Scribd Logo
Загрузить

Добро пожаловать в Scribd!

  • Tape Scripts

    Загружено:

    mascaruda
    95 просмотров11 страниц
    tapes scripts b1+

    Авторское право

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Доступные форматы

    PDF или читайте онлайн в Scribd

    Этот документ был вам полезен?

    Это неприемлемый материал?

    Пожаловаться на этот документ
    tapes scripts b1+

    Авторское право:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Скачайте в формате PDF или читайте онлайн в Scribd
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
    95 просмотров11 страниц

    Tape Scripts

    Загружено:

    mascaruda
    tapes scripts b1+

    Авторское право:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Скачайте в формате PDF или читайте онлайн в Scribd
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
    из 11
    Recording scripts Track o2 Speaker 1: | used to live next door to an elderly lady who had about 20 eats She could never rurn avay a stray animal ~ she 4sid she preletred them to people, Shed been bom and raised iy chat house and shed! wall aroun the garden chatting away happily to all her eats Bus you knows I never saw her speak toa single human being? ‘Speaker 2:| Fst met Chris at high school She sat next to me in one of my classes and we've been inseparable ever since She made me laugh because she was always bumping into things or tripping over, One day, in biology, she managed to break fie test tubes! Buc! know she’ abways there Forme, and you ean never fee! miserable around her because shes aay smiling. ‘Speaker 3:11 Ike ro descrite someone | used to work with, He mace my job quite difiule because he couldn’ work independently tall, The main problers was thar, Fhe had to choose betineen two or tee efferent options he just couldn’ make his mind up, so | woul have t help him or choose for Ahm, | don't know whether he ust lacked confidence, but it meant couldn't ger on with my evn work and that made me Jook unreliable, which fm not at al Track 03 You wil hear a tak about different wey of earning, Fist, you wil have some tie to look at question: 1210. ‘Now listen cavefuly ard answer questions 1 to 10, ‘Goad moming, everyone. The purpose ofthis series of lectures istohelp you to becomes berter student by making you more vate ofthe psychology behind the learning proces. In the past, ‘people were seen as either inteliyent or unintelligent. and this was ‘measured with an IQ tese. However, psychologists now recognise that there are many liferent types of mcelligence and these are reflected in your personality The multiple intelligence cheory fise came to ight in 1983 in Howarcl Gardner's book Frames of ‘Mind, nit, Gardner listed saven types of incligenee. The first of theses termed Tinguistic and this descrives people who are ‘more inceresced in the written word and reacing. The nest kind of incligence is logical, and thsi used to describe people whose strengths re in subjecrs such 25 maths and science: Then theres ‘musica’ intelligence, followed by ‘Kinaesthecic! which relates to the bodyand movement. After thar there sv inteligence, ‘which describes people who are attracted by or drawn to images. And then the final yo inteligerces arenes personal ~ deserbing someone whe isaware ofthe feelings of athe s~ and “incrapersonal’ ich concerns sell-awareness. Over the years, researchers have put forward other types of nceligence to add to this st but these are usually ignored as they cond to be rather ccemplex and less easily defined. So, hove can we use cs information in educatdon? Well. hese Inteligences basically refer to your strengths and wealmesse, ‘Once you have identified these you can build on your strengths by choosing arivties thar match your intelligence type. For example, kinzesthetic learner isa typical fidgeter and needs active participation. This means they wil struggle to lara from a lecture, Instead, kinaesthetic learners could participate in a game ‘or anything that allows them to play an active rolain the lesson, 158 Visual learrers meanwhile, an banefit From visual aids such as making a poster outhining key points. So, how can you find out what kind ofeamer you ate? Well you sirnply need to think about how you prefer co do things in your ‘very life. For example, ifa visual learner was tryingto teach © someone how to use a new piece of equipment. they would _ naturally drawa diagram co show visually how the equipments ited, whilea kinaesthetic learner would shew how someching ‘works by giving a demonstration New, other questions yous could ask yourself are. Track 04 Speaker 1:| think when you're really young, your spare time seems to last an eternicy ~ic just drags on and on. | remember the summer holidays went on for agesand | had so much time ‘on my hands. Then, in next tono time, youlre an adule and time Seems to speed up. Itjust goes so fast and there aren't enough hours in the day to get evervthing dane. You feel consranciy pressed for me, and spare cime becomes ths luxury you cant afford anymore! ‘Speaker 2: Theresa saying that ‘the pasts another country think thats very true for old people lke my gran. For hen the past isa county she Hes to vst for hours and hours ar atime ‘through her memories, She's always tolling me thac time passes in the blink ofan eyeand I should make the most of every moment, ‘oft But for young people, che past seems hike onlyan instant ago and they don't want 10 relect on it. They just want to go our and have the time of their life thinkthat, when you get near the end of, your life must seem briefand fleeting. Lacking back on. ichelps you fee you've achieved something, helps you fel proud of whatyoulve done, Track 05, (Over the past few years we've heen involved in conducting research on an area of the USA knewn as Lake Coeur DiAlene. Now, tong ago-our ancestors came to these shores tram Europe. ‘They were the pioneers of the calonial era and fle they had discovered the charms of tis ake Buc in fact, f we go back mony thousands of years, we nd thar ancient civilisations dwelt along the shores ofthe lake, fishing in ‘ks blue depths and digging for potatoce naar che chore. And Ive been working with a group of archaeologists gathering evidence lof those prehistoric lakeside dwellers Insome ateas, neve found remnants of ancient villages buried beneath deep layers of sedimanc. Other areas have yiided only small Flecks of charcoal from prehistoric res However, our discoveries mean that the sites wil now receive _greater formal protection. For example, we'vejus learned that the area will he placed on the Navianal Register of Historic Places This’s wondorul rows. Ies vital chat we conserve these sites because several of them are.on the verge of destruction. They" Under attack not only from erecion but alzo Frem looters, These thieves steal what chey see as anniques in order t0 sel them. Without protection, this practice will esdly continue. To help with our research, we aim 0 fully excavate the sits, And We really need to de that asa matter of some urgency, When we do, we wil emove any artefacts we manage to uncover and put ther Inco safe storage. Track 06 It’s precy casy to create your own blogand express yourselfthar ‘way. Bur cha’ inthe privacy of your own home| think people should show thai inclvicuality when they re oucand about on the street. You know, through tings like their car Cars come such boring colours they just blend in with everyone else's. prefer co scand out from the crowd so ve customised mine. ve hhad an image ofa shark painted down both sides. think took really cool, but my mum refuses to et init! She'd much rather juscficin with everyonedse, Track o7 ‘Ope ofthe main faciorsin ensuring a harmonious society s the there are clesrestaished patcerrin the way We canoct oracles And we expect people to behave according to our accepted standards ofbehaviour There are those who observe these social mores religious and these people are often abled ‘conservative It’ actuly through such people that our heritage ispreservect Gut then, gadually overtime. a our society facamecenoeb and mate nuihiculural thew ica Nencing of these customs and ve gradually come to redone the nor. sFwe ener «new goup, we notice che unwtitten ules and social norms of tha group. Those who fit observe these norms sie inevtably alice! from that grolp Of eource, there wil shwaysbe those who seck to breakavay from trad torebel These people see themselves unconven fverysorsco the word. ihey creates counterculture aa they shun mainstream values. However ironically n doings, they inevitably also create ther own new code of behaviour with ts ‘nm set of uneiten rues For example, becoming. hippy inthe 1970s required you to don the accepted csaual dressof apy rather than the oblgatrysuitand Ge that was tandardat that Track os 1 censured 5 seek 9 crushed 2 caavsen 6 sofa 10 shield 3 sensor 7 furnace 1 east 4 partial & shure 2 sp Track og hus asearly man made use of che medicinal properties of inseces and repiles to teat common ailments, even using them 353 form ofpoin roof today’s researchers are analysing the protsins that are present in crocodile blood Scizncits are convinced that, because ciacodiies have cuch a longlifspan, they must have a natural ability o eambae infection In ancient mes, people never doubsed the healing powers of plantsand animals. Now, ‘our moddern-ay worl of medica sclence is beginning to realise juss how eflective these phytochemicals, chemical compounds that oecur naturally in plants, can be, There hes already been some success. For example, researchers have already proven that green tea has considerable health benefits Even more research into phycochemical is kel n che future, now that funding bodies have begun to recognise the advantages of using altemative therapies. Because ofthis, several groups ofscientsts have been ableo undercaie research Recording scripts ‘One group is carrying out research into the use of antioxidants toteat Alzheimer's a cvease that affects the brain. Ia particule these scincsts are hoping to discover the precise dosage that vl allow us to effectively west this condition without producing tone side effects ‘Meant researchers have found that phytochemicals are Used in thair pure form, our Body is unable to readily absorb them. These researchers are using nanotechnology to create ‘a capaule hat will release ce reication slowly re Une ‘body. One final example inthe Fight 2gainse acter This © ‘a growing problem all ver the worklas bacteria grow more land more resisiant 10 aneibiotics. Medical stain hospitals are ‘combating these superbugs ona daly hasis, and some people are turning to natual remedies such a ta tee oil to deal with the problem, Era Track 10 Speaker 1: studying accounting ac the moment and nd it wally hard to Keep moved sometimes. Theteareso many facts and ngures to learn and the exams ae ell gracing so you've ge to sey hada theme. find the only way to oiciscosecmyself a goal you know give myself something {o.aim for For me thacsthe only thinghat helps with the learing proces. Ie doesnt have to bea big hing i might just be rewancng mysel witha night out fim successful ina test. Ker ap hs warned wher qa yan ‘Speaker 2:1'm workingat the momen: but | dont like my job so lve decided to further my career by taking a computer course ac night. im findingi a seruggle completing my assignments Tim lucky enough, Because | get on rally well with some of the other students and we get together once a reek rohelp ‘each other reuse ana sty for out exams. Some people might find it disracring but for me ithielps make che course more sociable and so more enjoyable. t's pretty ry subject ané theyre teaching usin a presty boring way, but! realy fe! ikem broadening my knowlesge of computers Track 11 Inthe past, people believed that you had to have a degree in ‘order ce starca carcer with good prospects, We used! to think that rnothavinga degree would condemn youroajob in che service sector 8uc now, the ob market kexcremely competitive and trainaes are finding chat ici the qualifications they gan chrough technical courses racher than degree courses that can help make them employable. Te facts that nowadays there are plenty fobs that offer a ving wagoand that dont requare 3 degree, Some ef hase occupations are familia for example, a carpenter, ‘eating things for Ue home. Buc there are also some new jobs Cn the is largely thanks o our interest inthe environment. One ‘eample would bea solar-pane installer Inthe past, we used to talkabour blue-collar and white-collarobs Ao uerentave between manual labor ave! working nati Tice. ‘Now we might refer to these new jabs chrome-collarfor those. \working as technician in various fs green collar jobs to do. \with clean energy or the envitonment. These new areas are where many ofthe job vacancies are nowy and students who are not academically inclined would do well to pursue one ofthese new ‘career paths rather than stick to conventional ones. 159 Recording scripts In fact, government stuces have shown thar the everwhelming majority of ods both today and in the future wl require some post-secondary education, but noc a degree. Vocational or technical education was once considered to bea low-status ‘choice for students But these courses teach realife skills and ‘often lead directly co an apprenticeship and then ful-rime ‘employment. Many ako offer on-the-job training. Community colleges are ako now attracting mare and morestudents who. sieady havea degree but want to learn a skill ora trade that ‘ill help then earn better wages. In general. young people today haves different approach to their career. They no longer seeitasa single vocation in che way our grandbarents did, but as something that is constantly evahing arc! that may involve several different fields. Track 12 Speaker 1:1 really dont like t whan Im onlineand visit 2 naw ‘website and suddenly 'm bombarded with adverts for products {don't wane er need: ind those acl really goin ee way of my work Don's chey rease how annoying itis? Especially when you See the same mage over and over again. | know my young son often gets sidetracked when these images suddenly appear and entice hm o lick hese 0 wir $imilin? Speaker 2: What And most annoying is when lim getting dinner ready, the phone invariably ings andi someone trying toe ‘me something. How or why they persist in ringing at tha time, just don't lerow, tinfuriatos meand | cant believe they ever manage 0 sellanyching tha way Track 13 Speaker &: Yeah, look, it's everywhere, snr it? There street ‘walk down everyday and the wallsare plastered with flyers foc ‘new bands and events. They don’ remove the old ones ~ they just put new ones up over the top, | think poopie just cand to shut them outand ignore therm. think theyre abit ugly realy. But then sometimes youll see and that helps you escape from ‘where you are. as stuck in trafic che ther day. ew raining, and Iwas feeling precy down but then | sv a huge a for some island somewhere and iclooked amazing. ic leact while | was suck there; [could sic ae dieatn about a better place. And | think thar what ack areall about aren they? Selling san idea ‘ofsomething berre Then on the radko | heard this jingle fore new toothpaste and its one ve heard lor and t couldnt get the ‘une out of my head after that! And then of course theres the Issue of soorsorshin | chink alot of sports tears anc athleves| ‘woulda be ablero survive now without adversing, And |eally ‘ant see the situation chaneine atall | guess we jaschaveto earn ta live with it Track 14 advertise eaggerate essential advertising personal marketing adverosement luxury pressurise commercial articles brochure product possessions impulsive invcaing promotional fective 160 Trade 1s ‘he most memorable place Ive ever visited was Bhutan, k's 2 really amazing place because isin a very remote, mountainous area. 50 loc of he buildings seem realy precarious, they e sort ‘of built nto the mountainside and seem to just perch thete, The accommodation s very tradcioral and you get the impression thac nothing has changed there for hundreds of years. isa really historic place and very rustic Ofcourse, that means the aceammodation prot basic, bu the placo i aleogether so harming that didrit mind! tal As forthe views, they were jus: spectacular. With che mountains al around ‘sa very dramatic landscape and the view fiom my room was breathtaking. ‘rack 16 “This semester ye've going to be looking at the modern aviation industry herein the USA Buc roday I Ike co rake. lok at how itallbegan. When Orville and Wilbur Wright few history’ frst arplane in North Carolina in 1988 the significance of ther new invention ‘was ofcourse not yee apparent. Twenty yeas late by 1923, the fist passenger planes did lle o change thae The first of these were provided by some ofthe aitmall ecvces fing mall around the councry. The US Post Office Departmen added a few sears fr extra revenue, bur tir planes were noiy, cold and. tuncomfortable, They couldn‘ Fy over mountain, so passengers {ook tains for part of ther uimey. Anather problem was that these planes couldnt cary enough seats ro make passenger trafic profitable. So the train was till tie way to 0, In 1927, Charles ndberghcransavlance Might capeured Americas imagination undtbergh few ina small auplanefor 33 hous from New York to Paris Bascal games stopped end radio announcers ‘wept wher his safe anivalin Paris wasannouce Humans who tad aways looked to the sky and ears with wonder, could now ‘03 vast ocears with amazing speed by taking co the skies fy the late 1980s the anes raed mall and passengers rom oust o coast. The DC3 2 now siplne vth powerful eines and anenclosed cabin cut the costo yng hall. ft made avinesa ‘rofable business But ata coseoffve cons permite tanspor- ‘ne passonger air tval wasstil expensive an waved ees on) 13 ‘ents per passenger mile and nas sil more comfortable, Theaverase Person usally cout afford to Fy But awhole lass of peop'e, businessmen who puta money value tel tme cou afore oy ‘on company expense accounts Ard they di in soaring nunbers. Further developments during World War Two sped the development of comercial aviation. Miltary anflds built during the war were afterwardssol co cites wich were eager oopen their ovn commercial airports Airplane manufacturers baile newaitplanes with pressed and hated ahi Sion, _urplanes could fy ove bad weather and mountains, where the airand thus thejourneys were smoother. In 1940 three milion ‘Americans flew.By 1956, 55 milion flew ina courery wich a population of barely 150 milion large numbers of Americans were seeing the world from the ai By the 1960s, passengers were sll nosy business ravelleison feepense accounts wha lew on a roglar basis. But in che 1970 and 1980 afew vsionary people beean to open the skies to theaveraue American with kw fares, Since 1938, the federal government had srctlyragilaced artine Fares ard routes AD7S, President jimmy Carter deregulated the anes. Afines could now choose their own routes and fares Ac craffc Figures soared from 205 milion in 1975 belore derogation. i Track 17 Employee: Good morning, Haverpvol Borough Counc How cant hep your firs Smith: Helo, my name Jay Smith andl fm uscringngto repor afi problensin my/local area Employee: Oh, what problems are chase? ‘mre Set Wel the mst onets the shop next door to my house. les been vacant for about a year now anit flinginto dsrepa Quite few ofthe windows are broken. Employee: see Wel mara that nor our responehity here atthe council e would be upto the owner Mrs Smith understand ha, bute contacted the owner pera ties ai bo tft anything hot F Employee: Right, wl tac diferent matte nthat cas, you need to tnik tothe community ocr She deals wit sues ike tha Her rare lary Sharpe. can pt you through to hei you like Mrs mith: Wonderful-Con you spell er ame for me? Employes: Yeu its HALARS Hilary SHARE Sharpe {mrs Smith: Gor that. Now, bere you tans re, here wore 2 few ether proslems. The next oneto do with the elif above South Sands Leah | watched some children playing tere the other cy and think realy dangerous. needs some srt of ‘warning ign atleast. Employes: Well thatthe sort of thing you need to approach theimayer about You shoud ale to ynne Denton Gs. Thats L¥cdouble NE and the surname s DEN LON. She's the mayor's secretery. tars Smith Great, gp onto her sxaighc away Do you have her phone number? Employer: es i 357, ple 94 Irs Smith: Got that. Now, te fal problem 52 road repa Over he pas yea Bramiurst Road has developed by pothoves allover the pace, Can anything be done about! Employes:Fin ala we haveno contol over that. Youd need to talk tofohn Marsden orice -MrsSmith Hes our Member ofariament it he? Employee: Thats rehcand you can Track 18 Speaker 1 think’ abeolutely horrifying the way we teat animals sometimes, especially when it done for research purposes find the mages of caged animal being forced to “Emke quite dstresing. Ancls'seven mare outrageous wen al this rescarch is done for cosmmotcs. snot subjeex that can be objectiveabout'm afraid, and I think i's absolutely essential we finda diflerenc vay of doing this type of research, ‘Speaker 2:| honestly chink we should doa lor more because | think t's vital we try ro reduce che number of animals that are idangerect It's something I feel very stongly about | think ts irresponsible to carry on causing environmental damage that makes animals suffer, Ono ofthe things we need to do isstop developments that wil affec che habitat of wil animals I chink ic tocally appropriace todo that even ifiedoes mean-a company ‘might make aloss, Recording scripts ‘Speaker 3: | haven‘ really thought much aboutit, to be honest tm pretty tnpartal when it roense rs animals tev nar vegetarian 40 thinkit would be hypocritical of me to insist on sights fo animals. know there ave plenty of people who find all ofthat pretty upsetting, But | think ic’ perfectly acceprable to ‘Keep chickens in cages to provide us with eggs, though a frend of ‘mine thinks it’s appalling. [one Tasks calsion propubion raraton evaporation raion azracton concersvion —penetraien,——_ifuion perweon rallecton iverson Staton rmagnifeaion explsion comrosen Sisen Trace20 You wil ea univer ging ta about acing py tocheren v3 you wll ave some fine to look ot questions 129 10. Now Iisten carefully ond answer questions 7 t0 10. Good afternoon, everyone. Today is our final lecture on teaching scence, and going @focuson vaysof making science and in asticular physics. fun for children. Th concepts of prysiescan be very dificult for éldren to understand, but they can akobe really ‘exciting, |'m going to describe three dierent experiments you can ‘usein the dasstoom fo help show chien rat only how exciting. butalso how useful physics can be. “The first ones based on whacS knew asthe Brad nut effect. Physicists wondered why large Braz] nutsend up at thetop of jarof mized nuts To demonstrte ths, you need aja amarble Sr4l somesand. You put the marble and thasand in the jr and get ‘students to predict what will happen to the marble if they shake thejar As the marbleis dence than the sand, hey will make the ‘sane assumption as the physicists cha che marble will snk to the ‘bottom. ln fact, no matter how much they shale, the marble al remain at orear the top ofthe san. This is because thesand and the marble bth move up and down. ith ech shake. the sand fils in che space below the marble before falls, think talvays helps ‘wincrease interestin science if you can show that thas areal workd application In thiscase, te scents eased thaif powdered medications of ifferent density are mixed together, they may in fact not mikevenly. So they now rake denstynco account. ‘The second experimentis ahways fun as itinvolves balloen! You alennaed 2 pina come ciy rapa Fie yrutinfara the hala and then you put sticky tape oni, butdor't tl the students youve done this: Now ask the students what makes balloon burst Most people assume balloons make loud bang vihen theairis released through he hole Hovsevay if you pierce the balloon through the sticky tape, instead of bursting ig the ar will eak out quietly and slovly Soi cant be the ar escaping that causes the noise. Instn, phys has shovm us eheloud bang occurs because the hole ‘oxpandsrapely forminga catastrophic crack You can ako tol ‘your students when the balloon does burst open it does so aster than chespeed of ound, so wre loud bang you hears actually 2 sonic boom! n Gra real wor his principles used to restiffrer. rmaterals to see how oastic theyre and how much stress can be puton them. 161 Recording scripts ‘The next experiment is called the arm engine, and for this fone you ned a chair that ean swivel or retatean! sense small hand weights. Ths sa great eperimens for demonseranng an important principle of energy ard memantum.Ask one of your studentsto siton the chair holding the weightsin their hand, Then get another student to spin the chai-as fast as they can. ‘Thanks to the weights, the student siting in the chair wil beable {ocontroltheirowm speed ifthey hoki the weights out, they \illslow down andif they hold them clove to their bods, making ‘themselves narrower: chey will accelerate rhe speed oftheir rotation, We can obc-ve this principle in the teal world in the spore of ce skating, wlere the skavers manage co spin increlidty Faseby tucking thet hand in close co their body. So.a3 youcan see Track 21 forcunacely for us, diagrams of his inventions, such as those of 3 preseason secre eee Because Leonardo's inventions date from an era before the issue fully developed because, if it was built as it was drawn, the tank: ee Track 22 technology communication downloads technological information entertainment chances overload wireless Track 23, ‘communication technology antereainment industry technological advances wireless connection information overload egal downloads 162 Reise ey Track 24 ‘When | wasabout 11, boots with realy high heels were all che rage. begged and begged my mum to get me some but she ‘refused, | remember how upset was, but within a month cere ‘was some other must-have item and the boots went ou of fashion. That taught me how fickle the world af fashion can be. “ Lwouldn say fin fashion-conscious tall now, though 2 few of ‘my friends are. isnot that they are real trendsetters oF anything, Ie’ just cha {donc pay as much actention co cas chey do. They always seam to leew what fashion and they spend just aboutallcheir money on the latest trend. They just dont seer ‘to realise thar ifs juse a passing trend and ic lscon be considered ‘out-of dace. Thats why | prefer classical styles, which aren really affected by fashion vend, Track 25, Speaker 1:1 moved hete about two years ago. Although I love the: peace and tranquility ofthe area where | grew up, | wanted to be ‘an incerior designer and there are ver limiced opportunities for thaccypecf work there. oI really had no chovea but to become an urbane! have to say | do mise the frsh ay, chou, But living in the country can have its disadvantages (oo. Lonly have co walle down thestreet now to my local supermarlet, whichis realy ‘convenient, bu where my parents live you have to travel for Several hours to get o the nearest shops, Speaker 2: came here after graduated from university Ive alvays wanted 10 bea vet, but city vets eally only deal with pots and Iwanted to work with larger farm anima e's relly interesting work bur, because all he properties are so spread ut eS easy 0 foal solated at times, Thats why Ie can be cough for children out here, They don haves lor of choice when ic comes ro education. They either have to ge to boarckng schoo) orbeschoolad at home. Having ead that, they have alot more freedom here because its. really safe ewirenment for them. love my ife ere now, anc! I don'e mise the city at al Track 26 Amegacty isusually defined asa metropolitan area witha total population in excess often milion people. Some definicons ako sca minimum fevel fr population density with a figure ‘of at east two thousand inhabitants per square kilomere. A :megacity can be a single metopolitan area or tw of moe areas that converge or jin together. This is sometimes refered toasa metropolis Looking rg bac through hirory for almost thousand yours Rome was the largest, wealthiest and mos: pelivcally mportant cy in Europe, Rome's population passed a milion by the enc of the fest century BC. However, during the Ealy Middle Ages, is Population declined to a mere 20 thousand. By this time. what had been sprawling city was reduced to groups of inhabited buildings spread out among large areas of ruins. 41800, only three per cent of che world speputtion lived in Cities But this gute had risen to 47 per cent bythe end ofthe ‘twentieth century. In 1850, New York City was the only urban area wi a population of aver ren milion And there were #3, cites wth populations exceeding one milion, However by 2007, chi number had risen to-468, the trend continues, the ‘werld’s urban population will double every 38 years. The UN has predicted thac today’ urban population of 32 blion will ise to nearly five bilion by 2030, when chree our of ve people wil Ive In the 2000s, the langest megacity wes the Greater Tokyo. rea. The population ofthis metropolisincludes areas suchas ‘Yowoharsa and Kawacal and ic ortimarad to be between a8 and 36 million. This variation in estimates can be accounted, for by cifferent definitions of what che area encompasses. A characteristic issue of megacities isthe difficulty in defining, their outer limits. Ar present, one bilion people, or one-scth of the worlds population, now live in shancy towns. In many poor countries, overpopubited cums have high races of disease due to unsanitary conditions. The UN estimates that by 2030, over two billon people inthe world will being in tums, Track27 You will hear a conversation between an estate agent anda aman whe i look for accommodation. Firs you will hve some time to look at questions 1to 4. ‘You wil see thot there i an exempt that has been done for you On this occasion only, the conversation relating ta this willbe played fst. ‘Woman: Hello | wonder if you could help me. 'm moving to Liverpool next month and te got a job atthe children’s hospital, 59 [need to find accommodation near there ‘Mare Yes, of course ‘The woman is looking for accommodation close to the hospital, 0 ‘hospital’ has been writen in the space. Now, we shell begin, You should answer the questions as you listen because you will nt hear the recording a secora time. Liston caefuly and ensier questions | to.4 ‘Woman: Hello | wonder if you could help me. 'm moving ro Liverpaal nexe month and Ive gorajob atthe childrens nespicl, sa need to nd accommodation near there Man: Yes, ofcourse. Now, che hospital you're talking about has ‘some very nice suburbs nearby. The fist one 1é recommend you look ats called Broadgroon ‘Woman Righ, car you tell mes bit about the ercaitsell?Iheve car but 'mnota confident driver and fd tather use other forrns ‘of transport as much asian. ‘Man: Well his area has a very good bus service and a train serviag as wel sits elly conyenientas far as that’s concerned. Woman: Goad. lke w use public transport when | Can. Now, {come from London and parking can be areal problem there. Is thac thesame here? ‘Mare Yeah my ser ives in London and she has co pay for parking in her cum street! You'll be glad to hear we dont have that problem here. ‘Woman: That’ great. im hoping the cost of fving here wil be alotless than in London. What are the rents ke? We pay over {£200 a week on averngs, and thatsina cheaper ares of Landon. ‘Mar: Wow, wel, youl be gad to know the average weekly rent here around £120.So youl be saving around half what you Ihave been paying, ‘Woman: That's great! There has co be some downside toi ies sounding too good wo be nue: bet there’ lot of crime in she area or comeching. Recording scripts Man: Norarall, Though some people do find they have to travel a bieto ace ther groceries, The area could do with a tew more shops Woman: Well chat does sound so bad, Bsjore you heor the ree ofthe canversation, you wll have some time to look at questions § to 10, New lito carey ond ancwor questions Sen 10 Woman: So, is there any other area should look at as wel? ‘Man: Yes, ld recommend West Derby. twill be closer vo work for you. Woman That sounds good, ‘Man: Yes and if you have childver, it also has very good schools. Woman: That’ not an issue forme. ive on my own so i only looking for cieap, single accommodation, Something ikea Mat. ‘Man: Hem, thet may be a problem here then because this area has mostly larger houses. You'd probably be able o share one ‘with other people who wanccorent, though \Worman: No I'm only interested in fats at the moment, sa may be disappointed there, ‘Man: Yes. ck alovoly qulet2rea but cha accommodation can be on the expensive side. ‘Worman: Wel, | think I stil ike 1a havea look ar both areas ‘Man: We actually have an office in West Derby, and the guy who works thereis a really wood friend of mine. He'll bea great hel. ‘Woman: Can you give me his concact details? ‘Mare Yes, His names Join Godfrey. That's GODFRE. ‘Woman: Right, I've got that, and whacé the best telephone snurnber eo reach him on? ‘Man: Wel I give you his mobile number 10742, ripe 3951 ‘Womans: Greatischeve a good time to call him? im here fora whole wook until nxe Wednesday. ‘Mars I'm sure hell be able to see you on Saturday. Hes away from somarrow nr Friday sinwgh ‘Woman: That should be fine. give him a call. Thanks forall your help! Track 28 1. Gne way of tacking this problem is to make sure chat children are educated about healthy eating babies 2 We could overcome the ciffculties raised by this isue fall _governmants agree 0 limit emissions of harmful gases. 2. IF we wich to remedy this siuation, we must fist ensure that there is suficiencaffordable accommodation. 4 Teeprevent a catastrephe of global proportions, we ned {find a way to reach a compromise between meeting our ‘energy needs and ving in an environmentally sustainable ay. ‘5 We could resolve thisissue by making sure that farmets follow very strict guidelines and that food grown this way is ‘carefully ntact. 163 cording scripts Track29 Agiclture extremely vulnerable to climate change. Changes ‘nour climate Brg abou higher temperatures wich in ura ‘inevitably result in reduced yes of deiabe crops. OF cours, not everything is depleted and these harsh conditions encourage the gonth of weeds and aso allow pests proliferate This inevitably leads toa greater use of chemical pesticides by farmers ‘Te poor qualcy of cur si stems from this. imate change als produces more extreme weather patterns These can range rom long setches ofreaght. and abo, converealy extrema heavy ram, which en ease floods. The destruction of food cps can esl fre both alck ora surfeit of water Certain humen actives abo have a negativeipact on agyicalture Fs, aiming pracics themselves can be damaging, The ue of heavy machinery like tractors can comaact the sol Thismean that. rather chan Scakng nc the ground, Tainnster runs off carping the sol th and so leads to an increase in erosion. Sol erosion can be prevertiedifthere fs enough vegetation, so clealy, overgrazing by cate, ch removes the vegetation leads 0 alos of ol Urban development due to an iereste population ako takes itscolas tres ae cleared wo make Way fo houses Deforestation Isone ofthe main causes of sl degracaron in che word today. sesoms that housing our growing population comes atthe cos of providing much needed foo. Soitis not sur prsng that farmers are curingta gereticaly modifies crops ctr to boast productiviy and gron crops in more ecologically healthy feds While allowing more efeine Use af esaurces. Thiseachnalogy rears that farmers can grew erops that are resistant o izease ‘or pests so fewer chemicals are use Track30 You wil heor wo university lecturers discussing en article about genetically modified crops. First ya uill ave same time to Took at questions 1 0 7 Now listen carefully amet answer questions 1 0. John: Hi, Sarah ‘Sarah: Hi John. Did you see thar artcie in Nature magazine bout genetically modified crops? John Yea Ive just read it Some ofthe research results were pretty incredible. ‘Sarah They've made some amazing advances, haven't they? John: What | wasimpresced with was the facr char che emphasl has zane from increased profits to more environmental isues, ‘Sarah: That right ~ take the research on the maize crop they mentioned. It was descrived as being wildlife friendly, wasn't? John: Yeah, cs good co see GM crops chat won't have & detrimental effect on nearby livestock. ‘Sarai: The research on ie GM soya bean crop wes promising @s ‘well Apparenty its designed to be resistant 10 weeds 50 farmers dont need to spray any nasty chemicals co remove them, Jolin: Which is preat because for something Uke wheat, this can dive down the cost of food and improve the quality ofthe water supplyas well ‘Satah: And shot just weeds these new GM cropscan guard against. | was interested to read what they're doing with potato crops 164 John: im, lesald ehey'te aiming to tnerackies an anefreene that's found nacurally in fish into the potato crops so that they can withstand exttere temperatures. That be a huge advantage for romore areas that struggle through harsh wineer conditions. Sarahe| agree, Another GM crop that could help poorer araas it the rice crop they're developing, i's such a staple food in many teas and the plan isco ereate a crop that contains a richer supply of nutrients. John: Yes in parcicular they're ciying to producea ice cop thae'l supply high evel of vitamin A. Sarah: But these crops can have other uses beyond basic ‘nutrition. Did you read about their planned use for tomacoest Jen; Yes chat was amazing, They plan to use tomatoes t9 transport medicines, con® they? Sarah: Yeah, that's right. Transporting vaccines isnt easy because theyre so fragile. So they hoping w make an eible ‘vaccine using tomatoes, char be easier co ship, stare and even administer t patients I's really good example of tre uses ‘ther than food trac GM crops can have. Like che poplar trees. John: Oh, yes, the GM poplar trees they're workingon should {eally ao alot to persuade peopie just how good Ens type OF biotechnology can be. Sarah: That’ right. mean imagine, they're creating a tree chat ‘an soak up contaminants like heavy metals rignc ou ofthe soil A ree ike chat could toalyeradicave our environmental problems. Before you hear the rest ofthe conversation, you will ave some. Lins ta look at questions #0 10. ‘ow tsten carefully and answer questions 810 Job! thinlcarticls ke this ean be very useful to shove the senetal public that biotechnology shouldnt be feared Sarah: Yes chs article certainly covered just about every new crop under development. Ii good to have the very test information, Things have changed a great deal over the las few That’ ight. e could have been a tle more balanced in its approsch though don't you think? Serabs I suppose there was only one sie presented. Peopie do need to have ll of the facts and this artcie didnt really provide them didi John: No, bucit id provide avery convineing argument for GM ‘reps it mentioned all ofthe main benefits such as increased crop yields. ‘Sarah: Yes but chore was a particular emphasis on pesticide use and the impact his will have on farmers. in many countries, pesticides are sprayed manually, and over time can be very harmful vo che users, John: That’ right, andi afarmore importanc impact to focus ‘on than increased profes. Sarah: But | do tink the publichas right ro know abour the poxential problems of GM crops as well Many scientists stl have Johns Wel there ithe concern that these crops will spread luncontiollably and affecr natural cops. ‘Sarah: Mmm, but 'm more concerned about the studies showing children may develop severe allergic reaction co these foods John: Thats something that definitely needs to be researched ‘horeughly. Tees they've done so far on ratshave shovn that we cant realy predice what impact cheze foods wil hive in the long Sarahe 1 think chore’ along way 0 go yet Track 31 ‘Anne: Hi Peteshave you read thisarticle about the sola far they're planning to bulld? Pete: No, where's thar? ‘Annet I says they're planning to build large-scale solar farms in Arica, ete: Oh, That sounds like a good idea. The only problem ‘with alternative energy sources chat shey don't seem to be able to produce enough te mect al our energy needs. | mean, hydroelectric dams have been around for along time now but they only produce 19% of the worlds energy. Anne: Wall | suppose ital helps and his plane will supposedly provide up to 15% of Europes energy need by 2050, Pece: Euisye? How will hey yecche eer cicity dere? ‘Annet They're going to use undersea cables to cary it there Pete: Well that’s good idea | suppose. mean, oneof the main cridelbms of things ice wind fats is how visible ce wine! turbines are. ‘Anne: Yeah | know, People often complain aboue the noise they ‘make, t09, bus that in'tam sue with solar power: Pete: No, bucthat reminds me.I saw a documentary atthe weekend about renewable energy in Scotland. ‘Anne: Really? Not exactly che perfect spot fora solar frm, Pece: No, na: solr energy, wave energy. They reckon coastal ‘waters coull provide up to tan times Seorlals annual electricity usage, Anne: Wow, thar ould make them seit-suficient. Ie cerainly Aan interesting proposal, and ifthey generace that much ‘lectricity, ie would bea wemarkable achievement. And ic should appeal to the public more than having. nuclear power plant on their doorstep. Track 32 ‘Miningin Australis probably started with theavtival of ‘Aborigines around 40,000 years ago. Aborigines mined for ochre, 2 nauuraly occurring coloured clay which they used for decoration. ‘Modern’ Aussralian mining followed the arrival of European seltlersin 1788, AC frst, this mining was limited to the quar ying and shaping oflocal sandstone, which they used for che frst. buildings at Sydney Cove. Coal wasnt found uneil 1791, when some convicts managed to excape and got as faras Newcastle, The col industry began in 1798, when ship owners gathered surface coal at Newcastle and, brought it to Sydney forsale Export of Newcastle coal began in. ™ the folowing year with ashipment wo India Lead was the first mecal mined in Australia, on the cutskies of Adlai in 1841. Leac!is one ofthe oldest metalsknown Fohumans Ire relarhely simple vo extract and itsextremely malleable, s0 its e289 0 shape or flatten into shets. Lead is ually found in ore which isthe name given 10 rock chat we can faxtract metal from. I's extracted bya process known as smelcing, where the rock, or ore, s heated ro extremely high temperacures. Recording scripts (Of course, precious mecals ane precious stones are the nacural resources that most people go in search ofin che hope ofsuiking itrich in 1849, many Australians migrated to the United Stares curing the gold rash. In a bid to stop this the New South Wales CGovernmerx decided to offer incantives for Ausctallans to find gold in their own county, Buticis opalsrather chan gold or diamonds that Australia became famous for The largest site was discovered in 1915 by 14-year-old boy. He was with a group of gold ciggers. The boy zrad been sencto look for water when he mace the discovery of what nas to become the world’s largest and most productive ‘opal field ac Coober Pedy. Track 33 alternative ‘emision ‘energy reutral ‘cerbon battery efficient susainable recyciable ‘consumption venewable rechargeable Piers Track 34 Speaker 1:1 was promoted last year ta head of department min charge ofall of our overseas operations nov: rsa golden ‘opportunity for me. It meansa lot more respongbily, but fm opingitl also gve mea chance to makea name for myself in the indusiry, One ofthe projects | took on recenty involved _secting up a nev office in China so we can break inco thar male lesa biginvestment in terms of time and capital, buc| think e's a calculated ns and it should pay off over time, Because i isa dk we decided to amalgamace wich a Chinese company. | was invohed in the negotiacionsand drawing up the contracts for it The other company was looking for an exporter and we were looking for local manufactures, soit a win-win scaaton, relly. Speaker 2: Running a company this size is never an easy tack and it’s only trough sheer hard work and determination weve Devore the houseliold naine we are today. | employ over 2000 staf, but I take a hands-on approach to management and 501 keep track of how things ae going in just about ‘every department. Things arent running very smoothly in our ‘domestic sales at the moment The main problem seems to be ‘the supervisor, who L appointed myself. k was a promotion for hhim and he seemed ready to cake on the extra responsibity. He cartainly knowsall the uicks of che cade, but his departments barely breaking even in vermis of his onn management style he certainly seems to communicate well with his tam, and holds regular meesings. Bucjust this month they missed an important deadline and cost us an important client. He just doesr‘t seem to be able coger the bes: out of hiatal and the bocion fine is ‘we're running a business here and we nead to be profitable if ‘things don't improve soon, II be forced to make cutbacks in that department. 165 Recording scripts En] Track ss Speaker A: That's very good question. think every country fas diferencidea ofhevrold a chillis when they ean be held responsible for thelr action. If they‘ realy young in their pre seens. then | would say the patentsare responsible. Very young chldren only gtinvoled in rimeif they are lefeslone withoue any sipersidan Nwrdays a lor of fares are tr yn ‘worry about these things and| think aril values ae losin the process. The children might only star with pest cimes but if they fallin wich he wrong crowd and become adelinguent then thiscan escalate co more serious erimes ize rabbery or ear theft lfyou gota criminal record asa chil it ean affece your whole ie Speaker 8: think each older generation looks atthe younger generation arc cress for bang dacly Deraved ie co ‘think it true tag nowadays, people genoraly have less and less respect forthe rules of society. You only need v look around the streesco sell he graffi and vandalism. chica theres ako een an ineress in juverile crime. arly think this is through peer pressure ~ young people are very much influenced by what thee fiends think of ther and i's hecermecool to act Ikea gangs Chnk che main problem, though the medi, cultivates tha image andi becomes normal for eilren to see violent bshaviour Speaker C+1 go out on my own in the day quite aften but | would very rarely do ica right-In the area where ve, the rime rate has increased significant in the pat few years. Tete seems to bet more criminal active these daysso tink I's oe safer te goout ina group, Thereé no kee crime or anyching like that tim nocafiad of getting stabbed, rs more muggings you know, ‘when people rab your ba, suk that. chink ts because of the nang unemployment People just dan’ have enough money. I suppose thas why some of chem cur co theft track 36 Iwas recently in charge ofe government-funded sud looking into the impact that prison sentences have on criminals. For our study, we found 86 pairs of convicted burglars ard 406 pairs oF ‘offends who had been charged with esau. One member of cach pair had been given a prison sentence for their crimes, while the arher hac raved came fra af nanveucndtal panty The offenders involved were exactly matched according tothe type of offence they had commicced, their prior pison experience and the numberof prior appearances in court they had had, ‘The findings of our study were inceresting Our esearch nsam found that ofienders who were vena prison sentence were slighty more key to re-offend then those who did not wo to Jalan fac, chese results are consistent with a growing body of ‘evidence suggesting that prison either does nothing to deter ‘offenders or actually increases the rik of re-offending, in cher ‘words, prisons may help co increase criminal activ. So, what should we conclude from thi? Well ie deesrt mean ‘we should ebandon our prisons altogether and set all he prions fran Far rom ta prison sentence can be utiied on ‘other grounds. For example, the major of us would agree thac

    Вам также может понравиться