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The relationship between an organization structure and culture has been defined while
assessing its impact on business performance. Further, a factor influencing the behavior of an
individual at work has been identified while focusing of personality and traits. There are
changing conceptions of the nature of management and leadership has been seen so the report
presents the different approaches to management and leadership and its impact of organizational
performance. Motivation has been seen as an important factor in all aspects of success therefore
various motivation theories have been explained. Further, it has been explained that how
organizational theory underpins the practice of management. To perform these tasks various
evidences of real organizations have been shown in the report.
Centralized Decentralized
Suitable for organizations that still follow Suitable for modern organizations.
traditional methods of operations.
Few senior officials retain the power for major Power and authority is delegated from head
responsibilities and decisions. Do not delegate office to local levels.
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FedEx organization is structure into hierarchal set up in which employees are ranked at different
levels. It enjoys task culture wherein separate team are formed to compete various tasks.
Microsoft, the technology company is structured into flat set up wherein management levels have
wider span of control. It enjoys power culture to ensure business operations are strictly managed
and overlook with least waste (The UK best companies, 2014).
Organizational culture
1.3 There are various factors which affect the behavior of people at Marks and Spencer-
Abilities and Skills- It is one of the most important factors that can easily influence any
individual at workplace. People who have good grasping power, learning behavior can easily
work efficiently as compared to people who are less skilled and with less abilities. Managers at
Marks and Spencer also have big responsibilities to match the standard of people according to
their work.
Personality- This factor also influences individual at work place as there are various
kinds of personalities in people like optimism/pessimism and all these things can easily affect
any person. It is one of the most important duty of manager to analyze the personality of an
individual and if he founds that personality of any individual is not good then various efforts
should be made to improve that (McGinnis, 2014).
Attitude- Different factors like family, society, etc can also affects a person in different manner.
If a person is tension free than he will be able to complete all the task in most appropriate
manner. So it is the duty of manager to understand all these factors and create positive
environment in an organization (Ashraf, 2005).
Autocratic leadership: An autocratic leadership style is style in which leader takes all
the decisions. It can be said that all the decision making powers are centralized in leaders. They
do not involve the suggestions of employees or subordinates. However, the kind of leadership
style is used at the place where employees do not any experience and they require supervision.
As a positive aspect the leadership style is profitable to train new employees. But sometime it
can reduce the employees' participation as they bee de- motivated. Let's have an example :
Barchester Healthcare is the UK bases health-care organization and considered as 10th is
top hundred companies (Zhang and Li, 2012). The leaders of business entity use autocratic style
as employee need lots of supervision. It allows organization to take quick decision and
considered as the best style that motivates the employees of Barchester. It is valuable in some
types of business where decisions need to be made quickly and decisively.
They can plan their work according to achieve the goals in the best effective manner.
This can reduce the wastage of resources and can provide better results to the organization.
Using such theories at a same time will be helpful in motivating people towards the goals. There
are different management theories such as classical, Neo- classical and bureaucratic theories.
Classical theories are the oldest one that is dated back to the industrial revolution. These focuses
on work planning, balance between authority and responsibility and logical behaviors at
workplace (Barua, 2012). Neo-classical theories emphasis on developing better human relations
with management therefore these are called as human relations theories. Both the theories are
used at workplace to boost the efficiency. Management uses these theories because it helps in
grooming their job practice and become successful in life. Although, it is difficult to use the
theory in a particle scenario but managers need to create an environment to adopt such theories
in corporate practices. For an example : the employees can understand the process of identifying
the ways to achieve their goals. They follow a set structure to attain the goals. These theories also
support management to make effective decisions for organization. Addition to this , the
workforce can understand the need of change in change the structures and practices of company.
In this way role of individual can be identify at workplace and management can interpret roles in
terms of organizational theory. For an extant these theories can underpin the personal values of
individuals at the workplace. Sometime the member of organization can disagree with the rule or
regulation but they need to move away from their principles in order to manage their jobs
effectively and professionally. However, it is difficult to execute both management and
organizational theories for employees and employers but they need to maintain interrelation with
their practices and organizational structure (Cabrera, 2006). For this it is important that
employee treat the company fairly. Further the employers have to treat their employees in better
manner. Therefore, it needs to develop a valuable organizational culture.
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TASK 3
1. How do leadership styles affect employee motivation? (3.1)
To lead the people in a company whether it is large or small managers need to adopt
various management styles. Such styles are crucial for success and achieving motivation at
workplace. The major role of leader is to motivate people towards common goals. There are
various styles of leadership that have been discussed in above tasks. Democratic leadership is the
way to motivate employees in a positive manner while having their participation in decision
making. A democratic leader allows employees suggestion and views on particular problem.
They feel themselves as the part of organization and work efficiently to achieve the best results.
On the other hand in laissez faire style managers delegate their responsibilities to the employees
4. Under Maslows theory what can chronic frustration of a persons needs lead to (3.2)
Before using Maslows theory the managers need to identify the needs of people in the
organization. The employees working at various levels have their individual needs ht area to be
satisfied in a proper manner so that they can be motivated. The managers need to maintain better
Theory X says that the people are not Theory Y suggests that employees are
motivated and they dislike the work. In this motivated and they like to work in the
kind of situation the managers need to adopt organization. The managers need to use
'authoritarian management' style. Further, participative or democratic leadership styles.
managers have to actively interfere to get Employees are self motivated and that are able
things done (Darzi, 2008). to take responsibility (Forshaw, C., 2006).
The employees working at lower levels are to
As per this theory people are to be forced or
be4 involved in decision making process.
punished to work towards organizational
Delegation of authority is possible at workplace
objectives. Therefore, leader has to be
as the motivated employees always seek for
autocratic one.
opportunities.
Following points represent the factors of motivation and de-motivation as per Herzberg
theory:
Motivator: Motivates are the factors that provides positive satisfaction to the employees
and motivate them to perform well. Such factors include company policy, supervision,
employee relations, working conditions and salaries (Ranganayakulu, 2005).
Hygiene factor: Hygiene factors are de-motivators for the employees, in absence of this
factors employees can be deactivated. These are responsibility, growth, advancements
and all (Forsyth, 2009).
There are different motivation factors which are very much necessary for an organization
to adopt because these factors not only boost the morale of employees but they also force them to
work more efficiently and effectively. Some motivation factors are-
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Norming: This is the stage where people increase their sense of comradeship and develop
close relationships.
Performing: In this stage all the members perfume their duties to achieve aims of group.
Adjourning: The effectiveness of groups is supposed to increase through the stages and
people may leave after completion of task.
4.2 Discuss factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective teamwork in
organizations
Factors that promotes effective teamwork are-
Diversity- It is one of the most important factors that facilitate proper and effective
teamwork in an organization. It is very important for Marriott to consider this in order to
complete all their tasks in proper manner. This particular factor allows different people to work
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