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Concrete Design
Sergio F. Brea
University of Massachusetts Amherst
Course Organization
2
Design Example
Design Procedure
Moving along
Assume Service Load condition controls
Assume tensile stresses control
Calculate the number of strands required
Calculate prestressing Loss
Check Service Load condition
Must check tensile and compressive stresses
Adjust the strands as needed
Check Release condition
Adjust parameters as needed
Check Ultimate Load condition
Adjust the strands as needed
Check Shear
3
Design Example
Check ultimate strength:
4
Design Example
How to calculate nominal moment
The nominal moment is calculated as:
CT
0.85 fc' ba A s fs
A s fs
a
0.85 fc ' b
a
Mn A s fs d
2
a
Mn 0.85 fc' ba d
2
PCI 7th ed. 5.2.1
5
Design Example
How reinforced concrete is designed
Reinforced concrete beams are designed such that the steel yields before
the ultimate strength is reached. This was called the underreinforced
condition in previous editions of the ACI 318 code. ACI 31814 promotes
design of tension controlled sections.
Mild reinforcing steel (ASTM A 617, Grade 40 or Grade 60) has a flat yield
plateau which extends for some distance. This steel can easily be
modeled as elasticperfectly plastic. This means that once the steel
yields, it is assumed that fs is equal to fy.
6
Design Example
How prestressed concrete design differs
First, the code allows prestressed beams to be what was once called
overreinforced but is now called either compression controlled
or transition. Prestressed beams are not subjected to a minimum
net tensile strain limit of 0.004 ACI 318-14 9.3.3.1
Prestressing strand does not have a flat plateau like mild steel, so
the steel stress, fps, must be calculated. It cannot be assumed fps is
equal to yield.
7
Design Example
Finding stress in prestressing steel, fps
The stress in the prestressing steel can be calculated by either of two
methods.
Approximate method, found in ACI 318-14 20.3.2.3.1
Strain Compatibility, found in PCI 7th ed. 5.2.1.7
Ap As A s' fy ' fy
p ' '
'
bdp bd bd fc fc'
13
Design Example
Regarding compression steel
PCI 7th ed. 5.2.1.6 / ACI 318-14 20.3.2.3.1(a) and (b)
In order to consider compression steel in equation for fps, the
following two conditions must be met:
fpu d fy
p ( - ' ) 0.17
fc ' dp fc '
and
d' 0.15dp
14
Design Example
Regarding compression steel
15
Design Example
Calculations for this design example
Now fps will be calculated for this example
problem. Top steel is being ignored.
First, a check must be performed to verify
that the approximate method may be
used:
fse 157.7 ksi 0.5(270 ksi) 135 ksi
The approximat e method may be used.
Now p will be calculated using the total strand area and the depth:
A p (10 strands )(0.153 in2 ) 1.53 in2
dp 25 in
Ap (1.53 in2 )
p 0.0051
bdp (12 in)(25 in)
16
Design Example
Calculations for this design example
The stress in the strands at ultimate strength (fps) can now be found:
2
7967 kip in 664 kip ft
Mu 1.2MDL 1.6MLL
kips kips
Notice! This is (0.35 0.98 )(30 ft)2
a factored load MDL ft ft 149.6 kip ft
combination of 8
load effects. kips
(2.0 )(30 ft)2
MLL ft 225 kip ft
8
Mu 1.2(149.6 kip ft) 1.6(225 kip ft) 540 kip ft
The beam has enough moment capacity at midspan, but the moment
capacity must be checked along the entire span.
20
Design Example
Verifying = 0.9
Was correctly assumed as 0.9 when finding Mn?
Compression-
t < 0.002* 0.65
controlled
*Strain limits for prestressed reinforcement and grade 60 steel.
Notation
dt is measured to
the centroid of the
tension strand
furthest from the
compression face.
Design Example
A quick review of prestressing strand strains
Notation
dt is measured to
the centroid of the
tension strand
furthest from the
compression face.
Design Example
A quick review of prestressing strand strains
Shown below is the strain diagram at the ultimate condition.
The additional strain in the steel strands that occurs after the
decompression state is called t.
The strain t must be greater than 0.005 for the beam to be
considered tension controlled (and for = 0.9).
Notation
t is measured at the
depth dt.
Design Example
t for this design example
The additional strain, t, can be found from strain compatibility by
knowing the depth of the neutral axis, c, and then using similar
triangles.
Keep in mind that t is the strain in the extreme tensile steel, so dt = 26
inches.
dt 26 in
a 7.32 in
26 in
1 0.80 t (0.003 ) 0.003 0.0055
9.15 in
7.32 in
c 9.15 in
0.80
25
Design Example
Ductility limit
Ductility Limit
ACI 318-14 9.6.2.1 / PCI 7th ed. 5.2.1.4
The total amount of prestressed and nonprestressed reinforcement
shall be adequate to develop a factored moment of at least 1.2 times
the cracking moment on the basis of fr.
The equation for a non-composite beam is given.
Mn (1.2)Mcr
Peff Peff ey Mcr c
fr 7.5 fc '
A I I
Notation
Peff Effective prestressing force at service load level after losses.
Mcr Moment required to crack the concrete at critical section
fr Modulus of rupture for concrete (ACI 318-14 19.2.3.1)
Design Example
Ductility limit check for this design example
The ductility limit will be checked for the beam in this design example
by first plugging in and solving for Mcr.
The ductility limit provision may be waived for beams with shear and
flexural strength at east twice that required by the strength limit state.
Also, the ductility limit provision does not apply to prestressed
members with unbonded tendons.
The external moment (in this case the cracking moment) has two
parts, the non-composite moments and the composite moments.
The prestressed force is applied only to the non-composite section.
Peff Peff ey Mdnc c nc (Mcr Mdnc )c c
fr
A nc Inc Inc Ic
30
Design Example
Ductility limit for composite members (derivation)
Mdnc Mdnc
Mcr Sc fr fcpe
S nc S c
Sc
Mcr Sc fr fcpe Mdnc 1
Snc 32
Design Example
Strain compatibility
PCI 7th ed. 5.2.1.7
As mentioned previously, ultimate strength can also be determined by
strain compatibility. Again consider the sequence of strain, but this time
consider it at the centroid of the steel.
Where the depth dt was considered previously (the depth to the extreme
tension steel), the depth dp will now be used (the depth to the centroid of
all prestressed steel).
total p p0 p* 33
Design Example
Strain compatibility
Once the total strain is determined, the stress/strain curve can be
used to find fps.
Strand stress/strain curve: PCI 7th ed. Design Aid 15.3.3, page 15-32
Design Example
Strain compatibility, using the design aid
PCI 7th ed. Design Aid 5.14.2, page 5-139
Clearly, calculating the strain is a challenge, but the PCI Design
Handbook has a design aid to use to solve this problem.
To use the design aid, the ultimate prestressed reinforcement index
(pu) must first be calculated.
3
1 2
37
Design Example
Strain compatibility, using the design aid
38
Design Example
Approximate method versus strain compatibility
39
Design Example
Check ultimate condition at ends of beam
The ultimate condition has been checked at midspan. Next, this
condition will be checked at the end of the beam (within the
development length of the strands).
Recall that the development length is given by the equation:
fse (fps - fse )
ld db db
3000 1000
The first term is the transfer length. Also recall that the stress over the
transfer length and the stress over the development length can be
modeled as bilinear.
Notation
ld Development Length (in)
fse Effective prestressing stress (psi)
fps Prestressing steel stress at the nominal moment (psi)
db Nominal strand diameter (in)
Design Example
Check ultimate condition at ends of beam
PCI 7th ed. Figure 5.2.8
lpx ltr
fpx fse ( fps fse )
ld ltr
lpx fse
fpx
ltr
This shows that the entire fps = 244 ksi is developed 69.4 inches from
the end of the beam.
Since the point of maximum stress is 16 ft (192 inches) from the END
of the beam, the beam is OK.
42
Design Example
Check strand development
According to, ACI 318-14 25.4.8.2, the strand must be bonded
at least one development length from the critical section. The
critical section is defined by 9.7.3.2 as the point of maximum
stress for nonprestressed beams (can be also used for
prestressed beams). In the case of a simply supported beam,
the critical section is midspan.
Since the strand is bonded 192 inches > 69.4 inches, the beam
is OK.
43
Design Example
Strand development length
Very important notes about development length:
ACI 318-14 25.4.8.3
Embedment less than ld is allowed, as long as the stress does not exceed the
stress given in the bi-linear curve shown in previous slides.
ACI 318-08 12.9.2 allowed:
Investigation near the end of the member can be limited to the sections
required to develop full strength EXCEPT:
If there is a concentrated load applied within the development length.
If any strand is debonded.
This requirement must be satisfied by checking strength of all sections
(including within the development length) ACI 318-14 9.5.1.1
ACI 318-14 25.4.8.1(b)
If strands are debonded and there is tension in the precompressed zone at any point under
service loads, ld must be doubled.
Since none of the conditions above apply to this beam, the beam passes the development length
requirement.
44
Design Example
Strand development length
There is one last check.
In the transfer length, the prestressing force is not fully developed,
therefore the moment resistance is reduced.
Also, within the entire development length, the factor is reduced.
x ltr 0.75
x ld 0.90
(Interpolate between)
Considering these two reductions to Mn, does the beam still have
sufficient capacity at the ends?
45
Design Example
Final ultimate moment check
FlexuralStrength
ChangeofStrandPatternandHarping
48
Design Example
Calculations for this design example
Now fps will be calculated for this example
problem. Top steel is being ignored.
Calculations will first be done for midspan.
First, a check must be performed to verify
that the approximate method may be
used:
fse 160.6 ksi 0.5(270 ksi) 135 ksi
The approximat e method may be used.
Now p will be calculated using the total strand area and the depth:
A p (10 strands)(0.153 in2 ) 1.53 in2
dp 14in 10.2in 24.2 in
Ap (1.53 in2 )
p 0.0053
bdp (12 in)(24.2 in) 49
Design Example
Calculations for this design example
The stress in the strands at ultimate strength (fps) can now be found:
Mu 1.2MDL 1.6MLL
kips kips
Notice! This is (0.35 0.98 )(30 ft)2
a factored load MDL ft ft 149.6 kip ft
combination of 8
load effects. kips
(2.0 )(30 ft)2
MLL ft 225 kip ft
8
Mu 1.2(149.6 kip ft) 1.6(225 kip ft) 540 kip ft
How do we deal with the harped strand in the length between the end
of the beam and the harp points?
The ACI code states that fps must be found using strain compatability
and equilibrium methods if part of the prestressed reinforcement is in
the compression zone.
For now, lets ignore the harped strand beyond the harping points.
53
Design Example
Calculations for this design example
For the beam section at the harping point (12 feet from the support):
A p (7 strands)(0.153 in 2 ) 1.07 in 2
dp 14 in 11.1in 25.1 in
1.07 in 2
p 0.0036
(12 in)(25.1 in)
0.28 270 ksi
fps 270 ksi1 - (0.0036)
0.80 5 ksi
252 ksi
54
Design Example
Calculations for this design example
For the beam section at the harping point (12 feet from the support):
2
6055 kip in 505 kip ft
Mn 0.9(505 kip ft) 454 kip ft
55
Design Example
Ultimate moment plot
The next slide shows the ultimate moment for all points along the beam.
Beam moment capacity along its length is:
56
Design Example
Ultimate moment plot
57
Design Example
Ultimate moment plot
According to the plot on the previous slide, the beam moment capacity
is exceeded at x = 9 feet (and through symmetry, x = 21 feet).
Lets examine the beam section at x = 9 feet, but this time include the
contribution of the harped strands. Note that these strands are still on
the tension side of the beam at this section.
58
Design Example
Calculations for this design example
For the section at 9 ft from the support, including the harped strands:
59
Design Example
Calculations for this design example
For the section at 9 ft from the support, including the harped strands:
60
Design Example
Calculations for this design example
For the section at 9 ft from the support, including the harped strands:
61
Design Example
Ultimate moment plot
Mn = 573 kip ft
Mn = 525 kip ft
Mn = 454 kip ft
62