00205_15_ch15_p305-328.

qxd 5/2/06 10:33 AM Page 305

ELECTRICAL MACHINES
VI
15 DC Machines
16 AC Machines
00205_15_ch15_p305-328.qxd 5/2/06 10:33 AM Page 306
00205_15_ch15_p305-328.qxd 5/2/06 10:33 AM Page 307

DC Machines
15
OVERVIEW AND OBJECTIVES

Electrical machines are divided into two fundamental groups, dc machines and ac machines.
In this context, the term machines refers to any device that physically moves as a result of
its interaction with an electrical circuit. This includes dc and ac generators which are de-
signed to convert rotating mechanical power into dc and ac electrical power, and dc and ac
motors which perform the exact opposite function. As we will see, dc generators and dc mo-
tors are very similar in construction, and in fact it is often possible to purchase off-the-shelf
dc machines which can be applied as either a dc generator or dc motor.

Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will be able to
State Faradays Law and Lenzs Law.
Calculate the voltage generated by passing a wire through a magnetic field.
Sketch a simple generator and describe how it operates.
Describe a commutator and brush assembly and state how it works.
Find the force produced on a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field.
State the differences between a shunt and compound dc generator and describe the
performance characteristics of each.
Sketch a simple dc motor and describe how it operates.
State the differences among a shunt, series, and compound dc motor, and describe the
performance characteristics and application examples of each.

15-1 Introduction
In our previous study of electromagnetics, we learned that a current through a wire causes
a corresponding magnetic field to be induced around the wire, with the strength and direc-
tion of the magnetic field depending on the respective magnitude and direction of the
current in the wire. In an opposite manner, if a magnetic field is passed through a wire, a
current will be produced, with the magnitude and direction of the current dependent on the
velocity of the field with respect to the wire and the flux density of the field and the direc-
tion of motion of the field with respect to the wire.

307
00205_15_ch15_p305-328.qxd 5/2/06 10:33 AM Page 308

308 CHAPTER 15 DC Machines

In this chapter we will be investigating the two major applications for these two elec-
tromagnetic phenomena, specifically for producing electrical power (in the case of the dc
generator) and for producing mechanical power (in the case of the dc motor).
In this chapter, the reader will notice that the text often switches between SI and
English units when stating force (pounds or ounces vs. Newtons), torque (foot-pounds or
ounce-inches vs. Newton-meters), and distance (feet or inches vs. meters). The mixing of
measurement systems is intentional. The reader will find that rotating electrical machinery
specifications and nameplates often contain a mix of unit systems, and in many cases, the
units of measure for a given machine depend on where the machine was designed or man-
ufactured. Therefore, to familiarize the reader with various combinations of unit systems
and the conversions between them, example problems and end-of-chapter problems will
contain a mix of units.

15-2 Magnetic Induction and the DC Generator

When a wire is passed through a magnetic field, as illustrated in Figure 15-1, a voltage
is induced in the wire. If the wire is connected to a complete circuit, a corresponding cur-
rent will flow. Faradays Law states that the magnitude of the induced current will be
proportional to the number of series-connected loops (turns) of wire that are passing
through the field and the perpendicular speed with which it is moving in the field, or, math-
ematically,
d

e=N (15-1)
dt
where
e = the induced voltage in volts (V)
N = the number of series-connected turns of wire in turns (t)
d

= rate of change in flux in Webers/second (Wb/s)
dt
Additionally, if the flux density is known, the induced voltage can be found using the
expression
e = Blv (15-2)
where
e = the induced voltage in volts (V)
B = the flux density in Teslas (T)
l = the length of the conductor that is in the magnetic field in meters (m)
v = the relative velocity between the wire and flux, in meters/second (m/s)

S N
B

I
FIGURE 151
Magnetic induction in a wire Permanent Magnet
moving in a field.
00205_15_ch15_p305-328.qxd 5/2/06 10:33 AM Page 309

15-2 Magnetic Induction and the DC Generator 309

EXAMPLE 15-1 Referring to Figure 15-1, a single wire is passed through a 0.1-T field at a velocity of
0.5 m/s. (a) If the width of the field is 5 cm, what is the induced voltage? (b) For the same
wire, what velocity is required to induce a voltage of 200 mV?

SOLUTION
(a) All of the given quantities are in the correct units for Equation 15-2 except for the
length of the wire. Therefore, we will first convert the 5-cm length to 0.05 m. Equa-
tion 15-2 can now be used to find the voltage, which is
e = Blv = 0.1 0.05 0.5 = 2.5 mV (15-3)
(b) Rearranging Equation 15-2 to solve for the velocity, we have

e 0.2
v= = = 40 m/s (15-4)
Bl 0.1 0.05

In addition to using Faradays Law to determine the magnitude of the voltage (and current),
the right-hand rule is used to determine the polarity of the induced voltage and the direc-
tion of current flow. As illustrated in Figure 15-2, if we bend the middle finger of the right
hand at a right angle to the index finger and point the thumb upward, we can use the three
to determine current direction. If we point the thumb in the direction of motion, M, and the
index finger in the direction of flux, B, then the middle finger will be pointing in the direc-
tion of current, I. The reader is invited to try the right-hand rule shown in Figure 15-2 on
the diagram in Figure 15-1.
In Figure 15-1, note that for a constant velocity of motion, the maximum voltage will
be induced when the wire is moving at a right angle to the magnetic lines of flux. This is
the condition that will maximize d
/dt . If we move the wire in the horizontal direction
(that is, parallel to the flux lines), d
/dt = 0, and no voltage will be induced. In general
terms, the magnitude of the induced voltage is proportional to the sine of the angle of mo-
tion with respect to the angle of the flux lines.
Figure 15-3 shows a wire that is bent into a loop, placed into a magnetic field, and ro-
tated in the clockwise direction. The wire on the left moves upward while the wire on the
right moves downward, thus creating two currents that are moving in opposite directions,
thereby causing a circulating current in the wire loop. If we could monitor the current in the
loop circuit with an oscilloscope while it is rotating, we would find that as the loop passes
the horizontal position (the position shown in the figure), the current would be maximum,

S N

Wire
Loop
I

FIGURE 152 FIGURE 153

Right-hand rule for magnetic induction. Wire loop rotating in a magnetic field.
00205_15_ch15_p305-328.qxd 5/2/06 10:33 AM Page 310

310 CHAPTER 15 DC Machines

and as it passes through the vertical position, the current would be zero. Also, every one-
half revolution, each wire reverses its vertical direction (that is, the wire on the left that was
moving upward is now on the right moving downward, and vice versa), thereby reversing
the direction of current in the loop. If we rotate the loop at a constant angular velocity, we
would see that the wave shape of the current is a sine wave (assuming that the flux density
is uniform everywhere between the two poles).
If we rotate the wire loop at a faster rate, the increased angular velocity will cause both
an increase in the induced voltage and corresponding current (because of the increase in
d
/dt ) and an increase in the frequency of the generated sinusoid. As an example of this
phenomenon, when we wish to charge an automobiles battery faster, we generally rev
the engine slightly. The increased rotating speed of the alternator produces a higher voltage
and higher current, thereby increasing the battery charge rate.
If we could somehow open the wire loop in Figure 15-3, we could insert a load into the
circuit and have our sinusoidal generator deliver power to the load. However, this presents
a problem because the wire loop rotates while the load remains fixed in position. This can
be done with devices called slip rings and brushes. Figure 15-4 shows our generator with
slip rings and brushes installed. The slip rings are durable metal rings with smooth, pol-
ished surfaces. They are installed on the generator with each one electrically connected to
opposite ends of our wire loop and mounted so that they rotate with the wire loop. Each
brush is made of a carbon composition that will easily slide against the slip ring while mak-
ing good electrical contact. They are held snug against the slip ring with springs (not
shown). In operation the slip rings rotate while the brushes remain fixed in position. There-
fore, we can connect an electrical load to the brushes, as shown in Figure 15-4, to extract
power from the wire loop as it rotates. In operation, there is a small voltage drop across the
contact made by the brush and the commutator segment called the brush drop, which is
0.5 to 1 volt per brush.
If we wish for our generator to produce dc instead of ac, we will need an additional
device to perform rectification of the ac waveform. One method of performing this rectifi-
cation is to use a bridge of rectifier diodes. However, the most common method used is to
rework the slip rings in our generator as shown in Figure 15-5. Here we have removed one
of the slip rings and split the other one into two segments that are separated by a thin insu-
lator. Each of the two segments is connected to one end of our rotating wire loop. Next, we
add the second brush positioned on the left side so that each brush touches one of the two
segments. This assembly is called a commutator and brush assembly. Recall that earlier
we determined that as the wire loop rotates, the current direction reverses every half-cycle
of rotation. However, note that with our commutator and brush assembly, the connections
between the commutator segments and the brushes also reverse every half-cycle of
revolution. Therefore, the resulting signal delivered to the load is a rectified sinusoid as
shown in Figure 15-6.

S N S N
Slip
Ring

Brush Commutator

FIGURE 154 FIGURE 155

AC Generator with slip rings and brushes. DC Generator with commutator and brushes.
00205_15_ch15_p305-328.qxd 5/2/06 10:33 AM Page 311

15-2 Magnetic Induction and the DC Generator 311

S N

t If

Commutation Points Vf

FIGURE 156 FIGURE 157

DC Generator output waveform. DC Generator with field control.

An unusual phenomenon occurs as the wire loop rotates that should be explored. Be-
cause of the width of the brushes, for a short period of time during rotation, the brush
actually touches both commutator segments (called commutation), thereby creating a
short. One could conclude that this short circuit would cause an extreme amount of arcing
and therefore burn the brush and commutator. However, notice that commutation occurs
when the wire loop is in the vertical position with the conductors moving parallel to the
flux. Therefore, at the time of commutation, the voltage and current in the loop is zero,
thereby rendering the problem insignificant.
Earlier, we learned that we can increase or decrease the output voltage of our generator
by changing the rotating speed of the wire loop. However, there are occasions where the
mechanical device (called a prime mover) that is rotating the wire loop operates at a con-
stant speed, thereby making it necessary to find another method to adjust the output voltage.
Figure 15-7 shows such a method. In this case, we have replaced the permanent magnet with
an electromagnet. A dc power supply is connected so that the electromagnet produces the
same north-south field polarity, but because the power supply is adjustable, we can now con-
trol the magnetomotive force of the coil and the corresponding flux density. Therefore, the
power supply voltage (called the field voltage, V f ) directly controls the output voltage of the
generator. This arrangement allows us to vary the output voltage of the generator from near
zero1 to the point where the core of the electromagnet saturates.
With the arrangement shown in Figure 15-7, one might ask why we need the genera-
tor at all. Why not eliminate the generator and use the power supply to power the load? To
answer, we must understand the source of most of the power delivered by the generator.
With a large number of turns on the field coil, we can make the field current and corre-
sponding power input to the field very small while maintaining a large magnetomotive
force. The actual power delivered by the generator comes from the prime mover, not the
field. The power input to the field is not delivered to the load but instead is dissipated as
heat in the field windings. In large generators, the output power can be thousands of times
more than the power input to the field. In fact, as we will see later, many generators actu-
ally supply their own field current (called self-excited generators).
There are three methods to reverse the output voltage polarity of our generator. Natu-
rally, the most obvious is to reverse the connections to the brushes. However, on large
generators, the conductors can be extremely large, making it difficult or impossible to

1
Because the magnetic core retains some small amount of residual magnetism, it is impossible to decrease the
generator output voltage to zero without stopping the rotor. Even with the field power supply switched off, there
will still be a small generated output voltage.
00205_15_ch15_p305-328.qxd 5/2/06 10:33 AM Page 312

312 CHAPTER 15 DC Machines

rewire the connections. If we reverse the direction of rotation of the wire loop, the output
polarity will reverse. However, if the generator is being operated from a turbine or a recip-
rocating engine, reversing the direction of rotation is not possible. The third method in-
volves reversing the connections to the field power supply. This will reverse the direction
of current in the field coil, the north-south polarity of the magnet, and the polarity of the
generated voltage.
Naturally, one loop of wire in our generator rotor will produce only a very small volt-
age. According to Faradays Law, to increase the output voltage we could increase
d
/dt either by increasing the rotor speed or increasing the flux density. However, there
are limitations to the maximum speed that we can spin the rotor because centrifugal force
will tend to make the rotor fly apart. We could also increase d
/dt by increasing the field
flux density, but this too has limitations because of core saturation. Therefore, we usually
increase the number of turns on the rotor to construct a generator with a higher output
voltage.
Another method to increase output voltage without increasing the rotor speed or field
flux density is to add additional poles to the field. Figure 15-8 illustrates a four-pole field for
a dc generator (the rotor is not shown). The field windings are connected in series so that the
magnetic polarity alternates from pole to pole (that is, north, south, north, south). When the
rotor is rotated in this field system, the rotor wires will pass through twice as many magnetic
polarity changes for each revolution. Assuming that the flux in each pole is the same as that
for our two-pole generator, we can achieve the same output voltage by spinning the rotor at
only half speed. Therefore, for the same rotor speed and pole flux, the four-pole generator
can produce twice the voltage of a two-pole generator. Practically speaking, the only limita-
tion to the numbers of poles in a generator is in the space required to house the windings. We
can add any number of poles that we wish, as long as we have them in pairs.
Another improvement that can be made to our generator is in the rotor windings.
Notice in Figure 15-6 that when the rotor passes through a commutation point, the voltage
is near zero. If we add an additional coil to the rotor, as shown in Figure 15-9, and physi-
cally orient it at 90 to the original coil, then we will always have at least one of the two
coils generating a usable voltage. We now have four commutator connections to make, so
we must split the commutator into four segments. Figure 15-10 illustrates the output volt-
age from a two-coil rotor. Notice that the commutation point now occurs at such a point
that the output voltage never drops to zero. By adding more coils and more commutator
segments, we can achieve a generator with an output voltage that is very smooth, thereby
approaching a continuous dc voltage. Figure 15-11 is a photograph of a rotor with several
windings, with the commutator divided into many segments. Also, notice in the photograph
that the rotor core on which the coils are wound is laminated. Although this is a dc machine,

Vf

S S

FIGURE 158 FIGURE 159

DC Generator four-pole field. DC Generator rotor with two coils.
00205_15_ch15_p305-328.qxd 5/2/06 10:33 AM Page 313

15-3 Shunt and Compound DC Generator 313

V Output
0 Coil 90 Coil

t
FIGURE 1510 FIGURE 1511
Coil and output waveforms for a two-winding rotor. Rotor with several rotor coils
and commutator segments.

the rotor spins within a magnetic field, so the rotating motion will induce eddy currents
in the rotor core material, which are minimized by core lamination.
As indicated in Equation 15-1, the induced voltage in a generator is directly propor-
tional to the speed at which the rotor rotates. If the field flux density is held constant (as
with a permanent magnet), the ratio of output voltage to rotating speed is extremely linear
and repeatable. For this reason, permanent magnet generators are often used as inexpensive
speed transducers (called tachogenerators). By connecting a voltmeter to the generator
output and calibrating the meter in rpm, we can construct a very inexpensive, simple, and
reliable tachometer.

EXAMPLE 15-2 A permanent magnet dc generator is connected to the crankshaft of an automobile engine
and the output of the generator is connected to a voltmeter. With the engine running at
4000 rpm, the generator outputs 13 volts. What is the engine speed when the generator out-
put is (a) 10 volts, (b) 3 volts, (c) 0 volts?

SOLUTION The ratio of rpm to output voltage for the generator is 4000 rpm/13 V =
333.3 rpm/V. Because the generator is linear over the entire range, multiply each of the out-
put voltages by 333.3 rpm/V to find the engine speed.
(a) 10 V 333.3 rpm/V = 3333 rpm
(b) 3 V 333.3 rpm/V = 1000 rpm
(c) 0 V 333.3 rpm/V = 0 rpm

15-3 Shunt and Compound DC Generator

Depending on the performance characteristics we desire from our dc generator, there are
several different ways to connect the armature and the field. Generally speaking, there are
only two types of field windings for a dc generator,2 the shunt field and the series field.
The shunt field is designed to be connected in parallel with the rotor (called the
armature) of the generator so that current generated by the armature can power the field.
Alternately, the shunt field can also be powered from a separate dc power source. In either
case, it is desirable to build the shunt field so that its resistance is high enough to keep the

2
Most large dc generators also have interpole and compensating windings which correct for electromagnetic
phenomena within the generator. These additional windings do not affect the basic understanding of generator
operation and therefore are not within the scope of this text.
00205_15_ch15_p305-328.qxd 5/2/06 10:33 AM Page 314

314 CHAPTER 15 DC Machines

field excitation current low while delivering a strong magnetic field. Therefore, the shunt
field consists of many turns of wire to produce a high magnetomotive force, and the wire is
small so that the field coil will have a high resistance.
The series field is designed to be connected in series with the generator load and there-
fore must be capable of carrying the large currents produced by the generator. As a result,
the series field is constructed of fewer turns of large wire. The combination of high current
and fewer turns results in a series field with a magnetomotive force roughly equivalent to
that of the shunt field.
In both the self-excited shunt generator and the compound generator (which uses both
the series and shunt fields and is always self-excited), the power for the field excitation
comes from the generator itself. However, this could leave us to wonder how it starts itself,
since we have a, Which comes first? scenario. The field coil needs power to produce a
magnetic field, and the rotor needs a magnetic field to produce that power. Actually, all gen-
erators are designed using a core material that has some small amount of retentivity. In doing
so, even though there is no field coil excitation, there is still enough residual flux to allow the
armature to produce a small voltage. This small voltage excites the field coil, which adds ad-
ditional flux to the residual field, thereby strengthening the field. This, in turn, produces
more voltage. The process (called voltage buildup) continues to snowball until the gen-
erator reaches full rated output voltage. Therefore, in self-excited generators, it is important
that the residual field is oriented in the same direction as the field produced by the field coil;
otherwise, the flux produced by the field coil will cancel the residual magnetism, causing no
voltage buildup. The residual flux can be oriented in the desired direction by a simple
process called flashing the field. This is done by simply connecting rated voltage of the de-
sired polarity from a dc power supply to the shunt field coil, thereby remagnetizing the core
in the proper direction.

Shunt Generator Model

When analyzing generators for electrical performance, the various generator components
are schematically pictured as voltage sources and coils with resistances. Figure 15-12 shows
a simplified schematic of a self-excited shunt generator. In this model, we have the armature
which generates the armature voltage Va and delivers an armature current Ia . Connected in
parallel with the armature is the field coil with resistance R f and field current I f . The output
voltage of the generator (also called the terminal voltage) is Vt , and it delivers an output
current It . If a load resistance R L is connected to the generator, the load current will be I L .
From the schematic, we can write several governing equations, which are
Ia = I f + It (15-5)
Vt
If = (15-6)
Rf
Vt = Va (15-7)
Vt
I L = It = (15-8)
RL

Ia It

If Rf Vt IL RL
Va A

FIGURE 1512
DC Shunt generator model.
00205_15_ch15_p305-328.qxd 5/2/06 10:33 AM Page 315

15-3 Shunt and Compound DC Generator 315

EXAMPLE 15-3 A dc generator modeled as shown in Figure 15-12 delivers a terminal voltage Vt of 125 V
dc to a load resistance of 25 . The generator has a field resistance of 250 . Determine
(a) the load current, (b) the field current, (c) the field power, (d) the armature current, and
(e) the total power delivered to the load.

SOLUTION
(a) Solve for the load current using Equation 15-8.
Vt 125
I L = It = = =5A (15-9)
RL 25
(b) The field current is found using Equation 15-6.
Vt 125
If = = = 0.5 A (15-10)
Rf 250
(c) The field power is
Pf = V f I f = 125 0.5 = 62.5 W (15-11)

(d) The armature provides current to both the field and the load; therefore, the armature
current is
Ia = I f + I L = 0.5 + 5 = 5.5 A (15-12)

(e) The load power is

PL = Vt I L = 125 5 = 625 W (15-13)

Although Equations 15-5 through 15-8 can be used for rough estimates of shunt generator
performance, there are components missing from the model of Figure 15-12 which create
errors in our calculations. We are aware that because the armature windings are made of
wire (which has resistance), when the armature delivers current to the field and load, the
armature wire will incur an I R voltage drop. The drop will reduce the output voltage of
the generator so that the output voltage now becomes dependent to some extent on the load
current. Additionally, we also know that there will be a small brush drop which is also
going to reduce the terminal voltage. Therefore, Figure 15-13 illustrates a more accurate
representation of an actual shunt generator. Note that the armature resistance Ra and the
brush drop Vb have been added in series with the armature. Also, we have renamed the ar-
mature voltage E a because this voltage is now an internal induced voltage that cannot be

Ia It

Ra

If Rf Vt IL RL
Ea A

Vb
FIGURE 1513

More precise dc shunt generator
model.
00205_15_ch15_p305-328.qxd 5/2/06 10:33 AM Page 316

316 CHAPTER 15 DC Machines

measured directly.3 For this model, Equations 15-5, 15-6, and 15-8 are still valid. However,
we now need to rewrite Equation 15-7, which becomes
Vt = E a Vb Ia Ra (15-14)

EXAMPLE 15-4 A dc shunt generator is rated at 120 V dc and 15 amperes. It has an armature resistance of
0.1 , a total brush drop of 2 volts, and a field resistance of 240 . Assuming that the field
flux remains constant, what is the no-load output voltage of the generator?

SOLUTION For any load current up to full rated load, the induced armature voltage E a
remains directly proportional to the field flux. The flux is assumed to be constant, so E a
will not change. Therefore, our solution method will be to find E a under full load, and then
use it to find the output voltage when the load is removed. We begin by finding the arma-
ture current Ia .
Vt 120
Ia = I L + I f = I L + = 15 + = 15.5 A (15-15)
Rf 240
Next, rearrange Equation 15-14 to solve for E a .
E a = Vt + Vb + Ia Ra = 120 + 2 + 15.5 0.1 = 123.55 V (15-16)
Now, with E a known, we can perform a no-load analysis. In this case, I L becomes zero.
However, because the shunt field is still connected, we must include the field current in the
analysis. The load current is zero, so the armature current Ia is now
E a Vb 123.55 2
Ia(NL) = = = 0.51 A (15-17)
Ra + R f 0.1 + 240
Now we find the no-load output voltage, which is
Vt (NL) = E a Vb Ia(NL) Ra = 123.55 2 0.51 0.1 = 121.50 V (15-18)

The efficiency of a generator is the ratio of its output power to its input power. The output
power of the generator is the product of the voltage and current. However, because the
input power of the generator is mechanical power, we must calculate the power (in watts)
based on the rotational speed and shaft torque. The input power is
T nr
Pin = (15-19)
7.04
where
Pin = the input power in watts (W)
T = the input shaft torque in foot-pounds (ft-lb)
nr = the rotation shaft speed in revolutions per minute (rpm)
Therefore, the shunt generator efficiency is
Pout Vt It
= = (15-20)
Pin (T nr /7.04)
where
= the efficiency (dimensionless)
Vt = the generator terminal voltage in volts (V)
It = the generator output current in amperes (A)

3
Some texts use the variable E o instead of E a to designate the internally generated armature voltage.
00205_15_ch15_p305-328.qxd 5/2/06 10:33 AM Page 317

15-3 Shunt and Compound DC Generator 317

Most dc generators have efficiencies in the range of 0.50 to 0.90. The output power will al-
ways be less than the input power due to losses within the generator which are released in
the form of heat. These losses include

Rotor Copper Loss

This is the I 2 R loss in the rotor due to the resistance of the wire. This loss varies with the
square of rotor current.

Rotor Core Loss

Because the rotor core (the iron upon which the rotor windings are wound) is rotating in-
side a magnetic field, there will be eddy current and hysteresis losses in the rotor core.
These losses vary with the field flux and the rotor speed.

Field Copper Loss

The I 2 R loss in the field windings dues to the resistance of the wire. This loss varies with
the square of the field current.

Brush Loss
There is power loss in the brush-commutator interface. This loss is proportional to the rotor
current and brush drop and is Vb Ia .

Friction
These are losses due to mechanical friction. They include the friction of the shaft bearings
and the friction created by the commutator and brush assembly.

Windage
These are losses due to wind resistance of the rotor. In most generators, cooling fins are
attached to the rotor to circulate air through the generator, thus promoting cooling and
allowing the generator to be operated at higher output currents. These cooling fins increase
the windage loss.
Notice that there are rotor core losses, but there are no core losses in the stationary
field core (called the stator). There are no stator core losses because the magnetic field in
the stator core is constant. Therefore, there are no eddy current or hysteresis losses.

EXAMPLE 15-5 A shunt dc generator rotating at 1800 has an output voltage of 200 V dc. The input torque
is 6.17 ft-lb. If the efficiency is 71 percent, what is the output current?

SOLUTION We rearrange Equation 15-20 to solve for It , which is

(T nr /7.04) 0.71(6.17 1800/7.04)

It = = = 5.6 A (15-21)
Vt 200

One additional problem exists with our self-excited shunt generator. Its output voltage is not
adjustable. We can add voltage adjustment by controlling the field current. Figure 15-14
shows our self-excited generator with a rheostat installed in series with the shunt field. By
increasing the resistance of the rheostat, we reduce the field current, field flux, and, conse-
quently, the generators output voltage. A field rheostat provides the capability to adjust the
field current from near zero (depending on the maximum resistance of the rheostat) to full
rated current. Therefore, with the field rheostat, we can adjust the generator output voltage
from near zero to full rated voltage.
Example 15-4 illustrated that the output voltage of a shunt generator sags somewhat as
the load current increases. In addition, because the generator is supplying its own field
current, as the output voltage sags, the field current sags by the same ratio. This, in turn,
00205_15_ch15_p305-328.qxd 5/2/06 10:33 AM Page 318

318 CHAPTER 15 DC Machines

Ia It

Ia It
Ra




Ra Rrheo
If Rf Vt IL RL
Ea A

Ea A Vt IL RL
Vb


If Rf
Vb Vf

FIGURE 1514 FIGURE 1515
Shunt dc generator with field rheostat. Separately excited shunt dc generator.

causes a further reduction in the overall voltage sag. We can overcome some of the voltage
sag by disconnecting the shunt field from the armature and powering the field from an ex-
ternal power source V f , thus constructing the separately excited shunt generator illustrated
in Figure 15-15. Note that for this generator configuration, the armature current Ia , the gen-
erator output current It , and the load current I L are all the same current. Also, because the
generator no longer needs to supply current to the shunt field, this generator configuration
can deliver more current to the load than the self-excited generator.
When calculating the efficiency of the separately excited shunt generator, the power
input to the field must be added to the mechanical input power. Therefore, the efficiency is
Pout Vt It
= = (15-22)
Pin (T nr /7.04) + V f I f

Compound Generator Model

Figure 15-16 shows the schematics of two compound generators. In this configuration, the
shunt and series fields are connected. In Figure 15-16(a) the shunt field is connected across
the armature, thus creating the short shunt compound generator. Figure 15-16(b) shows

Rrheo2 Rrheo2
It It
Rs
Rs

Ra Ia Rrheo1 Ra Ia Rrheo1

Ea A Vt IL RL Ea A Vt IL

If Rf If Rf
Vb Vb



FIGURE 1516
Compound generator, (a) short
shunt and (b) long shunt. (a) (b)
00205_15_ch15_p305-328.qxd 5/2/06 10:33 AM Page 319

15-4 Motor Action and the DC Motor 319

the shunt field connected in parallel with the load, which is called a long shunt compound
generator. In both cases, the series field has a parallel rheostat (called a diverter) to divert
current around the field, thereby providing adjustment of the series field current. We
assume that the series field is connected, so that it enhances the field flux. If so, then for
both generators as the load current increases, the shunt field provides more flux to the field.
Increased flux results in increased output voltage, so this has the effect of increasing the
output voltage of the generator as the load current increases. By carefully adjusting the
shunt field and diverter rheostats, it is possible to tune the generator so that there is no
sag in the output voltage from no-load to full-load current, thereby creating a near-perfect
dc source.
There is little difference between the performance characteristics of the short shunt
and long shunt generators. However, the short shunt is the most common configuration be-
cause the shunt field current does not flow through the series field and diverter. Therefore,
it is slightly more efficient than the long shunt configuration. There are other more exotic
combinations of connections of this type of generator, such as reversing the series field
(called a differentially compounded generator). Further information on these types of
connections can be found in any text on electric machines.

15-4 Motor Action and the DC Motor

When we operate a generator, we are converting mechanical power into electrical power.
As the generator produces more power, we must input more mechanical power to the gen-
erator (in the form of torque). According to Lenzs Law, any voltage, current, flux, or force
that is produced by any transformer action will oppose the action that caused it. For exam-
ple, in our generator, the current and voltage induced by rotating the armature will cause a
force to be created that opposes the rotation of the armature.
In a similar application of Lenzs Law, if we pass a current through a conductor that is
in a stationary position within a magnetic field, a force will be produced. The force will be
at a right angle to the magnetic flux lines, and the magnitude of the force will be propor-
tional to the current in the conductor, the number of turns of wire within the field, and the
flux density of the magnetic field. Stated mathematically, this is
F = Bl I (15-23)
where
F = the resulting mechanical force in newtons (N)
B = the flux density in teslas (T)
l = the effective length of the wire (meters) in the field
multiplied by the number of turns
I = the current in the conductor in amperes (A)
Figure 15-17 illustrates this phenomenon. The combination of current in the wire and the
flux in the permanent magnet provides an upward force on the wire. The force occurs

N S
B
I

FIGURE 1517
Force on a current-carrying wire Permanent Magnet
in a magnetic field.
00205_15_ch15_p305-328.qxd 5/2/06 10:33 AM Page 320

320 CHAPTER 15 DC Machines

S N

N S

Permanent Magnet
F
FIGURE 1518 FIGURE 1519
Flux compression and resulting force. Simple dc motor.

because of the interaction between the magnetic field around the wire resulting from the
current through it, and the magnetic field produced by the permanent magnet. Figure 15-18
shows a cross section of how this interaction produces force. In this illustration, the direc-
tion of current flow through the conductor is out of the page (the dot in the center of the
conductor can be considered to be the tip of an arrowhead indicating current direction).
Using the right-hand rule, we can easily determine that this will produce a counterclock-
wise magnetic field around the conductor. This circular magnetic field around the conduc-
tor opposes the flux above the wire and enhances the flux below the wire. As a result, the
field bends the flux lines produced by the permanent magnet and forces them to pass un-
derneath the conductor, a phenomenon called flux compression or flux bunching, which,
in turn, produces a counteractive force on the wire, pushing it in the upward direction.
We can use the force produced by this phenomenon to produce torque. If we place a
loop of wire in a magnetic field as illustrated in Figure 15-19 and pass a current through the
wire, it will produce forces that tend to rotate the wire loop. In our illustration, the current
direction will be into the page on the left side and out of the page on the right. This will
cause the wire on the left to be pushed upward and the wire on the right to be pushed down-
ward. If the wire loop is suspended on a shaft, the shaft will rotate in the clockwise direc-
tion. When the rotor reaches the commutation point, the commutator and brush assembly
will reverse the current direction in the wire loop, thereby reversing the forces on the wires
and continuing the clockwise motion. Note in Figure 15-19 that there is no difference be-
tween this motor illustration and one of the earlier dc generator figures. Actually, there is
little difference between most dc motors and dc generators. In many cases they can be used
interchangeably. For example, many electric-start lawn mowers have a starter motor that
doubles as a dc generator (called a motor generator). When starting the engine, electrical
power is consumed from the battery to operate the motor-generator, which in turn produces
mechanical torque to start the engine. Once the engine starts, the motor-generator becomes
a generator, consuming mechanical power from the engine through the shaft and deliver-
ing resulting electrical power to recharge the battery.
There is a potential problem in our motor design of Figure 15-19. At the point where
commutation occurs, the wire loop will be in the vertical position. Because forces produced
by the rotor will always be at a right angle to the field flux (in this case, vertical), none of
the force produced will contribute to rotating motion. If the rotor is started with the wire
loop in the horizontal position, it is likely that inertia will carry the rotor through the verti-
cal position and therefore keep the rotor spinning. However, if the rotor is in the vertical
position when power is applied, there will be no torque produced and the motor will fail to
start. This problem can be solved by additional loops of wire at various angles with respect
to the original loop, with additional commutator segments to connect them. In this manner,
there will always be at least one loop of wire near the horizontal position which can pro-
vide torque. Therefore, no matter what the position of the rotor when power is applied, it
will always start.
00205_15_ch15_p305-328.qxd 5/2/06 10:33 AM Page 321

15-4 Motor Action and the DC Motor 321

When the rotor of the dc motor spins within the magnetic field, not only is it produc-
ing usable torque, but, like the generator, it is also generating a voltage. This voltage will
always be opposite to the applied voltage (again, Lenzs Law), and is called a counter-emf,
cemf, or back-emf. When the motor is started and the rotor is not spinning, the cemf will
be zero. Without a cemf, the rotor current will simply be
Vt Vb
Ia(start) = (15-24)
Ra
where
Ia(start) = the armature starting current in amperes (A)
Vt = the applied voltage in volts (V)
Vb = the brush drop in volts (V)
Ra = the armature resistance in ohms ()
The armature resistance is generally on the order of a few ohms or less, so the starting cur-
rent is very high. In fact, the starting current is so high that if sustained, it will likely burn
out the armature windings. For this reason, dc motor installations always include circuit
fuses or circuit breakers that will remove power from the motor if it fails to start.
Once the motor starts, the rotor windings rotating in the magnetic field begin generat-
ing a cemf. Because the cemf opposes the applied voltage, the actual effective voltage ap-
plied to the rotor is the difference between the applied voltage and the cemf. Therefore, as
the rotor picks up speed and the cemf increases, the rotor current will decrease to a sus-
tainable level that does not cause motor overheating. With the motor running, the armature
current is
Vt Vb Vcemf
Ia = (15-25)
Ra
where
Vcemf = the induced counter emf in the armature windings in volts (V)
If we increase the mechanical load on the motor, the rotor speed will decrease, causing a cor-
responding decrease in the cemf. Referring to Equation 15-25, note that a decrease in the
cemf causes an increase in the armature current. In a dc motor, the torque produced is
directly proportional to the armature current. In fact, it is relatively easy to add instrumenta-
tion to monitor a dc motors relative output torque by simply connecting an ammeter in
series with the rotor circuit.
The motor illustrated in Figure 15-19 is a permanent magnet dc motor. Most small
instrumentation and hobby motors are permanent magnet motors. They are simple, inex-
pensive, and very reliable. Their speed can be controlled by varying the applied armature
voltage. Their direction of rotation can be reversed by reversing the polarity of the applied
voltage. They exhibit good starting torque and excellent speed regulation under varying
loads. However, for larger motors, it is difficult and expensive to construct the large high-
flux permanent magnets required to operate efficiently. Therefore, large motors use elec-
tromagnetic fields as shown in Figure 15-20. In this case, the field coil is powered from the
same voltage source that is powering the armature.
It is important to fully understand the relationship between the field flux, cemf, arma-
ture current, and motor speed. For the dc motor in Figure 15-20, consider the scenario in
which the field coil accidentally becomes disconnected. Intuitively, one would think that in
this case the flux density would fall to a very low value, causing a corresponding loss in de-
veloped torque and speed. However, this is not the case. When the field coil is discon-
nected, the only remaining flux is the residual flux in the core. This causes a drastic reduc-
tion in the cemf and a large increase in the armature current. If the rotor is not mechanically
loaded, the increase in armature current and torque causes an increase in the rotor speed.
Without intervention, it is possible that the rotor speed can increase to a point where the
centrifugal force causes disintegration of the rotor. Fortunately, in most cases a catastrophe
00205_15_ch15_p305-328.qxd 5/2/06 10:33 AM Page 322

322 CHAPTER 15 DC Machines

FIGURE 1520
DC Motor with electromagnetic
field.
S N

Vt

such as this will be prevented by the proper selection and installation of fuses or circuit
breakers in the motor circuit.

15-5 Shunt, Series, and Compound DC Motor

As with dc generators, dc motors are available with both shunt and series field windings.
The windings are similar to those in the dc generator, with the shunt field coil made from
many turns of small wire and the series field coil made from fewer turns of large wire.
When using these two windings, there are fundamentally three ways a dc motor can be con-
nected: as a shunt motor, a series motor, and a compound motor. Each connection
scheme results in a motor with very different performance characteristics and correspond-
ing applications.

Shunt Motor
The shunt motor shown in Figure 15-21 is connected the same as a shunt generator; that is,
with the shunt field connected in parallel with the armature. Therefore, the voltage applied
to both the field and the armature is the same. The shunt motor exhibits good starting torque
and speed regulation. It is an excellent connection method for general-purpose applications.
For this connection method, the field current is
Vt
If = (15-26)
Rf

It Ia

Ra

Vt Rf If
A Ecemf

Vb

FIGURE 1521
Shunt dc motor.
00205_15_ch15_p305-328.qxd 5/2/06 10:33 AM Page 323

15-5 Shunt, Series, and Compound DC Motor 323

the armature current is

Vt Vb Vcemf
Ia = (15-27)
Ra
and the total current is
It = Ia + I f (15-28)

EXAMPLE 15-6 A shunt dc motor like that shown in Figure 15-21 has an applied voltage of 140 V dc, a field
resistance of 184 , an armature resistance of 0.3 , and a total brush drop of 2 volts.
When operating under a certain mechanical load, the motor runs at 1600 rpm and the total
motor current (armature plus field) is 5.6 amperes. If the load is increased and the motor
speed drops to 1550 rpm, what will be the total current?

SOLUTION Intuitively, when the load on any motor is increased, the motor will draw
more current. Therefore, we know that the answer to this problem will be greater than
5.6 amperes.
First, we know that because the applied voltage remains constant, the field current will
also remain constant. Using Equation 15-26, the field current is
Vt 140
If = = = 761 mA (15-29)
Rf 184
Under the initial load condition (before the load is increased), the armature current is

Ia = It I f = 5.6 0.761 = 4.839 A (15-30)

and the cemf is

Vcemf = Vt Vb Ia Ra = 140 2 (4.839)(0.3) = 136.55 V (15-31)

Because the cemf in a motor is directly proportional to rotor speed, we can find the cemf
under the increased load by the simple ratio
nr Vcemf
=  (15-32)
nr Vcemf
 nr Vcemf (1550)(136.55)
Vcemf = = = 132.28 V
nr 1600
Next, we find the armature current under the increased load, which is
Vt Vb Vcemf 140 2 132.28
Ia = = = 19.06 A (15-33)
Ra 0.3
Because the field current is constant, we add the field current from Equation 15-29.

It = Ia + I f = 19.06 + 0.761 = 19.82 A (15-34)

Notice the extremely large increase in armature current (nearly fourfold), indicating a four-
fold increase in load torque. Because the speed decreased only 3.1 percent with this large
change in load, it is easy to conclude that this type of motor has very good speed regula-
tion, a common characteristic of shunt motors.

The speed of a shunt motor can be controlled in one of two ways, armature control or field
control. In either case, the motor must be connected so that the field and armature are excited
by separate power supplies so that the voltage of each can be independently controlled. With
armature control, we apply rated voltage to the field and vary the armature voltage from zero
00205_15_ch15_p305-328.qxd 5/2/06 10:33 AM Page 324

324 CHAPTER 15 DC Machines

to rated voltage. The result is that the motor speed can be varied from zero to rated speed.
With field control, we apply rated voltage to the armature and vary the field from rated volt-
age to near zero. This results in a rotor speed that varies from somewhat below rated speed
to a speed that is above rated speed. Under this method, it is important to monitor the speed
of the motor to avoid excessive speed and potential damage to the rotor.
The direction of rotation of a shunt motor can be reversed by reversing either the shunt
field connections or the armature connections. Reversing the polarity of the applied voltage
will not reverse the direction of rotation because it reverses the current direction in both the
shunt field and armature, resulting in no change in rotational direction.

Series Motor
In the series-connected dc motor, the series field is used instead of the shunt field. As shown
in Figure 15-22, the series field is connected in series with the armature. Analysis of the
series motor is somewhat simpler because the motor circuit is a simple series circuit. The
armature current is
Vt Vb Vcemf
Ia = I f = It = (15-35)
R s + Ra
When the series motor is energized, assuming that the rotor is not rotating, the cemf will be
zero. Therefore, the armature current is limited only by the resistance of the series field, the
resistance of the armature, and the brush drop. Therefore, the starting current is
Vt Vb
It (start) = (15-36)
R s + Ra
The brush drop is in the order of a few volts, and the armature and series field resistances are
very low values, in many cases less than 1 . Therefore, the starting current for a series
motor is extremely high. Because the starting current flows through the series field, the flux
produced by the field increases directly proportional to the starting current. Additionally, as
with the shunt motor, the torque produced by the armature is directly proportional to the ar-
mature current. Therefore, the overall starting torque in a series motor is proportional to the
square of the starting current. For this reason, series dc motors are used only in applications
requiring a large starting torque, where it is very likely that the motor must start with a heavy
mechanical load, such as cranes, elevators, and diesel-electric trains.
Additionally, note that, because the series field and the armature are connected in
series, as the armature current varies, the series field current also varies. As a result, the se-
ries motor has poor speed regulation. In fact, if the motor is completely unloaded, its speed
will increase without limit until the motor self-destructs. Because of this, series motor ap-
plications are designed so that it is very unlikely that the motor will become disconnected
from the load. Therefore, they are not connected to the load with drive belts, chains, or

1B 1=
4I

4=
1J




8J A -cemf

8>
FIGURE 1522
Series dc motor.
00205_15_ch15_p305-328.qxd 5/2/06 10:33 AM Page 325

15-5 Shunt, Series, and Compound DC Motor 325

clutches. Instead, they are usually used in a direct-drive configuration where the motor is
connected directly to a gearbox or drive mechanism.

EXAMPLE 15-7 A 200-V series dc motor like that shown in Figure 15-22 has an armature resistance of
0.5  and a series field resistance of 0.25  and a total brush drop of 1.5 V. When it is
operating at rated load, the cemf is 190 V dc. Find (a) the rated load current, and (b) the
starting current.

SOLUTION
(a) The rated load current can be found using Equation 15-35.

Vt Vb Vcemf 200 1.5 190

It = = = 11.33 A (15-37)
R s + Ra 0.25 + 0.5

(b) Applying Equation 15-36, the starting current is

Vt Vb 200 1.5
It (start) = = = 264.7 A (15-38)
R s + Ra 0.25 + 0.5

The speed of a series motor can be controlled only by varying the applied voltage. The di-
rection of rotation can be reversed by reversing either the field connections or the armature
connections. Reversing the polarity of the applied voltage will not reverse the direction of
rotation because it reverses the current direction in both the field and armature.

Compound Motor
The compound dc motor shown in Figure 15-23 is a combination of the shunt and series
motors, with the two fields connected so that their flux is additive. The motor exhibits the
performance characteristics of both the shunt and series motors. The series field causes the
motor to have extremely high starting torque, whereas the shunt field gives it excellent
speed regulation. Care must be taken when connecting the motor fields, to ensure that the
flux produced by the fields is additive. Reversing of one of the fields results in unpre-
dictable and potentially dangerous results, including reversed direction of rotation and run-
away speed.
Reversing the direction of rotation of a compound motor is possible using one of two
methods: (1) Reverse the armature connections, or (2) reverse the connections of both the
series and shunt fields. Reversing the polarity of the applied voltage will not reverse the di-
rection of rotation because it will reverse the currents in both the armature and the fields.

1I

4I

1= 4=
1J




8J 4B 1B A -cemf

8>
FIGURE 1523
Compound dc motor.
00205_15_ch15_p305-328.qxd 5/2/06 10:33 AM Page 326

326 CHAPTER 15 DC Machines

Motor Efficiency
As with all electrical or mechanical devices, the efficiency is the ratio of the output power
to the input power. For a dc motor, the input power is the electrical power in watts, and the
output power is the shaft power in watts. Mathematically, this is
Pout (T nr /7.04)
= = (15-39)
Pin Vt It
where
= the efficiency (dimensionless)
Pout = the output power in watts (W)
Pin = the input power in watts (W)
T = the shaft output torque in foot pounds (ft-lb)
nr = the rotor speed in revolutions per minute (rpm)
Vt = the applied input voltage in volts (V)
It = the applied input current in amperes (A)
If the motor is separately excited, the field power must be included in the input power.
Therefore, the efficiency equation becomes
Pout (T nr /7.04)
= = (15-40)
Pin Vt It + V f I f
where
V f = the field voltage in volts (V)
I f = the field current in amperes (A)

15-6 Dynamic Braking of DC Motors

There is little difference between a dc generator and a dc motor, so whenever power is
removed from the motors armature, it becomes a generator as the motor speed decreases
(assuming that we maintain field excitation). If we connect the armature to a resistive load
after removing power, the energy stored in the rotor in the form of angular momentum will
be transferred to the resistive load, thereby rapidly decreasing the rotor speed. This method,
called dynamic braking, can be used to bring the motor to a stop quickly. In some cases
we use dynamic braking to transfer stored energy from a motor into a storage device, such
as a battery, for later use.
Another method to decelerate or stop a dc motor rapidly is called plugging. When
plugging a dc motor, we momentarily reconnect the motor in such a way as to reverse the
direction of rotation. For example, in a shunt motor we could momentarily reverse the con-
nections of either the shunt field or the armature. Because plugging would result in exces-
sive line currents and motor torque, a current-limiting device, usually a resistor, is inserted
in series with the motor during plugging. Without the resistor, the line currents would likely
overload the voltage source, or trip circuit breakers; or the excessive torque could loosen
or destroy armature windings.

PROBLEMS
15-1 A wire is passed through a 0.15-T magnetic field that is
0.01 m wide at a rate of 1 m/s. What is the generated
voltage?
15-2 A wire is passed through a 0.3-T magnetic field that
is 1 wide at a rate of 1 ft/s. What is the generated
voltage?
15-3 A four-turn coil of wire is passed through a 0.6-T
magnetic field that is 20 mm wide. At what rate does
it need to be moved to generate 0.05 volts?
15-4 A coil of wire is passed through a 0.1-T, 35-mm-wide
magnetic field at a rate of 1.14 m/s. How many turns of
wire are needed on the coil to produce 1 volt?
00205_15_ch15_p305-328.qxd 5/2/06 10:33 AM Page 327
15-5 A self-excited shunt dc generator is delivering a rated
voltage and current of 140 V and 5 A to a load. If the field
resistance is 175 , determine (a) the field current, and
(b) the armature current.
15-6 When a self-excited shunt generator with a 150- field is
connected to a 10- load, the output voltage is 200 V. To
operate under these conditions, a field current of 650 mA
is required through the field. What value of field rheostat
is required?
15-7 A dc shunt generator is rated at 120 V dc and 20 amperes.
It has an armature resistance of 0.08 , a total brush drop
of 1.5 volts, and a field resistance of 200 . Assuming
constant field flux, what is the no-load output voltage of
the generator?
15-8 A self-excited dc shunt generator has an induced armature
voltage of 190 V dc. It has an armature resistance of
0.15 , a total brush drop of 2 volts, and a field resistance
of 275 . It is connected to a 25- load. Determine
(a) the voltage delivered to the load, (b) the field current,
and (c) the armature current.
15-9 A self-excited shunt generator is operating at 1450 rpm
with a shaft input torque of 13.39 ft-lb. It is delivering
15 A at 125 V dc. What is the efficiency?
15-10 A self-excited dc shunt generator is operating at 750 rpm.
It is 65 percent efficient when it delivers 35 A at 240 V dc.
What is the input shaft torque?
15-11 A separately excited shunt generator is operating at
1500 rpm and a shaft torque of 17.72 ft-lb. The field
voltage is 140 V dc and the field current is 775 mA. If the
generator is delivering 18 A at 145 V dc, what is the
overall efficiency?
15-12 A separately excited shunt generator is delivering 35 A
to a 4- load. The 165- field is excited with 145 V dc.
It the rotor is operated at 900 rpm with a shaft torque of
50.42 ft-lb, what is the overall efficiency?
15-13 A short shunt compound generator has the following
operating parameters: Ia = 12.5 A, I f = 950 mA, R L =
36 . What is the output voltage Vt ?
15-14 A short shunt compound generator has the following op-
erating parameters: Ra = 0.12 , E a = 150 V dc, Vb =
1.75 V dc, Rs = 0.11 , R f = 185 , R L = 10 . What
is the output voltage Vt ?
Problems 327
15-15 A wire is resting in a 20-mm-wide magnetic field that has
a flux density of 0.4 T. If a current of 3.5 amperes passes
through the wire, what is the force created?
15-16 A wire is resting in a magnetic field that is 1 wide and
has a flux density of 1.4 T. What current is needed in the
wire to produce a force of 1 N?
15-17 A 3-turn coil of wire is located in a 0.75-T magnetic field
that is 15 mm wide. If the current in the coil is 2.2 A,
what is the force that is created?
15-18 A 50-turn coil of wire is located in a 0.5-T magnetic field
that is 1.25 wide. What current is needed to produce a
force of 3.5 ounces?
15-19 A 120-V shunt motor has an armature resistance of 2.5 ,
a brush drop of 2 volts, and a field resistance of 150 .
When the motor runs at rated load, the cemf is 115 V dc.
Determine (a) the starting current, and (b) the running
current at rated load.
15-20 A 200-V shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.8 ,
a brush drop of 1.5 volts, and a field resistance of 125 .
When the motor runs at rated load, the total current is
12.5 A. Determine the cemf when it is running at rated
load.
15-21 A 175-V shunt dc motor draws 15 A of current when it
delivers 9.7 ft-lb of torque at 1250 rpm. What is the
efficiency?
15-22 A 150-V shunt motor is 68 percent efficient when it
delivers 5.5 ft-lb of torque at 1800 rpm. Under these
operating conditions, what is the input current to the
motor?
15-23 For each of the applications listed below, choose the best
type of dc motor (shunt, series, compound, or permanent
magnet).
(a) compressor (must have high starting torque and run at
a constant speed)
(b) crane
(c) conveyor
(d) elevator
(e) ventilation fan (very low starting torque)
(f) subway
(g) radio-controlled model racer
00205_15_ch15_p305-328.qxd 5/2/06 10:33 AM Page 328