 1941
CO 733/446/7 and 8 Palestine. Illegal immigration. Darien ship, 1942
CO 733/446/9 Palestine. Illegal immigration. Interim Reports on the Detainment Camp in
Mauritius, 19421943
CO 733/446/10 Palestine. Illegal immigration. M.V. Struma, 1942
CO 733/446/11 Palestine. Illegal immigration. M.V. Struma. Parliamentary Questions,
1942
CO 733/454/2 Jewish illegal immigration into Palestine, 19441945
CO 733/466/12 Illegal immigration of Jews into Palestine through Turkey, 19431944
CO 733/466/15 and 16 Palestine. Illegal immigration. Transport arrangements. Treatment
of Atlantic passengers, 1944
CO 733/466/18 Illegal immigration. Detainees in Mauritius. Conditions in camp. Applica-
tions for release, etc., 1944
CO 733/466/20 Palestine. Illegal immigration. Detainees in Mauritius. Conditions in camp
and applications for release, 1944

181
c. Foreign Office Records (FO)
FO 371/24094 and 24096 Political. Western. Refugees 1939. General question of settlement
for refugees
FO 371/25124 Political. Western. Co-ordination, 1940
FO 371/25238 and 25239, 25240, 25241, 25242 Political. General. Refugees 1940. Illegal
immigration into Palestine
FO 371/29160 General. Refugees 1941. Illegal immigration into Palestine
FO 371/32661 General. Refugees 1942. Illegal immigration into Palestine
FO 371/42825 Jewish immigration into Palestine (via Istanbul), 1944
FO 371/45383 Palestine and Transjordan, 1945
FO 371/61812 Illegal immigration into Palestine: control of suspect shipping, 1947
d. Treasury Records (T)
T 161/1107 Palestine. Measures to prevent illegal immigration. Maintenance of refugees
who are refused admission, 19331943
T 220/195 Palestine. Measures to prevent illegal immigration, 19441951
e. War Office Records (WO)
WO 275/60 On board the Exodus 1947

2. Central Zionist Archives, Jerusalem

a. Central Offices of the World Zionist Organization and of the Jewish Agency for Pal-
estine / Israel abroad
Z4/30286 Mauritius detainees, 19431945
Z4/30523 Immigration into Palestine, 1942
Z4/31046 Memorandum: a Positive Program. Suggestions for Agenda of World Zionist
Congress, Geneva, August 1939
Z4/31066 Illegal Immigration (including materials on the Atlantic as well as the refugees
interned at Atlit and on Mauritius, 1940, 1941)
Z4/31096 Struma, 1942
Z4/31103 and 31104 Refugees, 19401942
Z4/31107 and 31108 including correspondence of Moshe Shertok (19391940)
Z4/31145 correspondence of Chaim Weizmann, Berl Locker and Ivor Linton with Ernest
Bevin and Arthur Creech-Jones (19411944)
Z5/10819 Cyprus cases, 1942/1943
Z6/292 Nahum Goldmanns offices in New York and Geneva. Confidential documents
(19411944)
Z6/1567 European Jewish refugees before World War II (1954)
b. Departments of the Executive of the World Zionist Organization and the Jewish
Agency for Palestine/ Israel in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv and Haifa
S25/22701 Political Department. Illegal immigration. Various documents (19361939)
c. Archives of Zionist federations, organizations and associations and collections of
documents on the history of Zionism in the United States
F38/1304 Internment of Jewish Refugees in Athlit, Palestine, 1942

182
d. Affiliated offices of the World Zionist Organization and the Jewish Agency and insti-
tutions established by them
L15/1139 Immigration Department, Office in Istanbul (Aliyah from Balkan countries via
Turkey, 19431944)
L22/922 Pencho (1940, 1943)
e. Personal Papers
A289/75 Harry Sacher: The Mauritius detainees, 1 II 1945
A406/55 and 59 Robert Szold. Various documents (19401942)
f. Minutes of the Jewish Agency
S100/25 b Vol. 25 (for the period 2 X 19381 I 1939)

3. Yad Vashem Archives, Jerusalem

a. Archives in Bulgaria files
M67/85 including documents on the sinking of the Salvador in 1940
b. Kurt Jakob Ball-Kaduri collection of testimonies and reports on German Jewry
O1/213 Protokoll ber eine Besprechung mit Dr. Aron Zwergbaum, Jerusalem, zum The-
ma Mauritius aufgezeichnet von Dr. Ball-Kaduri. Tel Aviv, 27 Februar 1958
c. Records of The Wiener Library, London
O2/633 Die Alijah von Bratislava nach Mauritius. Ein Tagebuch von Dr. A. Zwergbaum
O2/634 Mauritius: Documents and newspaper cuttings
O2/635 Mauritius: petitions and cutting from Cyprus Post
O2/636 Hans Klein, London (late of Vienna): My emigration into forced Internment of
Mauritius
d. Collection about Romania
O11/64 and 66, 67 Struma
O11/69 Mefkure, 1944
O11/70 S.S. Mefkre. S.S. Patria
O11/71 Struma und Mefkure. Gutachten von Dr. J. Rohver
e. Records of the Wilhelm Filderman Archive (Chairman, Union of Jewish Communi-
ties in Romania)
P6/20, P6/24, P6/117 including documents on Aliyah Bet from Romania (1942, 1944)

4. Atlit Detention Camp for Illegal Immigrants Museum, Atlit

a. booklet Atlit Detention Camp for Illegal Immigrants. Ed. Atlit Detention Camp for Illegal
Immigrants [without year of issue]
b. leaflet Maapilim Detention Camp Atlit

183
5. The National Library of Israel, Givat Ram, Jerusalem
Unpublished works:
Carmely T., The Real Story of Struma or Breaking Down a60 Years Old Conspiracy of Silence,
Haifa 2002 (inventory no. S2 = 2002 B 3367)
Carmely T., Dosarul Struma i dedesubturile sale, Haifa 2005 (inventory no. S2 = 2006 B
4904)
Finkelstein A., The Mefkure Tragedy (An inquiry into the slayers identity), Paris 1989 (inven-
tory no. S2 = 89 B 2684)
Rubinstein S., Comments on Several Personal Tragedies that were part of the General Tragedy
Called Struma, Jerusalem 2002 (inventory no. S2 = 2003 B 6596)
Shealtiel S., Emigration and Illegal Immigration to Palestine from Bulgaria and via Bulgaria in
the years 19391945. Vol. 12, Tel Aviv University 2001 (inventory no. S2 = 2003 A 1581;
PhD thesis in Hebrew, summary and additional title in English)

6. Rhodes House Library, Oxford

Dudley Nigg Papers, MSS. Medit/21 (Ill usage of ex-detainees at Athlit Camp, Palestine)

7. The Polish Institute and General Sikorski Museum in London

Records: Ref. A.11 E/87 Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Jews in Palestine 1945
Ref. A. 11/3/Bl. Wsch. including analysis and reports of the Bureau for Near and Middle
East Studies of the Polish Government-in-Exile
Ref. A. 49/1 Polish Consulate in Tel Aviv. General political relations with Poland

8. Archiwum Akt Nowych (The Central Archives of Modern

Records), Warsaw
a. Records of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych, MSZ)
MSZ 9909 The problem of Jewish emigration legal and illegal including to Palestine
19381939 [microfilm B 26319]
MSZ 9916, 9918 V. Jabotinskys New Zionist Organization activities, contacts with the
Polish government, 19381939 [B 26326, B 26328]
MSZ 9933 Emigration of Jews to Palestine. Activities of Jewish organizations. Question of
youth military training etc., 1939 [B 26343]
MSZ 9935 The Hehalutz Pioneer organization in Poland. Tourist emigration to Pales-
tine. Minutes of conferences at Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1939 [B 26345]
MSZ 10004 Problem of Jewish emigration. Resolutions of the New Zionist Organization,
19371939 [B 26414]
MSZ 10008 Report of an official trip to Palestine, 1939 [B 26418]

184
b. Records of the Polish Central Police Command (Komenda Gwna Policji Pastwowej,
KGPP)
KGPP 258 Illegal emigration of Jews to Palestine. Memos of the Polish Ministry of Internal
Affairs, correspondence, photocopies of declarations, records of statements, 19381939
c. Records of the Polish Embassy in London
140 Palestine. Political system, government, parliament. Arab-Jewish conflict and govern-
ment policy etc., 19361939
271 Palestine. Movement of population. Immigration (including from Poland). Reports,
statistical tables, 19321935
902 Emigration of national minorities. Polish Jews in Canada, Palestine, South Africa etc.,
19201938
d. Records of the Polish Diplomatic Mission in Bern
153 Palestine. Internal situation and the problem of dividing the country. World Zionist
Congress in Geneva. Reports of the Polish Diplomatic Mission in Bern and the Polish
Consulate in Tel Aviv, correspondence, aide-memoires, 1939
e. Records of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (Ministerstwo Spraw Wewntrznych,
MSW)
MSW 1069 Documents on the evacuation of Jews from Gdansk, 1938
MSW 1508 Deporting of Polish citizens to Poland from Palestine, 19251939

II. Published primary sources

Begin M., Jedyna droga, Warszawa 1936
British White Paper, Cmd. 1700 of 1922: Palestine. Correspondence with the Palestine Arab
Delegation and the Zionist Organization, London 1922
British White Paper, Cmd. 3692 of 1930: Palestine: Statement of Policy by His Majestys Gov-
ernment in the United Kingdom, London 1930
British White Paper, Cmd. 5957 of 1939: Correspondence between Sir Henry McMahon, His
Majestys High Commissioner at Cairo, and the Sherif Hussein of Mecca, July 1915March
1916, London 1939
British White Paper, Cmd. 6019 of 1939: Palestine: Statement of Policy, London 1939
British White Paper, Cmd. 6180 of 1940: Palestine Land Transfers Regulations. Letter to the
Secretary General of the League of Nations, February 28, 1940, London 1940
Butler R. and Bury J.P.T. (eds.), Documents on British Foreign Policy 19191939. Series I.
Vol. VIII: 1920, London 1958
[Colony of Mauritius], Interim Report on the Detainment Camp for the period 1st Oct., 1941,
to 30th Sept., 1942, Port Louis, Mauritius 1942
[Colony of Mauritius], Interim Report on the Detainment Camp for the period 1st Oct., 1942,
to 30th Sept., 1943, Port Louis, Mauritius 1943
Dezercje ydw z Armii Polskiej na Wschodzie, Zeszyty Historyczne (Paris). No. 103: 1993,
pp. 131144

185
Documents on German Foreign Policy 19181945. Series D. Vol. V: Poland; The Balkans; Latin
America; The Smaller Powers. June 1937March 1939, London 1953
Foreign Relations of the United States. Diplomatic Papers
1937. Vol. II: The British Commonwealth, Europe, Near East and Africa, Washington 1954
1939. Vol. IV: The Far East, The Near East and Africa, Washington 1955
1940. Vol. III: The British Commonwealth, The Soviet Union, The Near East and Africa,
Washington 1958
1943. Vol. I: General, Washington 1963
1944. Vol. III: The British Commonwealth and Europe, Washington 1965
Haapala, La. Compilacin de notas y documentos de la Inmigrcion Ilegal aEretz Israel 1933
1948. La seleccin del material por M. Kitrn, Jerusalem 1953
Herzl T., The Jewish State, New YorkLondon 1988 (translation from German, LeipzigWien
1896)
Hurewitz J.C., Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East. A Documentary Record: 19141956.
Vol. II, Princeton 1956
Hurewitz J.C., The Middle East and North Africa in World Politics. A Documentary Record.
Vol. II: British-French Supremacy 19141945, New HavenLondon 1979
[The Jewish Agency for Palestine], Book of Documents submitted to the General Assembly of
the United Nations relating to the Establishment of the National Home for the Jewish People,
New York 1947
[The Jewish Agency for Palestine], The Jewish Case before the Anglo-American Committee
of Inquiry on Palestine as presented by the Jewish Agency for Palestine. Statements and
Memoranda, Jerusalem 1947
[The Jewish Agency for Palestine], Memorandum submitted to the Palestine Royal Commis-
sion on behalf of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, London 1936
Laqueur W., Rubin B. (eds.), The Israel-Arab Reader. A Documentary History of the Middle
East Conflict, 4th ed., New YorkOxford 1985
Palestine Mandate, Cmd. 1785, London 1922
Palestine Royal Commission. Report. Presented by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to
Parliament by Command of His Majesty. July, 1937. Cmd. 5479, London 1937
Palestine Statement of Policy by H.M.G. Official Communique No. 2/39, The Palestine Post,
18 V 1939, p. 3
Palestine. Termination of the Mandate 15th May, 1948. Statement prepared for public informa-
tion by the Colonial Office and Foreign Office, London 1948
Parliamentary Debates. House of Commons. Official Report. 5th Series. Vol. 298, London 1935;
Vol. 346, London 1939, Vol. 347, London 1939; Vol. 348, London 1939; Vol. 350, London
1939; Vol. 351, London 1939; Vol. 356, London 1939; Vol. 357, London 1940; Vol. 367,
London 1940; Vol. 368, London 1940; Vol. 377, London 1942; Vol. 378, London 1942; Vol.
393, London 1943; Vol. 398, London 1944; Vol. 400, London 1944; Vol. 408, London 1945
Parliamentary Debates. House of Lords. Official Report. 5th Series. Vol. 115, London 1940;
Vol. 128, London 1943
Patek A. (ed.), ydowska emigracja turystyczna z Polski do Palestyny w 1939 roku doku-
menty, Studia Historyczne (Krakw). No. 1 (213): 2011, pp. 8198
The Political History of Palestine under British Administration. (Memorandum by His Britan-
nic Majestys Government presented in July, 1947, to the United Nations Special Committee
on Palestine), Jerusalem 1947

186
Reich B. (ed.), Arab-Israeli Conflict and Conciliation. A Documentary History, London 1995
Report of the Commission on the Palestine Disturbances of August 1929 presented by the Sec-
retary of State for the Colonies to Parliament by Command of His Majesty, London 1930
The Rise of Israel. A Documentary Record from the Nineteenth Century to 1948. A Facsimile
Series Reproducing Over 1.900 Documents in 39 Volumes. General Editor H.M. Sachar,
New York 1987
Vol. 7, 8: Britain Enters into aCompact with Zionism 1917. Ed. by I. Friedman
Vol. 16: The Jewish Yishuvs Development in the Interwar Period. Ed. by A.S. Klieman
Vol. 19: Zionist Political Activity in the 1920s and 1930s. Ed. by A.S. Klieman
Vol. 24: The Royal Commission Report, 1937. Ed. by A.S. Klieman
Vol. 27: The Darkest Year 1939. Ed. by A.S. Klieman
Vol. 28: Implementing the White Paper, 19391941. Ed. by M.J. Cohen
Vol. 30: The Holocaust and Illegal Immigration, 19391947. Ed. by M.J. Cohen
Select British Documents on the Illegal Immigration to Palestine (19391940). Introduced
by L. Yahil, Yad Vashem Studies on the European Jewish Catastrophe and Resistance (Jeru-
salem). Vol. X: 1974, pp. 241276
Sovietsko-izrailskiye otnosheniya. Sbornik dokumientov. T. I: 19411953. Kniga 1: 1941May
1949, Moskva 2000
A Survey of Palestine. Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the Information of the
Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry. Vol. 1, Jerusalem 1946
Todorov T., The Fragility of Goodness. Why Bulgarias Jews Survived the Holocaust, London
2000
Tomaszewski J. (ed.), Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej wobec
ydw, 19381939 (dokumenty), Polski Przegld Dyplomatyczny (Warszawa). Vol. 3:
2003. No. 1 (11), pp. 197235
Wight M., British Colonial Constitutions 1947, Oxford 1952
Woodhead J., The Report of the Palestine Partition Commission, International Affairs (Ox-
ford). No. 2: 1939, pp. 171193
abotyski W., Pastwo ydowskie, WarszawaKrakwPoznad [1937]
ebrowski R., Dzieje ydw w Polsce 19181939. Wybr tekstw rdowych, Warszawa 1993

III. Diaries and memoirs

Aliav R., Mann P., The Last Escape. The Launching of the Largest Secret Rescue Movement of
All Time, London 1974
Anders W., Bez ostatniego rozdziau. Wspomnienia z lat 19391946, Londyn 1959 (reprint:
Bydgoszcz 1989)
Avigur S., S pokoleniyem khagany, Tel Awiw 1976 (Hebrew edition: Im dor ha-Haganah,
Tel Aviv 1962)
Avriel E., Open the Gates! A Personal Story of Illegal Immigration to Israel. Preface by
G. Meir, New York 1975 (also the Italian edition: Aprite le porte. La drammatica storia
dell immigrazione clandestina in Israele, Milano 1976)
Barbur E., Urbaski K., Wanie Izrael. Gadany przewodnik po teraniejszoci i historii Iz-
raela, Warszawa 2006

187
Begin M., The Revolt, Jerusalem 1951 (7th ed.: JerusalemTel AvivHaifa 1977; Hebrew edi-
tion: Mered, Yerushalayim 1950)
Ben-Gurion D., Israel. A Personal History, London 1972 (translation from the Hebrew,
Tel-Aviv 1969)
Ben-Gurion D., Rebirth and Destiny of Israel. Edited and translated from the Hebrew under
the supervision of M. Nurock, New York 1954
Bentwich N. and H., Mandate Memories 19181948, New York 1965
Braginsky Y., Am hoter el hof, Tel-Aviv 1965
Drymmer W.T., Zagadnienie ydowskie w Polsce w latach 19351939 (Wspomnienie zpra-
cy w Ministerstwie Spraw Zagranicznych), Zeszyty Historyczne (Paris). No. 13: 1968,
pp. 5575
[Dugdale B.], Baffy. The Diaries of Blanche Dugdale 19361947. Edited by N.A. Rose. Fore-
word by M. Weisgal, London 1973
Epstein L., Before the Curtain Fell, Tel-Aviv 1990
Feinber Ch., Nach fnfzehn Jahren Patria Gedanken. Aus den Erinnerungen eines
Geretteten, Jedioth Chadashoth (Tel-Aviv), 25 XI 1955, p. 6
Friling T., The King of the Jews in Bulgaria. David Ben-Gurions Diary, December 1944,
Shvut. Studies in Russian and East European Jewish History and Culture (Tel-AvivBeer
Sheva). Ed. B. Pinkus. Vol. 10 (26): 2001, pp. 182279
Hirschmann I.A., Life Line to aPromised Land, New York 1946
Kollek T., For Jerusalem. A Life by Teddy Kollek with his son, Amos Kollek, London 1978
Konfino B., Aliyah Bet. Nielegalna imigraciya. Kratk ocherk za izvshenite nielegalni transporti
za Palestina prez 1939/40 god, Sofiya 1946 (Hebrew edition: Aliyah Bet me-hofe Bulgar-
yah, Yerushalayim-Tel Aviv 1965)
Laub M., The Last Barrier to Freedom. Internment of Jewish Holocaust Survivors on Cyprus,
19461949, Berkeley, Cal. 1985
Lenk K., The Mauritius Affair. The Boat People of 1940/1941. Edited and translated from the
original German by R.S. Lenk, Brighton 1993
Marcus E., The German Foreign Office and the Palestine Question in the Period 1933
1939, Yad Vashem Studies (Jerusalem). Vol. II: 1958, pp. 179204
Mardor M.M., Strictly Illegal. Foreword by D. Ben-Gurion, London 1964 (Hebrew edition:
Shelihut alumah, Tel-Aviv 1957)
Meir G., My Life, 6th ed., London 1978
Nameri D., Sipuro shel Davidka, Tel Aviv 1974
Pearse R., Three Years in the Levant, London 1949
[Pearlman M.], Ben Gurion Looks Back in talks with Moshe Pearlman, New York 1965
Perl W.R., Operation Action. Rescue from the Holocaust. Revised and enlarged edition, New
York 1983 (1st ed.: The Four-Front War. From the Holocaust to the Promised Land, New
York 1979)
Sander-Steckl R., bientt en Eretz Isral. Lodysse des rfugis de lAtlantic (dcembre
1939avril 1942). Journal traduit de lallemand par Sonia Combe. Comment par Michel
Daron, Paris 2002
Shamir Y., Summing Up. An Autobiography, BostonNew YorkTorontoLondon 1994
Siemaszko Z.S., Rozmowa z gen. Andersem w dniu 31 lipca 1967 roku, Kultura (Paris).
No. 78 (274275): 1970, pp. 2639

188
Soshuk L., Eisenberg A. (eds.), Momentous Century. Personal and Eyewitness Accounts of the
Rise of the Jewish Homeland and State 18751978, New YorkLondon 1984
Weizmann Ch., Trial and Error. The Autobiography of Chaim Weizmann, London 1950

IV. Contemporary press articles (selection)

204 Jewish Emigrants Drowned in Storm. 66 Children among Dead, The Palestine Post,
15 XII 1940
246 ydowskich uchodcw utono w Morzu Czarnym, Dziennik Polski i Dziennik
onierza (London), 8 VIII 1944
400 Refugees Rescued from Blazing Vessel off Rhodes, The Palestine Post, 6 VII 1939
541 Refugees Arrive in Istanbul from Romania, The Palestine Post, 30 X 1944
709 Refugees Lost in Struma. Ship Sinks in Black Sea, The Palestine Post, 27 II 1942
840 Refugees from Rhodes Land Here. Rim Disaster Victims and Others in 3 Small Boats,
The Palestine Post, 20 VIII 1939
1400 Refugees Land at Tel Aviv Beach. Three Killed by Marine Patrol Fire, The Palestine
Post, 3 IX 1939
1875 Refugees Fight Death in Mediterranean. Fleeing from Nazi Tyranny 7 Die on Voyage
from Creta, Cyprus Post (Nicosia), 16 XI 1940
2000 Jewish Refugees Marooned on the Danube. MacDonald Refuses to Lift Palestine Ban,
The Palestine Post, 8 II 1940
Abril Refugees Deported, The Palestine Post, 10 III 1947
Af-al-pi-magbit, Trybuna Narodowa (KrakwLwwWarszawa), 9 XII 1938
Arab Govt Officials Ask Immigration Stoppage. Full Text of Memorandum Submitted to
High Commissioner, The Palestine Post, 10 VII 1936
Are There Nazi Jews?, The Palestine Post, 25 III 1940
Athlit, where refugees are cleared, The Palestine Post, 22 I 1940
Britains Blow Will Not Subdue Jews. Statement of the Jewish Agency for Palestine,
The Palestine Post, 18 V 1939
Bulgaria Responsible For Salvador Tragedy, The Palestine Post, 22 XII 1940
Explosion Wrecks Liner at Haifa, The Times (London), 26 XI 1940
Govt. to Prosecute Illegal Immigrants. 1220 Refugees Prevented Entry Between February
and April, The Palestine Post, 26 IV 1939
Happy End of A Sad Odyssey. Saga of Mauritius Refugees, The Palestine Post, 27 VIII 1945
Hundreds of Homeless in Cellars and Ships Holds, The Palestine Post, 14 VI 1939
Increased Penalties For Assisting Illegals, The Palestine Post, 24 VIII 1939
Jewish Agency and Aid to Illegals, The Palestine Post, 2 VIII 1939
Jewish Refugee Tragedy. Disastrous Voyage. Palestine Entry Barred, Manchester Guardian,
26 II 1942
Jewry Mourns and Protests, The Palestine Post, 27 II 1942
Levy J.M., Refugee Boats Attacked, The New York Times, 17 VIII 1944
Loss of Refugee Ship in Black Sea. 760 Jews Drowned, The Times, 27 II 1942
Mauritius Refugees Return, The Palestine Post, 27 VIII 1945
Mr. Ben Gurion in Bulgaria, The Palestine Post, 3 XII 1944

189
Murder of Lord Moyne. Minister Resident Shot in Cairo, The Palestine Post, 7 XI 1944
Namier L.B., The Refugee Ships, Time and Tide (London), 14 III 1942
No Legal Immigration in the Next Schedule Period, The Palestine Post, 13 VII 1939
Parita Refugees Released, The Palestine Post, 1 IX 1939
Patria Enquiry Opened, The Palestine Post, 13 XII 1940
Patria Roll Growing. Total Number of Dead Now 137, The Palestine Post, 30 XII 1940.
Patria Sinks in Haifa Harbour, The Palestine Post, 26 XI 1940
Refugee Dead of Typhoid, The Palestine Post, 6 XII 1940
Refugee Ship off Palestine Is Sunk by Blast, The New York Times, 26 XI 1940
Salvador Was Derelict Ship Without Maps Or Instruments, The Palestine Post, 18 XII 1940
Severer Measures Against Illegal Immigration, The Palestine Post, 20 III 1940
A Ship in the Black Sea, Transporting 700 Victims, Sailed into aMine Field for Lack of Navi-
gation Facilities, The New York Times, 28 II 1942
The S.S. Parita Beached at Tel Aviv on Tuesday, The Palestine Post, 24 VIII 1939
Struma Again Raised in Commons, The Palestine Post, 13 III 1942
The Struma Tragedy, The New York Times, 13 III 1942
Survivors of Patria to Remain. Official Communique. Position Regarding Other Illegals
Unchanged, The Palestine Post, 5 XII 1940
Turkey Censures Romania for Struma Sinking, The Palestine Post, 5 III 1942
U-Boat Sank Refugee Ship, The Palestine Post, 20 VIII 1944
The White Paper and the Struma. Dr. Weizmann on Refugee Tragedy, The Palestine Post,
9 III 1942
White Paper not in Accordance with Leagues View of Mandate, The Palestine Post,
25 VIII 1939

V. Monographs and articles

Abella I., Troper H., None Is Too Many. Canada and the Jews of Europe, 19331948, New York
1983
Aharonson R., Rothschild and Early Jewish Colonization in Palestine, Lanham 2000
Anderl G., Die Zentralstelle fr jdische Auswanderung in Wien, 19381943, David J-
dische Kulturzeitschrift (Wien). Jg. 5: 1993, H. 16, pp. 1219
Anderl G., Die Zentralstellen fr jdische Auswanderung in Wien, Berlin und Prag
ein Vergleich, Tel Aviver Jahrbuch fr deutsche Geschichte (Tel Aviv). 23. Band: 1994,
pp. 275299
Anderl G., Berthold Storfer: Retter oder Kollaborateur? Skizzen einer umstrittenen Persn-
lichkeit. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der sogenannten illegalen Einwanderung in das
britische Mandatsgebiet Palstina, David Jdische Kulturzeitschrift (Wien). Jg. 9: 1997,
H. 35, pp. 1530
Anderl G., Manoschek W., Gescheiterte Flucht. Der Kladovo-Transport auf dem Weg nach
Palstina, 19391942, Wien 2001
Anderl G., Manoschek W., Herta Eisler und der jdische Kladovo-Transport auf dem
Weg nach Palstina [in:] Zwei Tage Zeit. Herta Reich und die Spuren jdischen Lebens in
Mrz-zuschlag. H. Halbrainer (Hg.), Graz 1998, pp. 3862

190
Index*

A Ankara 139, 147, 148, 151, 167

Abdlhamid II, sultan of the Ottoman Em- Ankara = Turkey 132, 164
pire 47 Antonescu, Ion 156, 165
Abdullah, emir of Transjordan 26, 34 Antonius, George 20
Abella, Irving 100 Arazi, Yehuda 66, 70, 135
Achdut HaAvoda (United Labour Party) 68 Arendt, Hannah 73
Acre 121 Argentina 19, 49, 77
Aden 18, 168 Aron, Jacques 81, 177
Af-al-pi 52, 81 Aroni, Samuel 145
Af al pi 174, 175 Arsene, Maria (Arthur Leibovici) 141, 147
Agami, Moshe, see Averbuch, Moshe Artemisia 174, 175
Aghia Zioni 176 Asefat haNivharim (Assembly of Represent-
Aghios Nikolaos 86, 88, 176, 177 atives) 30, 169
Ahad ha-Am (Asher Hirsch Ginsberg) 20 Assa, Anri 165
Aharonson, Ran 19 Assimi 89, 176
Ahtopol 162 Astia 176
Alami, Musa 169 Astir 86, 89, 90, 176
Albania 53, 60, 174 Athens 45, 48, 52, 71, 83, 139
Aldouby, Zvy 73 Atlantic 76, 87, 115119, 121, 122, 126, 141,
Aleppa 71 161, 178
Alexandria 46, 137, 168 Atlit 13, 91, 92, 111, 113, 121, 126, 135, 136,
Al-Gaylani, Rashid Ali 103, 136 153, 155
Al-Haurani, Tewfik Bey 80 Atrato 71, 72, 86, 90, 175, 176
Al-Husseini, Haj Amin 3235, 98 Aumann, Moshe 28
Alia, Josette 50 Australia 50
Aliav, Ruth (Ruth Klueger) 14, 66, 91, 103, Austria 35, 49, 53, 55, 7173, 7577, 81, 85,
134, 135, 156 89, 108, 115, 118, 124, 125, 129, 131, 171
Aliyah Dalet 38 Austro-Hungary 21
Aliyah Gimmel 38 Averbuch, Moshe 66, 71, 103, 135, 157
Aliyah Vav 10, 106, 108 Avidov, Yani 104
American Jewish Joint Distribution Com- Avigur, Shaul (Shaul Meirov) 13, 14, 65, 66,
mittee (Joint) 69, 133, 157, 158, 163 68, 85, 95, 105, 119, 162, 166
American Zionist Emergency Council 152 Avineri, Shlomo 18, 20
Anderl, Gabriela 73, 74, 76, 131134 Avneri, Aryeh L. 11, 20
Anders, Wadysaw 10, 105108 Avriel, Ehud (Georg berall) 14, 71, 72, 77,
Anderson, Ewan W. 17 86, 120, 131, 132, 160, 167
Andrychw 57 Ayelet haShahar 104

* Ship names are given in italics.

209
B Ben Hecht 68
Bachi, Roberto 27, 80 Ben-Horin, Eliahu 87, 112
Backmann, Ren 50 Bennett, John S. 113
Baer, Tadek 163 Bentwich, Helen 25
Baghdad 103, 104 Bentwich, Norman 25, 49
Balfour, Arthur James 22 Benvenisti, Misho 159, 160
Balfour Declaration 2224, 26, 3537, 114, Benz, Wolfgang 120, 162
152 Berlin 76
Balkans 71, 76, 92, 98, 101, 132, 154, 157, Berlin = Germany 50, 72, 73, 77, 134, 161,
167169 164
Balke, Ralf 22, 97 Bern 13
Ball-Kaduri, Kurt-Jakob 74, 85, 128, 132, Bernacki, Wodzimierz 124
137 Bernstein, I. 47
Bar-Avi, Israel 142 Bernstein, S. 155
Bar-Kochba, Shimeon 18 Betar (Brit Trumpeldor, Trumpeldor Alli-
Bar-Zohar, Michael 32, 97 ance) 44, 4648, 52, 53, 60, 81, 88, 107
Barbur, Eli 159 Bethell, Nicholas 24, 33, 35, 139, 147150
Barclay, C. 116 Bethlehem 34
Bard, Mitchell 100 Bevin, Ernest 113
Bari 83 Bielicki, Vladimir 163
Barlas, Chaim (Hayim) 13, 140, 145, 162, Bierman, John 137
173 Biltmore Program (1942) 152, 154
Barnawi, Eli 50 Binder, Johannes 74
Barpal, Yosef 45, 66 Black, Edwin 73
Basle 18 Black Sea 10, 12, 74, 101, 110, 131, 133, 144,
Basra 168 148, 149
Bateman, Charles H. 70 Bludan 94
Batmaz, akir 40 Bogner, Nahum 156
Batory 137 Bogoslovskiy, Viktor V. 77
Bauer, Yehuda 9, 35, 53, 65, 69, 72, 73, 77, Boh 160
85, 97, 101, 105, 134, 136, 145, 152 Bojko, Krzysztof 56
Baumkoller, Abraham 24 Bosphorus 71, 148, 149, 151, 156, 158, 159,
Beau Bassin 123, 125 164
Beck, Jzef 56, 57 Bowden, Tom 33
Beckman, Morris 97 Braginski, Yehuda 45, 66, 68, 135
Beer Sheva 157 Braila 54
Begin, Menachem 60, 107, 108, 121, 122, Bratislava 75, 76, 83, 131, 137, 138
150 Brazil 49, 77, 86
Beirut 40, 71, 90 Breitman, Richard 51, 100
Bela-Christa 160, 179 Brenner, Lenni 31, 48, 88, 100
Belgium 51, 52, 54, 60 Brest on the Bug 56, 59, 60
Belgrade 71, 134 Brindisi 83
Belgrade = Yugoslavia 133 Brno 128
Belize (British Honduras) 115 Bronsztejn, Szyja 55
Ben-Gurion, David 14, 31, 34, 45, 65, 66, 69, Brzoza, Czesaw 61
78, 97, 102, 119, 150152, 157, 159, 167 Bucharest 64, 71, 76, 151, 152, 159, 163, 165

210
Bucharest = Romania 108, 132, 160 Constanta 58, 83, 89, 90, 133, 135, 142, 146,
Buchwajc (Buchweitz), Menachem 25, 166 154, 156, 161, 163, 166
Budapest 18, 76 Corfu 86
Bukovina 76 Cranborne, Robert Arthur Gascoyne-Cecil,
Bulbul 160162, 164, 179 Viscount 143, 153
Bulgaria 29, 40, 46, 69, 82, 8486, 89, 103, Crete 88, 116
108, 110, 112, 137, 139141, 144, 154, Crimea 164
155, 165, 167, 171, 174, 176178 Croning, Petre 163
Bullard, Reader 90 Cuba 51
Burgas 164 Cyprus 18, 19, 54, 77, 115117, 137, 155,
Burstein, Moshe 30 156, 168, 173, 175, 178
Bury, John Patrick Tuer 23 Czechoslovakia 29, 50, 71, 75, 77, 81, 85,
Butler, Rohan 23 112, 115, 123126, 129, 135, 156, 171
Butnaru, Ion C. 149, 160, 163, 165
D
C Dachau 92
Cadogan, Alexander 141 Daron, Michel 116, 118
Caesarea 70 Damascus 71
Dan, Shaike, see Trachtenberg, Yesheyahu
Cairo 26, 94, 135, 150
Daniels, Roger 51
Canada 19, 49, 51, 77, 100, 150
Dann, Uriel 26, 36
ankaya 149
Dante, Alighieri 47
Cappollo 48, 174
Danube 74, 83, 86, 103, 115, 131133, 135,
Carmely, Tuvia 13, 141, 145, 149
167
Carmichael, Joel 31
Danzig 46, 48, 72, 85, 115, 124, 125, 131
Carvell, John E.M. 109, 113
Dardanelles 46, 110
Caucasus 47
Darien II 103, 132136, 140, 144, 153, 161,
Cesarani, David 73
178
Chary, Frederick B. 165, 167 Della Pergola, Sergio 19
Chateau dIf 54 Delpa 58, 175
Chazan, Meir 118120 Deniezhko, Dmitri M. 148
Chmielewski, Wojciech 57 Deutsche Donau Schiffahrtgesellschaft
Chojnowski, Andrzej 20, 87 (DDSG, German Association of Danube
Churchill, Winston 2426, 36, 99, 102, 111, Navigation) 74, 115, 131
113, 122, 136 Dikof, Lazar 147
Cohen, Eugene J. 65 Dimitrios 177
Cohen, Michael J. 13, 26, 33, 74, 79, 98, 99, Dmitrev, Vladimir I. 164
101, 111, 115, 136, 150, 154 Dniestr 160
Cohen, Richard J. 133 Dodecanese Islands 137
Cohn-Sherbok, Dan 145 Dora 85, 177, 179
Cohn-Sherbok, Lavinia 25, 66 Dordeval 155, 179
Collins, Catherine 12, 141, 142, 145147, Douer, Alisa 131
149151 Draga 175
Colorado 72, 78, 86, 176, 177 Dreyfus, Alfred 18
Comay, Joan 25, 66 Drymmer, Wiktor Tomir 46, 57
Congo (Belgium) 60 Dugdale, Blanche 115

211
Durrs 53 France 17, 18, 21, 23, 5052, 54, 57, 60, 61,
Dworkin, Lejba 59 66, 71, 118, 132, 176
Dyneburg 65 Franconia 129
Frankel, Jonathan 69, 102, 157
E Frantz, Douglas 12, 141, 142, 145147,
Eckert, Brita 49 149151
Edelheit, Abraham J. 18, 23, 28, 33 Fridman, Natn 121
Edelheit, Hershel 18, 23, 28, 33 Friedberg-Valureanu, Uli 142
Eden, Anthony 57, 99 Friedman, Isaiah 22, 23
Egypt 18, 21, 35, 71, 79, 94, 98, 103, 106, Friedman, Saul S. 100
122, 137, 147, 166, 169 Friedmann, Ronald 12, 124, 125, 129
Eichmann, Adolf 72, 73, 7577, 134 Friling, Tuvia 167
Einstein, Albert 150 Frossoula (Frosula) 90, 177
Eisenberg, Azriel 104
El Alamein 98 G
El-Alami, Dawoud 145 Gabrea, Radu 151
El-Eini, Roza 25 Gajewski, Jan 61
Eli 175 Galante, Abraham 141
Galilee 28, 34, 41, 47, 48, 66
Elpeleg, Zvi 32
Galili, Moshe (Moshe Krivoshein) 52, 53,
Emden 75
81, 174, 175
Enoch, Erwin 116, 126, 127
Gaza 34
Enzer, Shmuel 159, 160
Gsowski, Tomasz 15, 106, 107
Epstein, Ludmila 14, 46, 47, 53, 54, 111, 166
Gebert, Konstanty 73, 98
Ettinger, Amos 159, 166, 167
Geffen, David 118
Europa 179
General Gouvernement (GG) 131
Euxenia 155, 178
Geneva 57, 78, 158
Evian-les-Bains 50, 171
Gensicke, Klaus 32, 98
Exodus 1947 11 Geppo 86, 88, 175
Geppo II 86, 176
F Germany (also Third Reich) 10, 17, 21,
Feilchenfeld, Werner 73 23, 28, 29, 34, 35, 4953, 55, 56, 58, 63,
Feingold, Henry L. 100 7178, 82, 84, 85, 89, 98102, 105, 106,
Feinstein, Josephine 141, 142, 145 109112, 115, 124126, 131, 132, 134
Feisal, king of Iraq 26 137, 140, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147, 149,
Feiwel, Tosco R. 25 151, 152, 154, 156158, 160, 161, 165,
Feld, Eva 118 171, 172
Ferramonti di Tarsia 137 Germany, Federal Republic of 147, 148
Filderman, Wilhelm 160 Gheorghiu, Serban 12, 141
Finkelstein, Albert 13, 162164 Gibraltar, Strait of 75
Finkelstein, Sophie 164 Gilbert, Martin 20, 22, 28, 33, 34, 41, 65, 77,
Fiume 53, 83 78, 83, 90, 98, 99, 113, 114, 136, 167
Fiume 88 Giles, Arthur F. 93
Flesch, Hermann 81, 176, 177 Ginsburg, Pino 66, 67, 76
Flinker, David 121 Gitman, Max 61
Fraenkel, Josef 52, 112 Glazer, Eliyahu 53, 81, 86

212
Glubb, John Bagot 22, 34 Hall, George 122
Golan Heights 47 Haller, Paul 52, 81, 86, 175177
Goldman, Ron 151 Halpern, B. 30
Goldman, Solomon 69 Hamburg 51, 75
Goldmann, Nahum 36 Hankey, Robert Maurice Alers 168
Goldscheider, Calvin 29 Hanna, Paul Lamont 25, 35
Golomb, Eliyahu 30, 45, 46, 66, 68, 78, 119, HaOved HaTziyoni (Zionist Worker) 68
157 HaPoel HaMizrachi (Mizrachi Worker) 68
Gort, John Standish Surtees Prendergast HaShomer HaTzair (Young Guard) 68
Vereker 168 Hattis, Susan Lee 34, 35
Great Britain 912, 14, 15, 17, 18, 2126, Hauran 80
31, 32, 3436, 40, 47, 49, 51, 56, 57, 61, Hausner, Bernard 41, 58
63, 64, 69, 73, 75, 7779, 93, 94, 97103, Havana 51
109111, 126, 128, 132, 135, 136, 143, Hedjaz 21, 26
144, 150155, 166169, 171, 172 Hefter, Jean 151
Greece 45, 48, 52, 53, 71, 76, 85, 92, 94, 116, Hehalutz 4446, 52, 58, 60, 66, 84, 85, 131,
134, 140, 154, 158, 174177 174, 175
Greenberg, Izzy 151 Heim, Susanne 101
Greenfield, Murray S. 9, 68 Heller, Joseph 100
Grinbaum, I. 134 Herzl, Theodor 18
Grossmann, Kurt R. 42, 86, 179 Hilda 102, 110112, 161, 178
Guiana, British 77, 114 Hillgruber, Andreas 35
Guirchoun, Henri 50 Hirsch, Robert 116, 126, 127
Gunther, Franklin M. 86, 92 Hirschmann, Ira Arthur 158, 160, 162
Gutman, Yisrael 106, 157 Hirsz, Gordon 61
Gvati, Chaim 20 Hirszowicz, ukasz 35, 51, 72, 73
Histadrut 30, 31, 44, 66, 67, 79, 104, 107,
H 123, 157
Habas, Bracha 11, 14, 38, 46, 74, 91, 121, Hitler, Adolf 28, 32, 34, 111, 133, 151, 156,
132, 134, 135, 137, 160, 166 169
Hacohen, David 135 Hoare, Reginald Hervey 137
Hadari, Zeev Venia 9, 6568, 70, 94, 145, Hochstein, Joseph M. 9, 68
157, 158, 167, 169 Holland 51, 54, 85, 177
Hagana 10, 30, 31, 42, 45, 54, 57, 6568, 70, Holon 129, 151
71, 78, 89, 101, 104, 107, 116, 118121, Hong Kong 77
135, 157 Horev, Shai 11, 45, 111
Haifa 11, 34, 41, 52, 54, 85, 90, 91, 93, 98, Horowitz, Dan 25, 42, 101
109, 110, 117, 118, 122, 123, 128, 129, Hoskins, Halford Lancaster 17
134, 135, 139 Hoter, E. 66
Hainarul 178 Houstoun-Boswall, William Evelyn 90, 168
Haining, Robert Hadden 89 Huneidi, Sahar 25
HaKibbutz HaMeuhad (United Kibbutz) Hungary 29, 71, 76, 84, 85, 112, 124, 125,
44, 66, 67 135, 154, 156, 157, 165
Halamish, Aviva 9, 38, 65 Hurewitz, Jacob Coleman 21, 22, 24, 25, 30,
Halbrainer, Heimo 133 33, 36, 79, 152
Halifax, Edward 150 Hussein ibn Ali 21, 26

213
Husseini, clan 32 Kamenec, Ivan 75
Hyamson, Albert Montefiore 25 Kamm, Josephine 19
Kaniuk, Yoram 65
I Krn, Margita 76
Igneada 162, 164 Krn, Miroslav 76
India 17, 33 Karthaus, Wolfgang 72
Intergovernmental Committee on Political Katina 86, 87, 175
Refugees 50 Katz, Ephraim 73
Iraklion 116, 117 Katz, Mordechai 53
Iran 71, 103, 105 Katz, Shmuel 47
Iraq 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 35, 39, 42, 98, 103 Katznelson, Berl 44, 46, 68, 78, 121
105, 136, 168 Katznelson, Josef 53
Irgun Zvai Leumi (National Military Or- Kazbek 160, 161, 179
ganization) 31, 47, 53, 57, 60, 100, 101, Kedourie, Elie 21, 22
107, 108, 120, 121 Kemp, Danny 151
Istanbul 66, 71, 83, 101, 117, 135, 139, 140, Kemper, Raimund 76
142, 144146, 153, 155, 156, 158160, Kennedy, Joseph Patrick 35
162, 164166, 173 Kenya 77
Italy 34, 45, 52, 53, 66, 71, 72, 85, 97, 98, 101, Keren Kayemet leIsrael (Jewish National
106, 116, 122, 132, 133, 137, 174177 Fund) 19, 128
Izmir 158 Kfar Giladi 104
Kfar Kama 48
J Kimche, David 11, 14, 46, 71, 72, 86, 103,
Jabotinsky, Eri 53, 111 105, 120, 162
Jabotinsky, Vladimir 46, 47, 52, 57, 63, 89, Kimche, Jon 11, 14, 22, 46, 71, 72, 86, 103,
132 105, 120, 162
Jacobovici, Simcha 151 Kirk, George 26, 97, 99, 120, 144, 145
Jaffa 34, 41, 90 Kirkuk 42
Jerusalem 1113, 17, 18, 20, 28, 30, 34, 35, Kitrn, Moshe 44, 78, 118, 134
67, 71, 84, 91, 93, 94, 98, 116, 152, 157, Kladovo 10, 103, 131134
158, 163 Kleiber, Manfred 147
Jewish Agency 12, 24, 28, 31, 32, 40, 42, Klein, Hans 124
4446, 51, 58, 65, 66, 68, 69, 71, 73, 78, Klieman, Aaron S. 26, 30, 33
81, 82, 90, 100, 102, 104, 107, 108, 123, Klueger, Ruth, see Aliav, Ruth
124, 128, 129, 133, 135, 136, 140, 143, Klugman, Aleksander 58, 60
149, 153, 155, 157159, 162, 171 Kochan, Lionel Edmond 166
Jewish Brigade 97, 107, 124, 136 Koen, Albert 165
Johan de Witt 123 Koestler, Arthur 22, 25, 120, 121, 144
Jones, Philip 25 Kollek, Amos 157
Jordan (river) 24, 26, 47, 150 Kollek, Teddy (Theodor) 157, 158
Joseph, Bernard 25, 33, 92, 97 Konfino, Baruch 82, 84, 102, 109, 139, 140,
Judea 34, 42 176178
Kook, Hillel 53
K Kossoy, Edward 57, 58, 107, 108
Kaduri, Ezra 103 Kosta 52, 174
Kahan, Marek (Meir) 58, 108 Kovac, Erwin 116, 126, 127

214
Kovalev, Erik A. 148 Lisbon 158
Krakow 15 Lissak, Moshe 25
Kralitza Maria 176 Lithuania 90, 171
Krammer, Arnold 166 Lloyd, Thomas Ingram 122
Krasuski, Jerzy 72 Lloyd of Dolobran, George Ambrose 110,
Kraut, Alan M. 51, 100 112
Krotova 177 Locker, Berl 153
Krum, khan of Bulgaria 137 Lodz 70
Kubiak, Krzysztof 145 Lohamei Herut Israel (Lehi, Fighters for the
Kula, Marcin 49 Freedom of Israel) 100, 101, 150
Kurnikowski, Zdzisaw Kazimierz 42 London 1113, 19, 20, 35, 38, 50, 64, 93, 94,
111, 126128, 143, 147, 151, 153, 167
L London = Great Britain 10, 2124, 26,
Lampson, Miles 90 3235, 37, 79, 94, 9799, 101, 108, 111,
Land Transfers Regulations (1940) 98 113115, 122,136, 150155, 168
Lapidot, Yehuda 47, 53, 54, 110 London, Louise 77, 114
Laqueur, Walter 18, 22, 24, 28, 36, 78, 85, Loraine, Percy Lyham 109
142, 152, 157, 165 Lothian, Philip Henry Kerr, Marquess of
Las Perlas 177 122
Latvia 71, 90, 124, 125 Louis, William Roger 169
Laub, Morris 156 Luttwak, Edward Nicolae 42, 101
Laufer, Erez 135
Lazar, Haim 47, 48, 53, 54 M
Lazar-Litai, Chaim 11, 52, 53, 85, 145 MacDonald, James Ramsay 24, 33, 35
League of Nations 23, 24, 26, 31, 36, 40, 56, MacDonald, Malcolm 35, 81, 89, 94, 99,
79 111, 113
Lebanon 10, 21, 23, 24, 34, 40, 47, 54, 71, 79, MacMichael, Harold 36, 91, 99, 136, 143,
80, 103, 104 149151, 153
Leibovici, Arthur, see Arsene, Maria Madagascar 57, 115
Lenczowski, George 17, 166 Mafdal (National Religious Party) 68
Lenk, Karl 116, 124, 127 Maga, Timothy P. 162
Lenk, Rudolf S. 116 Mahmud, Pasha Mohammed 94
Levin, Dow 106 Malaya 77, 151
Levinthal, Louis 155 Mandel, Neville J. 20
Levy, Joseph M. 162 Mann, Peggy 14, 91, 134
Liberia 86 Manning, Olivia 149
Libertad 178 Manoschek, Walter 131134
Libya 122, 147 Mapai (Mifleget Poalei Eretz Israel, Party of
Liebman, M. 68 the Workers of the Land of Israel) 31,
Liebreich, Fritz 9, 65, 79, 80 44, 46, 68, 78, 120
Liesel 86, 177 Mapam (Mifleget HaPoalim HaMeuhedet,
Lilienthal, Alfred M. 121 United Workers Party) 68
Lily 179 Marcus, Ernst 73
Limassol 116, 117 Mardor, Munya M. 14, 38, 103, 119, 121
Linton, Joseph Ivor 155 Marica 160, 179
Lipscher, Ladislav 75 Marlowe, John 25

215
Marmara, Sea of 10, 84, 139 Moscow = Soviet Union 105, 149, 166168
Marrus, Michael R. 137 Moser, Jonny 74
Marseilles 46, 54 Mossad leAliyah Bet 10, 14, 6571, 7476,
Marsis 90, 177 78, 8486, 90, 102, 104, 105, 110, 131,
Maurer, Ion Gheorghe 151 132, 134, 135, 156162, 166, 167, 172,
Mauritius 10, 12, 13, 103, 115, 118, 121 176179
130, 135, 144, 150, 155 Mossek, Moshe 28
McMahon, Henry 21, 26 Mossek, Nissim 139
Mecca 21 Moyne, Walter Edward Guinness, Lord 99,
Medding, Peter Y. 31 136, 150, 153
Medina 21 Mussolini, Benito 34
Mediterranean Sea 45, 46, 53, 85, 91, 92, Mller, Heinrich 76
101, 133
Mefkura 12, 13, 148, 160164, 179 N
Meir, Golda 71, 72, 120, 132, 160 Nahariya 70, 129
Meir-Glitzenstein, Esther 103105 Nameri, David 66, 69, 103
Meirov, Gur 66 Namier, Lewis (Ludwik Bernsztajn-Niemi-
Meirov, Shaul, see Avigur, Shaul rowski) 122, 143
Naomi Julia 54, 86, 178
Mejcher, Helmut 25, 35
Naor, Mordechai 11, 14, 46, 47, 53, 65, 69,
Melzer, Emanuel 55, 56
81, 85, 90, 92, 95, 101, 104, 105, 120, 145,
Mendelsohn, Ezra 12, 56, 156
149, 161, 162, 166, 174177, 179
Meniker, Vadim 29
Nashashibi, clan 32
Merkaz leAliyah (Centre for Aliyah) 53, 54
Naval Contraband Control Service 109, 111
Mexico 86, 150
Nedava, Joseph 47
Michael II, king of Romania 165
Negev 34, 157
Michaelis, Dolf 73 Netanya 70
Mihai 155, 178 Neumann, Emmanuel 144
Milka 160, 179 Nevakivi, Jukka 22
Miller, Scott 51 Nevo, Joseph 34
Miller, Ylana N. 25 New York 1113, 121, 145, 150, 158
Milos 76, 87, 115, 116, 118, 161, 178 New Zealand 150
Milotov, Jaroslava 76 New Zionist Organization 31, 46, 52, 63, 74,
Misk Mazowiecki 56 85, 107
Mircea 155, 179 Nicosia, Francis R. 35, 7375
Mishmar HaYarden 47 Nieuw Zeeland 123
Mizrachi (Spiritual Centre) 44, 68, 176 Niko 177
Mohammed 21 Nili 46
Mokrzycki, Bronisaw 107 Nitsanim 70
Momtchiloff, Nicolas 141 Nordia 46
Monroe, Elizabeth 22 Norton, Clifford 63
Montefiore, Moses 19 Nurock, Mordechai 45
Moravia 128
Morgan Witts, Max 51 O
Morina 160, 161, 164, 179 Odessa 47
Morris, Benny 33 Ofer, Dalia 11, 15, 44, 48, 53, 54, 58, 65, 69,
Moscow 148, 164 75, 76, 79, 84, 90, 101, 102, 110, 111, 120,

216
 131, 133135, 137, 139, 142, 145, 149, Peters, Joan 80
154, 156159, 161163, 166, 174177, Peterson, Maurice 168
179 Pickett, Winston 129
Ofir, Efraim 12, 141, 145, 147150, 159 Picot, Georges 21
Ogilvie, Sarah A. 51 Pilarczyk, Krzysztof 44
Osiris (Syros) 177 Pinkus, Benjamin 139, 166
Ostrowski, Vladek 163 Pinner, Ludwig 73
Ovendale, Ritchie 33 Pisk 57, 59, 60
Ozer, Ayhan 141143, 145, 162 Piraeus 52, 53, 83, 90
Pitot, Genevive 12, 124127, 129, 130
P Poland 10, 28, 29, 40, 41, 4448, 53, 5564,
Pacific 76, 87, 115, 116, 118, 161, 178 67, 70, 71, 75, 8486, 89, 90, 105107,
Paetz, Andreas 30 112, 115, 124126, 131, 135, 136, 156,
Palestine passim 165, 171, 172
Palestine Citizenship Act (1925) 40 Pomerantz, Venia, see Hadari, Zeev Venia
Palestine Immigration Ordinance (1939) 93 Porat, Dina 157, 159
Palestine Rescue Committee 162 Port Louis 123
Palestine Royal Commission (Lord Peels Portugal 77
Royal Commission) 33, 35, 41, 51
Poseidon 174
Palmach 66, 70, 101
Prague 76, 81
Palyam 70
Price, Coverley 85
Panagia Conasterio 176
Prinz, Arthur 74
Panama 86, 92, 116, 132, 142, 144
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 75,
Pandelis, Jean 142, 159, 166
131, 137
Pankowicz, Andrzej 34, 57
Przytyk 56
Paris 53, 55, 61, 65, 71
Puaski, Micha 15, 34, 57
Paris = France 22
Parita 54, 86, 87, 177
Partition Commission (1938) 35 Q
Passfield, Sidney Webb, Lord 33 Quirini-Popawska, Danuta 56, 156
Patai, Raphael 145, 162
Patek, Artur 15, 44, 55, 60, 91, 92, 118, 124, R
126, 135, 141, 147, 151, 152, 156, 161, Rabinovich, Abraham 67
162, 169 Raczyski, Edward 64, 93
Patria 12, 54, 118122, 124, 136, 141, 151, Raizel, M. 149
154 Randall, Alec Walter George 63, 143, 144
Pearlman, Moshe 151 Red Sea 123
Pearse, Richard 104 Reich, Bernard 151, 152
Peel, William Robert Wellesley, Earl of 33, Reichsvertretung der Juden in Deutschland
51 (National Representative Council of Jews
Pencho 137139, 178 in Germany) 74
Penkower, Monty Noam 97, 158, 160 Reinharz, Jehuda 30, 31
Perl, Wilhelm R. 14, 52, 81, 82, 86, 88, 90, Rembertw 57
111, 116, 118, 134, 137, 145, 175177, Rendel, George William 108, 139, 140
179 Resel, Moshe 162
Petah Tikva 20 Resnik, Reuben B. 13, 162

217
Revisionists (Zionists-Revisionists) 10, 11, Sakarya 110112, 161, 178
14, 31, 44, 4648, 52, 53, 55, 5760, 63, Salah-a-din 166, 179
64, 68, 73, 76, 81, 8486, 88, 90, 102, Salamovici, Medea 143
110, 111, 137, 142, 157, 159, 161, 172, Salvador 10, 84, 137, 139141, 154, 155, 178
174178 Samaria 34
Reynolds, Quentin 73 Samuel, Edwin 45
Rhodes 54, 88, 137, 139 Samuel, Herbert Louis 25
Rhodesia, Southern 77, 78 San Francisco 121
Rihaniya 48 San Remo 23
Rim 88, 177 Sander-Steckl, Ruth 116, 123
Rishon le-Zion 20 Sanders, Ronald 22, 40, 51, 120
Rives, Childs James 42, 79 Sandu 89, 176
Rodimatsav, A.G. 148 Sarafand 91, 176
Rohwer, Jrgen 12, 148, 149, 160, 164, 165 Sarner, Harvey 106108
Romania 29, 40, 45, 47, 54, 55, 58, 60, 67, Saudi Arabia 35
69, 71, 76, 85, 86, 89, 90, 92, 103, 108, Sava 133
112, 115,124, 125, 131133, 136, 137, Sveanu, Simion 147, 150
142144, 147, 151, 154156, 159, 160, Schaary, David 155, 156
163, 165-167, 171, 172, 175179 Schechtman, Joseph B. 32, 47, 98, 166
Rome 71 Schmid, Kurt 74
Ronald, N.S. 132 Schrager-Costin, Mircea 162
Roosevelt, Eleanor 150 Schwadran, Benjamin 17
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 50, 51, 158 Segev, Tom 25
Rose, Norman 31, 115 Sereni, Enzo 103, 167
Rosenberg, Stuart 51 Sevastopol 129
Rosenkranz, Herbert 53, 74 Shafir, Gershon 20
Rosh Pina 20, 47, 104 Shamil 47
Rothschild, Edmond de 19 Shamir, Yitzhak 100
Rothschild, Walter 22 Shanghai 86
Rozin, Yitzhak 53 Shapira, Anita 11
Rubin, Barry 22, 24, 36, 152, 160 Shapiro, Sraya 70
Rubinstein, Shimon 12, 13, 141, 143, 147 Shapiro, Yonathan 31
Rudnitchar 84, 87, 109112, 140, 177, 178 Sharett, Moshe, see Shertok, Moshe
Rupnow, Dirk 73 Shavit, Yaacov 31, 53, 57, 85
Ruse 167 Shaw, Stanford J. 157, 158
Russia 1721, 38, 45, 67 Shealtiel, Shlomo 84, 139, 140
Sheffer, Gabriel 36
S Shelah, Menachem 72, 134
Sachar, Howard Morley 20, 22, 27, 30, 40, Shepherd, Naomi 25
74, 100, 139, 145 Sherman, Ari Joshua 77
Sacher, Harry 126 Shertok, Moshe 66, 68, 69, 78, 79, 107, 119,
Safran, David 141 133
Sagi, Nana 53, 65, 85, 105, 145 Shillitoe, J.B. 110
Sajmite 134 Shind, Zeev 45, 66, 135, 157
Sakarya (river) 110 Shlaim, Avi 34
Sakarya (town) 110 Shuckburgh, John 74, 89

218
Siberia 107 Struma 1013, 87, 141155, 159, 161, 178
Siemaszko, Zbigniew S. 106 Suez 129, 168
Silverstone, Paul H. 58, 85, 87, 135, 139, Suez Canal 17, 18, 26, 98, 123
142, 156, 161, 162, 174, 175, 177179 Sulina 54, 117, 131133, 135
Sjberg, Tommie 50 Suak 72
Sloame, Joanna 129 Sykes, Christopher 34, 42, 144
Slovakia 7476, 84, 108, 131, 137, 138, 157, Sykes, Mark 21
165, 178 Syria 10, 17, 21, 23, 24, 26, 40, 41, 47, 52, 71,
Slutsky, Yehuda 30, 42 79, 80, 94, 103105
Smyrni 167 Syrkin, Marie 37
Sofia 82, 108, 139, 140, 167 Sweden 60
Sofia = Bulgaria 140, 167 Switzerland 18
Solel Boneh 104 Szczepaski, Wadysaw 28
Solomon, Michael 142, 150 Szenes, Hannah 167
Soshuk, Levi 104 Szimanowski, Sladec 163
South Africa (Union of South Africa) 19, Szulc, Tad 66, 77, 134, 158, 167
49, 127, 128 Szyndler, Artur 76
South African Jewish Board of Deputies 129
Soviet Union (USSR) 29, 65, 98, 105107,
124, 125, 148, 149, 165168 abac 133135
Special Operations Executive (SOE) 135
Sprinzak, Yosef 79 T
Sroka, Stanisaw 15 Tabenkin, Yitzhak 44, 66, 67, 78
St. John, Robert 31 Tartakower, Arieh 42, 86, 179
St. Louis 51 Tauber, Eliezer 21
Stalin, Joseph V. 149 Taurus 9, 161, 166, 179
Stalingrad 103, 156 Taylor, Alan R. 20, 23, 31, 65, 152
Stara Zagora 167 Tel Aviv 11, 12, 15, 34, 45, 48, 54, 58, 60, 67,
Stavsky, Abraham 53, 177 70, 73, 84, 91, 98
Steger, Christian 55, 91 Tel Hai 121
Stein, Kenneth 28 Teveth, Shabtai 32, 78, 118
Stein, Leonard 18, 22 Thomas, Gordon 9, 51
Steinberg, Sigfrid Henry 123 Thomas, Ireneusz E. 156
Steiner, Erich Gershon 12, 118 Tiberias Lake 47
Steinhardt, Laurence A. 158, 160 Tiger Hill 86, 87, 90, 91, 97, 178
Stern, Abraham 100 Tobruk 135
Stern group 100, 151 Todorov, Tzvetan 165
Sternklar, S.A. 155 Tomaszewski, Jerzy 20, 28, 55, 56, 75, 87
Stettinius, Edward Reilly 157 Torr, Guy Russell 15
Stewart, Ninian 9, 68 Tours 61
Stockholm 158 Trachtenberg, Yesheyahu (Shaike Dan) 166,
Stoian, Mihai 12, 141, 147, 161, 162 167
Stoliar, David 145, 147, 148, 151 Transjordan 26, 3235, 41, 47, 71, 79, 80,
Storfer, Berthold 76, 77, 115, 131, 178 104
Strauss, Herbert A. 49 Transnistria 160
Streibel, Robert 74 Trevor, Daphne 98, 155

219
Trinidad 115 Walaszek, Adam 124
Tripoli 177 War Refugee Board 158, 160
Troper, Harold 100 Warsaw 13, 48, 5761, 63, 64, 71
Trumpeldor, Josef 25, 121 Warsaw = Poland 56, 63, 64
Trust and Transfer Office Haavara Ltd. 73 Washington 82, 122, 150
Tsahor (Tzahor), Zeev 9, 12, 167 Washington = United States 50, 51
Tulcea 83, 115 Wasserstein, Bernard 25, 92, 97, 99, 110,
Tunisia 40 111, 113, 116, 122, 123, 139
Turan, Kazim 163 Wasserstein, David 48
Turkey 17, 18, 21, 23, 26, 29, 38, 47, 66, 92, Waterlow, Sydney 94
101, 105, 110, 112, 124, 125, 135, 139, Wauchope, Arthur 94
142, 144, 145, 147, 148, 151, 153155, Wavell, Archibald 99, 122
157, 158, 161, 164168 Wedgwood, Josiah Clement 150
Turnbull, Roland E. 155 Weinbaum, Laurence 5558, 6062, 64
Weiner, Hannah 131, 133, 134
U Weisgal, Meyer Wolfe 31
Udelson, Joseph H. 20 Weisl, Wolfgang von 52, 53, 112
Uganda 19 Weiss, Karin 30
Union 48, 174 Weizmann, Chaim 23, 24, 26, 31, 33, 36, 38,
United Nations (UN) 121 49, 79, 113, 115, 118, 122, 126
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Wc, Janusz Jzef 15
Administration (UNRRA) 130 White Paper
United States 12, 19, 28, 4951, 56, 65, 66, Churchills (1922) 25
69, 77, 82, 91, 100, 118, 121123, 147, Passfields (1930) 33, 36
150152, 158, 160, 163 MacDonalds (1939) 35, 36, 38, 69, 79,
Urbaski, Krzysztof 159 81, 82, 9799, 101, 102, 111, 114, 120,
Uruguay 139 128, 143, 152154
Wiesel, Elie 149
V Wight, Martin 24
Vaad Leumi (National Council) 30, 123, Wigoder, Geoffrey 37, 65, 105, 145
149 Willaume, Magorzata 165
Vaneev, Gennady I. 148 Williams, Timothy 15
Vanfel, Hans 119 Wilson, Mary Christina 26
Varna 46, 83, 89, 109, 135, 137, 139, 160 Wilson, Woodrow 23
Velos 9, 45, 46, 60, 87, 174 Wingate, Orde Charles 42
Vienna 10, 52, 53, 71, 73, 76, 81, 83, 109, Wischnitzer, Mark 27, 49, 83, 139, 145, 162
131, 134, 158 Wolf, Szymon 50
Vitorul 154, 155, 179 Woodhead, John 35
Vlissingen 83, 85 World Jewish Congress 128
Volynia 57, 108 Wyman, David S. 100, 143, 150, 158, 160,
162
W
Wachsman, Goldie 53 Y
Wadsworth, George 28, 64, 8890, 93, 110, Yaakobi, Shlomo 53
122, 123 Yahil, Leni 13, 112
Wagner, Jan 63 Yalta 129

220
Yehieli, Zvi 66 Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ire-
Yemen 29, 35 land 128
Yetkin, etin 12, 141 Zionist Organization (later the World Zion-
Yugoslavia 72, 85, 86, 102, 109, 131134, ist Organization) 18, 28, 31, 44, 68, 71,
137, 140, 175, 176 128
Zionist Organization of America 69
Z Zissu, Abraham Leib 159
Zalewska, Gabriela 57 Zofiwka 57
Zameret, Shmarya 66, 67 Zucker, Norman L. 51
Zamorski, Kazimierz 106108, 166 Zucker, Naomi Flink 51
Zangwill, Israel 20 Zuroff, Efraim 157
Zasloff, Jonathan Jermiah 142 Zvielli, Alexander 107, 149
Zbszy 85 Zweig, Ronald W. 98, 135, 143, 144, 153,
Zeevi, M. 45 155
Zentralstelle fr jdische Auswanderung Zwergbaum, Aaron 12, 89, 116, 117, 124
(Central Office for Jewish Emigration) 130
10, 7376, 81, 109, 111, 115, 134
Zertal, Idith 9, 38, 6567, 71
Ziemiski, Jan, see Wagner, Jan aro, Piotr 105
Ziffer, Heinz 158 ebrowski, Rafa 56
Zionist Association in Mauritius 128 yborski, Wacaw 59, 61
TECHNICAL EDITOR
Jadwiga Makowiec

PROOFREADER
Monika Zapaa

TYPESETTER
Katarzyna Mrz-Jaskua

Jagiellonian University Press

Editorial Offices: Michaowskiego St. 9/2, 31-126 Krakow
Phone: +48 12 631 18 81, +48 12 631 18 82, Fax: +48 12 631 18 83
 J AG I E L L O N I A N S T U D I E S I N H I S T O RY

Artur Patek
The term Aliyah Bet refers to illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine in the period of
the British Mandate for Palestine; it constituted one of the most effective methods

JEWS ON ROUTE TO PALESTINE 19341944

of struggle of the Zionist movement for the sovereign state of Israel. Its history is
marked, on the one hand, by clandestine activities and spectacular operations, and
on the other, by dramatic events (catastrophes of sea liners carrying immigrants,
deportations of refugees). The book discusses events without which one cannot
understand the contemporary Israel.

Artur Patek

JEWS ON ROUTE TO PALESTINE

19341944
Sketches from the History of Aliyah Bet
Clandestine Jewish Immigration

www.wuj.pl Jagiellonian University Press

Jews_on_route_okladka_font.indd 1 12/10/2012 9:55:04 AM