Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
THIRUMALESHWAR
APPLIED
THERMODYNAMICS:
SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS
VAPOR COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION CYCLE +
PROBLEMS (MATHCAD)
CONTENTS
Dedication 6
Preface 7
1 Introduction 13
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4 References 206
DEDICATION
This work is lovingly dedicated at the lotus feet of:
PREFACE
This book, viz. Applied Thermodynamics: Software solutions Vapor compression
refrigeration cycles is a supplement to the Part-III of the popular, free ebook series on
Applied Thermodynamics: Software Solutions by the same author, published by Bookboon.
In this book, as with other books of this series, the focus is on the solutions of problems
using computer software. Only the essential theory and summary of equations required for
calculations are given at the beginning of the chapter.
Here, we have particularly focused on solving problems with the very useful software,
Mathcad. Since Mathcad does not have built-in functions to determine the properties of
refrigerants, we have first written useful functions for properties of refrigerants such as
R134a, R12, R22 and Ammonia (NH3) using data from NIST. Then, we demonstrate the
ease with which one can do calculations, produce tables and graphs of results, and perform
what-if analysis with Mathcad, by solving a few problems.
Useful data for R134a, R12, R22 and NH3 are generated from NIST website, i.e.
http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/fluid/
And, using the NIST data, Mathcad Functions are written for both saturation properties
and superheated gas properties of these refrigerants. These Functions are then used in
solving problems, illustrating the ease of using Mathcad in calculations and graphing. Further,
the Mathcad programs are given clearly and transparently, so that the students, teachers,
researchers and professionals can reproduce them for fluids of their choice.
Several Functions are written in Mathcad to simplify the standard and most required
calculations, which, the students, teachers and researchers may find very useful.
S.I. Units are used throughout this book. Wide variety of worked examples presented
in the book should be useful for those appearing for University, AMIE and Engineering
Services examinations.
Acknowledgements: Firstly, I would like to thank all my students, who have been an
inspiration to me in all my academic efforts.
Sincere thanks are due to Rev. Fr. Joseph Lobo, Director, St. Joseph Engineering College,
Mangalore, for his kindness, regard and words of encouragement.
My special thanks to Bookboon.com for publishing this free ebook. Ms Karin Jakobsen
and Ms Sophie Tergeist and their editorial staff have been most patient and helpful.
Finally, I would like to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to my wife, Kala, who,
as usual, has given me continuous support, help and encouragement in all my academic
activities, making many silent sacrifices.
M. Thirumaleshwar
April 2016
He is a Fellow of Institution of Engineers (India), Life Member, Indian Society for Technical
Education, and a Foundation Fellow of Indian Cryogenics Council.
He has worked in India and abroad on large projects in the areas involving heat transfer,
fluid flow, vacuum system design, cryo-pumping etc.
He was Head of the Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Fr. Conceicao Rodrigues Institute
of Technology, Vashi, Navi Mumbai, India for eight years.
He also worked as Head of Dept. of Mechanical Engineering and Civil Engineering, and
then as Principal, Vivekananda College of Engineering and Technology, Puttur (D.K.), India.
A book entitled Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer authored by him and published
by Ms Pearson Education, India (2006) has been adopted as a Text book for third year
engineering students by the Visweswaraya Technological University (V.T.U.), Belgaum, India.
He has authored a free e-book series entitled Software Solutions to Problems on Heat
Transfer wherein problems are solved using 4 software viz. Mathcad, EES, FEHT and
EXCEL. This book, containing about 2750 pages, is presented in 9 parts and all the 9 parts
can be downloaded for free from www.bookboon.com
His recent free ebooks, published by Bookboon, are: Cryogenic Engineering: Software
Solutions Part-I dealing with Properties of Cryogenic fluids and Properties of materials
at low temperatures, and Cryogenic Engineering: Software Solutions Vol.-II A and
Vol.-II B, dealing with Cryogenic liquefaction systems.
Dr. M. Thirumaleshwar has attended several National and International conferences and
has more than 50 publications to his credit.
For a brief introduction to Mathcad, EES and EXCEL see the chapter 1 of the following
free ebook by the author:
VAPOR COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION CYCLE
Learning objectives:
1. In this chapter, Vapor compression Refrigeration cycle is analyzed.
2. Ideal and actual vapor compression cycle are dealt with.
3. Since Mathcad does not have built-in functions for properties of refrigerants,
several useful Mathcad Functions are written for properties of following
refrigerants: R134a, R12, R22 and NH3, in the two-phase and superheated
regions, and these functions are used in solving problems.
4. Also, useful Mathcad Functions are written to facilitate easy calculations for
these standard cycles.
360
5. Problems from University question papers and standard Text books are solved
.
with Mathcad, and these should be useful to students, teachers and professionals.
thinking
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APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS: SOFTWARE
SOLUTIONS: VAPOR COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION CYCLE + PROBLEMS (MATHCAD) Introduction
1 INTRODUCTION
Mathcad does not have built-in functions for properties of refrigerants.
So, we have written Mathcad Functions for properties that are essential for problem solving,
for important refrigerants, viz. R134a, R12, R22 and NH3.
Refrigerant properties for fluids are taken from NIST website [28], i.e.
http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/fluid/
Procedure to use the above NIST website to get both the saturation properties and
superheat gas properties for different fluids is explained in detail in the earlier free ebook
by this author (See pp. 4048 and pp. 6066 of that book), published by Bookboon:
Schematic diagram and the T-s diagram of the ideal vapor compression cycle are shown above.
Most of the block diagrams for the cycles in this book are from Ref.[8]
1-2: Isentropic compression of sat. refrigerant vapor from the evaporator in compressor
2-3: Cooling and condensing in condenser
3-4: expansion in the expansion valve; this occurs at constant enthalpy.
4-1: supply of refrigeration in evaporator
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With the above information, compressor bore and stroke can be calculated when the RPM
and the stroke to bore ratio (i.e. L/D ratio) is known.
Schematic diagram of the system and the T-s diagram are shown below:
Compressor work:
Refrig. Effect:
COP:
Note: In an actual cycle, there may be liquid sub-cooling before expansion in the expansion
valve, and vapor superheating before entry to compressor. Also, pressure drops in the condenser
and the evaporator may be included. See an example worked out later under R134a.
3 PROBLEMS SOLVED
WITH MATHCAD
Note:
Generally, while solving problems on vapor compression refrigeration cycles which use
refrigerants such as R134a, R12, R22, and NH3 as working substance, we have to refer to
tables often to get properties of refrigerant at various state points.
Instead of using property tables, here, we shall first develop few simple Mathcad
Functions for these refrigerants based on NIST data:
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Mathcad Solution:
Our Mathcad Functions are based on data from NIST website, i.e. http://webbook.nist.
gov/chemistry/fluid/
Next, we write Functions for sat. properties of R134a and also in the two-phase region:
Here, the Sat. pressure Table is used from NIST data, and is copied as a Matrix in to
Mathcad:
To write the Functions, we extract each column from the Table as a vector:
Now, use these data vectors to get interpolated values, in conjunction with the interpolation
function linterp in Mathcad.
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Plot the P-T curve (vapor pressure curve). Note that here spline interpolation is
used:
Further, following additional functions for finding out the quality, entropy and enthalpy
in the two-phase region are written. They are very useful in calculations related to vapor
compression refrigeration cycle, using R134a.
In the following programs: psat = sat. pr.(kPa), tsat = sat. temp (C), s = entropy (kJ/
kg.C),
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Data Matrices are written for the following pressures: 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500,
600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000, 2500 kPa.
A sample set of data written for a pressure of 50 kPa are shown below:
Then, all the data matrices written for the different pressures are combined into a single
program with linear interpolation applied for any desired pressure and temperature:
This Function returns enthalpy (h, kJ/kg) and entropy (s, kJ/kg.C) when pressure (P, in
kPa) and temp (T, in C) are input.
First, a data vector is created for all the pressures for which we have collected data:
If the input P value exactly matches with one of the values in the Pressures_R134A data
vector, that particular Matrix is accessed and the h and s are found out by linear interpolation.
However, if the input P does not exactly match with any of the values in the Pressures_R134A
data vector, then the pressures PL and PH which bracket P are found out, and the h and s
are first calculated for pressures corresponding to PL and PH, and then the h and s values
at the required P are found out by linear interpolation:
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Further, for convenience and uniformity, we write the following programs to get enthalpy
and entropy of R134a when P and T are given in kPa and deg.C respectively:
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Now, let us work out some problems using the above written Mathcad Functions
for R134a:
Prob. 3.1.2 A refrigerator using refrigerant 134a as the working fluid works on an ideal
vapor-compression refrigeration cycle between a condensing temp of 27 C and evaporator
temp of -20 C. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.05 kg/s. Determine (a) the
refrigeration effect and the power input to the compressor, (b) the rate of heat rejection to
the environment from the condenser, and (c) the coefficient of performance. [2]
Thus:
Now, to plot the results for various values of Tcond and Tevap, let us write the
different quantities as functions of Tcond and Tevap:
Now, plot q_R, W_comp and COP as Tevap varies from -30 C to 0 C:
We get:
And, COP:
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We get:
Prob. 3.1.3 A refrigerator using refrigerant-134a as the working fluid works on an ideal vapor-
compression refrigeration cycle between a condensing pressure of 120 kPa and evaporator
pressure of 700 kPa. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.05 kg/s. Determine (a) the
refrigeration effect and the power input to the compressor, (b) the rate of heat rejection to
the environment from the condenser, and (c) the coefficient of performance. [2]
Solution:
First, write a Mathcad Function to determine various parameters of interest for an ideal vapor
compression refrigeration cycle using R134a, with Pcond and Pevap as input parameters:
Therefore:
Prob. 3.1.4 Consider a 300 kJ/min refrigeration system that operates on an ideal vapor-
compression refrigeration cycle with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid. The refrigerant
enters the compressor as saturated vapor at 140 kPa and is compressed to 800 kPa.
Determine: (a) the quality of the refrigerant at the end of the throttling process, (b) the
coefficient of performance, and (c) the power input to the compressor.
Also: Investigate the effect of evaporator pressure on the COP and the power input. Let
the evaporator pressure vary from 100 to 400 kPa. Plot the COP and the power input as
functions of evaporator pressure. [2]
Solution:
We get:
(b) Plot COP and refrigeration capacity vs evaporator temp (T1) as evaporator temp varies
from -30 C to -10 C.
Solution:
(b) Plot COP and refrigeration effect (kJ/kg) vs evaporator temp (T_evap) as evaporator
temp varies from -30 C to -10 C:
Prob. 3.1.6 In the above problem, if the adiabatic efficiency of compressor is 80%, determine
the values for compressor work, refrigeration capacity, heat exchange in condenser and the
COP. Find out the entropy generated in the compressor and the expansion valve.
(b) Plot compressor work, heat transfer in condenser and the COP as compressor efficiency
varies from 60% to 100%.
(c) Also, plot the variation of these quantities as condenser pressure varies from 4 bar to
13 bar, for compressor efficiencies of 0.8, 0.9 and 1, other parameters remaining constant.
Fig. above is the T-s diagram for actual vapor compression cycle.
Mathcad Solution:
This problem is solved very easily with the Mathcad Functions written above.
Now, apply the Mathcad Function for Ideal Vapor compression cycle, written earlier:
Entropy generated:
Entropy generated in compressor:
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(b) Now, plot compressor work, heat transfer in condenser and the COP as compressor
efficiency varies from 60% to 100%.
We get:
(c) Also, plot the variation of these quantities as condenser pressure varies from 4 bar
(= 400 kPa) to 13 bar (= 1300 kPa), for compressor efficiencies of 0.8, 0.9 and 1, other
parameters remaining constant.
Therefore:
We get:
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And, plot:
And, plot:
And, plot:
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Note the ease with which these calculations are done and the graphs drawn, by starting
with the Mathcad Function for Ideal vapor compression cycle.
Prob. 3.1.7 Write a Mathcad Function to determine various parameters of interest for
an actual vapor compression refrigeration cycle using R134a, including T_superheat,
T_subcool , P_cond, P_evap and eta_adiab of compressor.
i.e. we take into account: superheating in evaporator (before entry to compressor), sub-cooling
in condenser (before expansion in expansion valve), pressure drop in condenser, pressure
drop in evaporator, and the adiabatic efficiency of compressor.
360
h1, the enthalpy at entry to compressor is calculated
s1, the entropy at entry to compressor is calculated
.
s2s is the entropy at the end of isentropic compression. = s1
thinking
h2s is the enthalpy at the end of isentropic compression
Now, h2 = enthalpy at the end of real compression, i.e. taking in to account
the adiabatic effcy of compressor, is calculated
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APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS: SOFTWARE
SOLUTIONS: VAPOR COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION CYCLE + PROBLEMS (MATHCAD) Problems solved with Mathcad
(b) Plot COP and compressor power vs adiabatic efficiency of compressor as adiab. efficiency
varies from 60% to 100%, other factors remaining unchanged:
Solution:
To plot Compressor power and COP as adiab. effcy. of compressor varies from 0.6 to
1, other quantities remaining the same:
We get:
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Prob. 3.1.9 A refrigerator uses refrigerant-134a as the working fluid and operates on the
ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. The refrigerant enters the evaporator at 120 kPa
with a quality of 30 percent and leaves the compressor at 60C. If the compressor consumes
450 W of power, determine:
(a) the mass flow rate of the refrigerant, (b) the condenser pressure, and (c) the COP of
the refrigerator. [2]
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Note: Try to work out the above problem by hand, using the Refrigerant properties Table
for R134a. You will find that it is quite laborious. However, using the Mathcad Functions
as shown above, makes the calculations very easy, and accurate.
Prob. 3.1.10 Refrigerant-134a enters the compressor of a refrigerator at 140 kPa and -10C
at a rate of 0.3 m^3/min and leaves at 1 MPa. The isentropic efficiency of the compressor
is 78 percent. The refrigerant enters the throttling valve at 0.95 MPa and 30C and leaves
the evaporator as saturated vapor at -18.5C. Show the cycle on a T-s diagram with respect
to saturation lines, and determine (a) the power input to the compressor, (b) the rate of
heat removal from the refrigerated space, and (c) the pressure drop and rate of heat gain in
the line between the evaporator and the compressor. [2]
Therefore:
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Plot Comp_power and COP as eta_isentr varies from 0.6 to 1, for Vol 1 = 0.1, 0.5
and 1 m^3/min:
We get:
And:
We get:
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Mathcad Solution:
Our Mathcad Functions are based on data from NIST website,
i.e. http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/fluid/
Next, we write Functions for sat. properties of R12 and also in the two-phase region:
Here, the Sat. pressure Table is used from NIST data, and is copied as a Matrix in to
Mathcad:
To write the Functions, we extract each column from the Table as a vector:
Now, use these data vectors to get interpolated values, in conjunction with the interpolation
function linterp in Mathcad.
Plot the P-T curve (vapor pressure curve). Note that here spline interpolation is used:
Further, following additional functions for finding out the quality, entropy and enthalpy
in the two-phase region are written. They are very useful in calculations related to vapor
compression refrigeration cycle, using R12.
In the following programs: psat = sat. pr.(kPa), tsat = sat. temp (C), s = entropy (kJ/
kg.C),
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Data Matrices are written for the following pressures: 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500,
700, 1000, 1200, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000 kPa.
A sample set of data written for a pressure of 25 kPa are shown below:
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Then, all the data matrices written for the different pressures are combined into a single
program with linear interpolation applied for any desired pressure and temperature:
This Function returns enthalpy (h, kJ/kg) and entropy (s, kJ/kg.C) when pressure (P, in
kPa) and temp (T, in C) are input.
First, a data vector is created for all the pressures for which we have collected data:
If the input P value exactly matches with one of the values in the Pressures_R12 data vector,
that particular Matrix is accessed and the h and s are found out by linear interpolation.
However, if the input P does not exactly match with any of the values in the Pressures_R12
data vector, then the pressures PL and PH which bracket P are found out, and the h and s
are first calculated for pressures corresponding to PL and PH, and then the h and s values
at the required P are found out by linear interpolation:
Further, for convenience and uniformity, we write the following programs to get enthalpy
and entropy of R12 when P and T are given in kPa and deg.C respectively:
Now, let us work out some problems using the above written Mathcad Functions
for R12:
Prob. 3.2.2 A refrigerator using refrigerant R12 as the working fluid works on an ideal
vapor-compression refrigeration cycle between a condensing temp of 40 C and evaporator
temp of -5 C. It develops 15 TR of refrigeration. Determine: (a) mass flow rate of refrigerant
(b) theoretical piston displacement per TR (c) theoretical power input to the compressor,
(d) the refrig. effect and the rate of heat rejection to the environment from the condenser,
and (e) the Carnot and the actual coefficient of performance.
First, write a Mathcad Function to determine various parameters of interest for an ideal
vapor compression refrigeration cycle using R12:
We have:
Then, we get:
We write the various quantities in output as functions of Tcond and Tevap, for
convenience in graphing later:
Thus, we get:
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Plot the effect of variation of condenser temp and evaporator temp on Refrig. effect,
heat rejected, compressor work and COP:
Plot:
Plot:
Plot:
Plot:
Refrig. Effect:
We get:
Plot:
Plot:
Compressor work:
We get:
Plot:
COP:
We get:
Plot:
Prob. 3.2.3 A refrigerator using refrigerant R12 as the working fluid works on an ideal
vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. It has a min. temp of -10 C and a max. pressure of
1 MPa. Find: (a) the refrig. effect (b) the rate of heat rejection to the environment from
the condenser, and (c) the COP. [3]
Prob. 3.2.4 If in the above example, the compressor exit temp at 1 MPA is 60 C, the
evaporator temp being -10 C, find the refrig. effect, heat transfer in condenser, the COP,
and the isentropic efficiency of the compressor.[3] Also, find the entropy generation in the
compressor and expansion valve, if the mass flow rate of refrigerant is 0.08 kg/s.
Solution:
We have seen above that for ideal cycle:
Then:
Note the ease with which quality, entropy, enthalpy etc are calculated above, using the
Mathcad Functions written earlier.
Plot the effect of variation of adiabatic effcy. of compressor (i.e. eta_ad) on compressor
work, heat rejected in condenser, and COP:
Write the W_comp_actual, q_cond and COP_actual as functions of eta_ad, so that we can
draw graphs easily:
We have, by data:
We get:
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Prob. 3.2.5 A refrigerator in a meat warehouse must keep a low temperature of -15C and
the outside temperature is 20C. It uses R-12 as the refrigerant which must remove 5 kW
from the cold space. Find the flow rate of the R-12 needed assuming a standard vapor
compression refrigeration cycle with a condenser at 20C.
Solution:
Prob. 3.2.6 Write a Mathcad Function to determine various parameters of interest for an
actual vapor compression refrigeration cycle using R12, including T_superheat, T_subcool
,and eta_adiab of compressor. Neglect the pressure losses in condenser and evaporator.
Here, pressures are in kPa, Temps in deg.C
Mathcad Function:
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Prob. 3.2.7 In an actual vapor compression refrigeration cycle using R12 for a food storage
locker, capacity required is 2400 kJ/min at an evaporator temp of -10 C and a condenser
temp of 30 C. Refrigerant is sub-cooled by 6 C before entering the expansion valve and is
superheated by 7 C before leaving the evaporator coil. Compression is reversible, adiabatic,
i.e. eta_adiab of compressor = 1. Neglect the pressure losses in condenser and evaporator.
Refrigeration compressor is two cylinder, single acting with stroke to bore ratio (L / D ratio)
of 1.25, and operates at 1000 rpm. Find: (a) refrigeration effect per kg (b) mass of refrigerant
to be circulated per min. (c) theoretical piston displacement per min (d) theoretical power
required to run the compressor (e) heat removed in condenser per min, and (f ) theoretical
bore and stroke of compressor.[6]
Solution:
So, we have:
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Plot W_comp, q_cond and COP as the compressor adiabatic effcy, eta_ad varies
from 0.6 to 1:
First, express the desired quantities as functions of eta_ad:
We get:
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APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS: SOFTWARE
SOLUTIONS: VAPOR COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION CYCLE + PROBLEMS (MATHCAD) Problems solved with Mathcad
Prob.3.2.8 If in the above problem, adiabatic effcy of compressor is 0.7 and all other data
remain the same, find the compressor power and exergy destruction in the compressor and
the expansion valve.
We have:
So, we have:
Thus, we get:
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Note: Exergy destroyed in compressor is (2.796 / 9.949) * 100 = 28.103% of the exergy
supplied to compressorAns.
Alternatively:
And:
And:
Note: Exergy destroyed in Expansion Valve is (0.795 / 9.949) * 100 = 7.991% of the
exergy supplied to compressorAns.
Mathcad Solution:
Our Mathcad Functions are based on data from NIST website,
i.e. http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/fluid/
Next, we write Functions for sat. properties of R22 and also in the two-phase region:
Here, the Sat. pressure Table is used from NIST data, and is copied as a Matrix in to
Mathcad:
To write the Functions, we extract each column from the Table as a vector:
Now, use these data vectors to get interpolated values, in conjunction with the interpolation
function linterp in Mathcad.
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Plot the T-P curve (vapor pressure curve). Note that here spline interpolation is used:
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Further, following additional functions for finding out the quality, entropy and enthalpy
in the two-phase region are written. They are very useful in calculations related to vapor
compression refrigeration cycle, using R22.
In the following programs: psat = sat. pr.(kPa), tsat = sat. temp (C), s = entropy (kJ/
kg.C),
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Data Matrices are written for the following pressures: 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400,
500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000,
5000, 6000 kPa.
A sample set of data written for a pressure of 50 kPa are shown below:
Then, all the data matrices written for the different pressures are combined into a single
program with linear interpolation applied for any desired pressure and temperature:
This Function returns enthalpy (h, kJ/kg) and entropy (s, kJ/kg.C) when pressure (P, in
kPa) and temp (T, in C) are input.
First, a data vector is created for all the pressures for which we have collected data:
If the input P value exactly matches with one of the values in the Pressures_R22 data vector,
that particular Matrix is accessed and the h and s are found out by linear interpolation.
However, if the input P does not exactly match with any of the values in the Pressures_R22
data vector, then the pressures PL and PH which bracket P are found out, and the h and s
are first calculated for pressures corresponding to PL and PH, and then the h and s values
at the required P are found out by linear interpolation:
Further, for convenience and uniformity, we write the following programs to get enthalpy
and entropy of R22 when P and T are given in kPa and deg.C respectively:
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Prob. 3.3.2 Write a Mathcad Function to determine various parameters of interest for an
ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle using R22.
This program is similar to the Function written for R134A and R12:
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Prob. 3.3.3 A condensing unit using R22 gives 40 TR capacity for air conditioning under
operating conditions of 40 C condensing and 5 C evaporating temperatures. Find out the
mass flow rate of refrigerant, compressor power and the COP.
Solution:
We see that:
Given: Capacity of the Unit = 40 TR, and remember that 1 TR = 211 kJ/min
Prob. 3.3.4 In a food freezer unit using R22, condensing temp is 40 C and evaporator temp
is -30 C. Find out the refrigeration effect, compressor work and heat transfer in condenser
per kg of refrigerant. Also, find the COP.
(b) Plot these quantities as the evaporator temp varies from -35 C to 5 C, condenser temp
remaining constant at 40 C.
We write the various quantities as functions of Tevap since we have to plot the
results later:
To plot Refrig. effect, compressor work, condenser heat transfer and COP of cycle as
the evaporator temp varies from -35 C to 5 C:
We get:
Prob. 3.3.5 Refrigerant 22 enters the compressor of an ideal vapor compression refrigeration
system as saturated vapor at -40 C with a volumetric flow rate of 15 m^3/min. The refrigerant
leaves the condenser at 32 C. Determine: the compressor power, in kW, the refrigerating
capacity, in tons, and the coefficient of performance.
We see that:
Plot the effect of changing evaporator temp on refrig. capacity in Tons, and the COP.
Let the evaporator temp vary from -40 C to 0 C. All other conditions remain the same:
We get:
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Prob. 3.3.6 Write a Mathcad Function to determine various parameters of interest for an
actual vapor compression refrigeration cycle using R22, including T_superheat, T_subcool,
and eta_adiab of compressor. Neglect the pressure losses in condenser and evaporator.
Above Function is identical to the one written for R12. See there for an explanation about
the Function.
Prob. 3.3.7 A food freezer of 20 TR capacity works with R22 and has a condenser temp
of 23 C and evaporator temp of -28 C. The refrigerant is sub-cooled by 3 C before entry
to expansion valve and is superheated by 8 C before entry in to the compressor. Adiabatic
efficiency of compressor is 0.7. Determine: (a) refrig. effect per kg (b) mass of refrigerant
circulated per min (c) theoretical piston displacement per min (d) theoretical compressor
power (e) COP (f ) heat removed in condenser, (g) entropy generated in compressor and
expansion valve, and (h) plot the compressor work per kg of refrigerant, COP, heat removed
in condenser per kg, and the entropy generation in compressor and expansion valve, as
adiabatic effcy. of compressor varies from 0.6 to 1.
Solution:
Since we have to plot graphs later as the adiabatic efficiency of compressor (eta_ad) varies,
let us write the relevant quantities as functions of eta_ad:
Therefore:
kJ/kg.K
To plot the compressor work per kg of refrigerant, COP, heat removed in condenser
per kg, and entropy gen. in compressor and expansion valve as adiabatic efficiency of
compressor varies from 0.6 to 1:
Note that entropy gen. in expansion valve does not depend on compressor adiab. effcy.
Mathcad Solution:
Our Mathcad Functions are based on data from NIST website,
i.e. http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/fluid/
Next, we write Functions for sat. properties of NH3 and also in the two-phase region:
Here, the Sat. pressure Table is used from NIST data, and is copied as a Matrix in to
Mathcad:
To write the Functions, we extract each column from the Table as a vector:
Now, use these data vectors to get interpolated values, in conjunction with the interpolation
function linterp in Mathcad.
Plot the T-P curve (vapor pressure curve). Note that here spline interpolation is used:
Further, following additional functions for finding out the quality, entropy and enthalpy
in the two-phase region are written. They are very useful in calculations related to vapor
compression refrigeration cycle, using NH3.
In the following programs: psat = sat. pr.(kPa), tsat = sat. temp (C), s = entropy (kJ/
kg.C),
Data Matrices are written for the following pressures: 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250,
300, 350, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800, 2000, 5000,
10000, 20000 kPa.
A sample set of data written for a pressure of 50 kPa are shown below:
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Then, all the data matrices written for the different pressures are combined into a single
program with linear interpolation applied for any desired pressure and temperature:
This Function returns enthalpy (h, kJ/kg) and entropy (s, kJ/kg.C) when pressure (P, in
kPa) and temp (T, in C) are input.
First, a data vector is created for all the pressures for which we have collected data:
If the input P value exactly matches with one of the values in the Pressures_NH3 data vector,
that particular Matrix is accessed and the h and s are found out by linear interpolation.
However, if the input P does not exactly match with any of the values in the Pressures_NH3
data vector, then the pressures PL and PH which bracket P are found out, and the h and s
are first calculated for pressures corresponding to PL and PH, and then the h and s values
at the required P are found out by linear interpolation:
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Further, for convenience and uniformity, we write the following programs to get enthalpy
and entropy of NH3 when P and T are given in kPa and deg.C respectively:
Prob. 3.4.1 Write a Mathcad Function to determine various parameters of interest for an
ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle using NH3.
Solution:
This program is similar to that written for R134a, R12 and R22, earlier.
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Solution:
We will use the Mathcad Function written above for the ideal cycle, to get some of the
required quantities:
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183
APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS: SOFTWARE
SOLUTIONS: VAPOR COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION CYCLE + PROBLEMS (MATHCAD) Problems solved with Mathcad
Plot compressor power and actual COP as the adiabatic efficiency of compressor varies
from 0.6 to 1, other conditions remaining the same:
We get:
Plots:
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Note: Try to work out this problem by hand, using the Refrigerant properties Table for
NH3. You will find that it is quite laborious. However, using the Mathcad Functions as
shown above, makes the calculations (and graphing too) very easy, and accurate.
Plot refrig. effect in kJ/kg, compressor power per TR and COP as the evaporator temp
varies from 0 C to -40 C, other conditions remaining the same:
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We get:
Plots:
Plot the variation of compressor power, COP and Sgen as the isentropic efficiency of
compressor varies from 0.6 to 1.
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Solution:
First, find properties at various State points:
Therefore:
Plot the variation of compressor power, COP and Sgen as the isentropic efficiency of
compressor varies from 0.6 to 1:
Note that refrig. effect q_R, and enthalpies h1 and h3 do not vary with eta_isentr.
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WORKING IN THEIR SECTOR 3 MONTHS
FOLLOWING GRADUATION
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Av. Experience: 1 YEAR
PROPEL YOUR EDUCATION BY EARNING A DOUBLE DEGREE THAT BEST SUITS YOUR
Language: ENGLISH / SPANISH
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Format: FULL-TIME
STUDY A SEMESTER ABROAD AND BECOME A GLOBAL CITIZEN WITH THE BEYOND BORDERS
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We get:
Plots:
Prob. 3.4.5 In a vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, ammonia is the refrigerant and has
10.5 TR capacity. Condenser temp is 27 C and evaporator temp is -12 C. NH3 is sub-cooled
by 6 C before entering the expansion valve. The vapor is 0.95 dry as it leaves the evaporator.
Compression is adiabatic. Find: (a) condition of vapor after compression (b) condition of
vapor at entrance to evaporator (c) the coefficient of performance, (d) Power required in kW.
Prob. 3.4.5 Consider an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with condenser and
evaporator temps of 30 C and -15 C respectively. Tabulate condenser pressure, evaporator
pressure, sp. volume v1, discharge temp T2, refrig. effect q_R, condenser heat transfer q_
cond, compressor work W_comp, refrigerant flow rate per TR, COP_Carnot, COP_cycle,
for each of the following refrigerants: (a) R134a, (b) R12, (c) R22, and (d) NH3.
Solution:
We have already written Mathcad Functions for Ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle
for each of these refrigerants. Now, let us apply these Functions:
We get:
For R134a:
For R12:
For R22:
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For NH3:
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LIGS University
is currently enrolling in the
Interactive Online BBA, MBA, MSc,
DBA and PhD programs:
4 REFERENCES
1. NIST website: http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/fluid/
2. Yunus A. Cengel & Michael A. Boles, Thermodynamics, An Engineering
Approach, 7th Ed. McGraw Hill, 2011.
3. Sonntag, Borgnakke & Van Wylen, Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, 6th Ed.
John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
4. Michel J. Moran & Howard N. Shapiro, Fundamentals of Engineering
Thermodynamics, 4th Ed. John Wiley & Sons, 2000.
5. P.K. Nag, Engineering Thermodynamics, 2nd Ed. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Co., 1995.
6. R.K. Rajput, A Text Book of Engineering Thermodynamics, Laxmi Publications,
New Delhi, 1998
7. Domkunndwar et al, A course in Thermal Engineering, Dhanpat Rai & Co.,
New Delhi, 2000
8. TEST Software www.thermofluids.net