Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Physics
Section 11C
8 June 2017
The Effect of Strand Arrangement on the Tensile Strength of Multi-Fiber Ropes
Rope is simply a group of smaller fibers arranged into a larger object more fit for
a task and has been used in various forms for various uses since the beginning of
civilization, from using it to build various structures to simple actions such as tying a
shoe. Various uses require ropes to have different properties. In an effort to determine the
effect of manipulating the fibers within a rope on the tensile strength of that rope, an
experiment was carried out using ropes made of braided, twisted, and unmanipulated
fibers. The ropes were used to hang a bucket, and the bucket was then filled with water.
When the weight of the water was great enough to snap the rope, the weight was
measured.
After multiple trials, the breaking points of the strands were compared using an
ANOVA test. The parallel string yielded the highest average tensile strength, with the
braided string at the lowest. The ANOVA test yielded a p-value of 0.000002, leading to a
conclusion that there is a relationship between arrangement of fibers and tensile strength.
Twisting the fibers appeared to have no impact on the tensile strength, yielding a mean
strength roughly equivalent to the unmanipulated fibers. The braided strings had a lower
Introduction ............................................................................................................................1
Conclusion .............................................................................................................................29
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................33
Introduction
Since the dawn of human history, humans have been creating tools to help
them accomplish tasks in their day-to-day lives. One of the earliest such tools created by
modern man is the rope. Despite its long history, very little literature exists on the
properties of rope or its structure. Even without extensive documentation, ropes are in
common use for everything from building skyscrapers to rock climbing and towing boats
to tying shoes. Each of these applications uses a slightly different variation on the
concept of rope. Things like bridges tend to use twisted rope while nautical applications
use braids. With so many uses critical to everyday survival, it is important to understand
the factors which affect the strength of the rope in order to create the ideal rope for any
task.
manipulating the arrangement of fibers within a rope caused a change in overall tensile
strength. To carry out this experiment, a structure was designed and built to test the
tensile strength of a simple rope constructed from a polyester fiber. Ropes were then
parallel to determine if manipulations of fibers within the ropes of the same length would
have an effect on the overall tensile strength. A bucket was then hung from the rope and
filled with water until the rope snapped. The mass of the bucket and its contents was then
Tensile strength is critical for virtually every application of rope, and different
arrangements are more suited for specific tasks. For example, nautical applications are
not particularly sensitive to rope thickness. In these cases, a braided or twisted rope,
Coles Toma 2
which uses more material to create a rope of a certain length but with higher tensile
paracord, the quantity of material is critical. In a case like this, it would make more sense
to pick a material with a higher tensile strength without having to braid or twist in order
to achieve a large tensile strength with a smaller amount of material. This research would
With so many real world applications, understanding the properties of a rope and
making correct decisions in rope making is critical for a functioning society. Without
research like that contained herein, the advancement of this basic technology would stall,
Review of Literature
In designing and carrying out this experiment, many scientific principles were
applied. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the impact of different
arrangements of rope - braided, twisted, and parallel - on the tensile strength of the rope.
The scientific principles at play in this experiment include tensile strength, force
Tensile strength is defined as the resistance of a material to forces that expand the
material, such as a person stretching elastic or weight pulling down on a rope (Miller).
The maximum tensile strength, measured in newtons, is defined as the amount of weight,
and therefore the amount of force, pulling on the rope when it snaps (Tartaglia).
Figure 1, above, shows a free body diagram of the forces acting on the weight in
the experiment. As the weight of the object increased, the force of gravity pulling on it
will also increase. However, the weight did not move any closer to the ground until the
line snapped. This is in line with Newtons first law of motion, that an object at rest will
stay at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. The force of gravity, in this example,
was balanced by the force of tension in the rope, which increased directly with the force
Coles Toma 4
of gravity until the rope ultimately snapped, causing an unbalanced force and allowing
The general format for this experiment was not unique, and has been carried out
in many variations for many purposes. Moyer and Everetts Twisting and Braiding --
from Thread to Rope details a similar experiment in which tension was used to
determine the strength of many materials in a single-stranded form, that was neither
twisted nor braided. Twisting and Braiding was published in Science Scope, a peer
reviewed journal intended for educators published by the National Association of Science
that it increased the weight of the suspended object in large increments, the basic concept
of suspending a weight from a string forms the basis for the experiment carried out in this
paper. The results of the Moyer and Everett experiment are not, however, relevant to this
research as that experiment does not, despite the name of the paper, investigate
manipulations of the fibers, but the instead the impact of the composition of the fibers
themselves.
A rope is defined as a bundle of fibers that are twisted, braided, or strung together
(rope). Each of these configurations yields a rope with unique properties. Tensile
strength is one such property, and it is known that larger ropes, with more fibers, are
generally stronger than ropes with less fibers (Moyer and Everett). However, fibers
within a rope that have been twisted or braided are stronger than the same bundle would
require more material to reach a certain length than one made of straight fibers due to the
Coles Toma 5
fact that the strands themselves are not oriented in a straight line. The increase in the
amount of material alone should increase strength due to increased ability to balance
forces.
Braiding rope should also increase tensile strength because it allows forces to
balance throughout the strand by crossing and recrossing rope components (Britannica).
This crossing of components allowed not only for the balanced distribution of forces
throughout the strand, but also for movement of the component fibers (Miller). The
movement of the fibrous components allows for the rope to flex while the forces are
being distributed. This results in the rope fibers settling in a slightly different
arrangement than when the force was applied. The space between the fibers in a braided
rope compresses when undergoing tension forces as the fibers slid amongst themselves,
leading to greater strength at the cost of elasticity. Twisting the strands had much the
same effect but to a lesser degree as there are fewer unique points of contact between the
individual strands and less empty space (Moyer). Fewer unique points of contact required
more force to be distributed across each one, while the lack of empty space reduces the
flexibility of the rope, thereby reducing the ability of the rope to distribute the forces
There were many different factors to consider when braiding, including the size,
or angle, of the braid. An angle of approximately 45 within the braid yielded the highest
strength, and is also approximately the natural angle for a very tightly braided rope
(Saraswat et al.). This angle allowed for the greatest freedom of motion and for the
45
Figure 2 makes clear what a 45 braid looks like. It shows how the first step in
braiding would appear, and highlights that the braid angle is measured from a line
parallel to the center strand to the strand being placed over it.
largely overlooked in previous experiments on the subject, is the impact of shock loads.
A shock load is a force resulting from a sudden acceleration, such as when rapidly
applying large amounts of weight to a support structure (Hall). These loads can cause
failure in structures that would otherwise be able to support the weight of the load, if it
were applied more gradually. Certain materials cope with shock loads better than others,
and the ability to absorb shock loads, known as energy absorbing capacity, is unrelated to
tensile strength. However, as the energy absorbing capacity is influenced by the design of
a rope, all experiments of tensile strength must be designed in such a way as to avoid
Despite the fact that shock loads have no impact on the real tensile strength, the
apparent tensile strength is impacted by shock loads. Actual tensile strength is, however,
Coles Toma 7
affected by the force distribution through braid arrangement in combination with the
properties of the material the braid is made of. By controlling the material and reducing
shock loads, the impact of braid arrangement was isolated and quantified.
Coles Toma 8
Problem Statement
Problem:
strength of a rope.
Hypothesis:
Data Measured:
within the rope (braided, twisted, and parallel). The dependent variable was the tensile
strength of the rope, measured in newtons. An ANOVA statistical analysis test was run to
determine the results, with thirty trials run for each type of manipulated string.
Coles Toma 9
Experimental Design
Materials:
mm Polyester Thread, 27 m Bucket, 3 gallon
Beaker, 2000 ml in. Painters Tape
Water Scale, .01g precision
Bucket, 1 gallon Scissors
Testing Rig (See Appendix A)
2. Lay the three strands of string parallel to each other, with the strands touching but
not overlapping.
4. Pass the leftmost strand over the center strand and under the rightmost strand,
making it the new rightmost strand.
6. Repeat step four and five until the entire length of the threads has been braided.
2. Lay the three strands of string parallel to each other, with the strands touching but
not overlapping.
3.
4. Wrap tape around one end of the three threads to secure them.
6. Wrap tape around the unwrapped end of the thread to secure it.
2. Lay the three strands of string parallel to each other, with the strands touching but
not overlapping.
3. Wrap the end of the string that went through the loop around the opposite end,
and back through the loop.
4. Pull taught.
1. Label each string one through ninety and then randomize the trials with a
calculator to figure out what order to run trials in.
3. Tie one end of the string to the one-gallon bucket using a bowline knot.
4. Tie the other end of the string to the testing rig using a bowline knot, allowing the
string and one-gallon bucket to hang inside the three-gallon bucket.
6. Slowly fill the one-gallon bucket with water using the beaker.
7. When the string snaps, use the scale to weigh the smaller bucket and its contents
Coles Toma 11
Diagrams:
String
String Testing Rig
1-Gallon Bucket
Testing
Rig
3-Gallon
Bucket
(1-Gallon
Bucket
3-Gallon Bucket Inside)
Figure 3, above, shows a diagram of how the experiment was set up, including the
bucket, the rope, and the testing rig. Water was poured from a beaker (not pictured) into
the 1-gallon bucket until the string snapped and the one-gallon bucket fell into the bottom
of the 3-gallon bucket. After this, the weight of the bucket was measured.
Coles Toma 12
Figure 4 above shows the three different rope types described for this experiment.
From left to right, the order shows are the braided rope, twisted rope, and parallel rope.
This is not the same rope described in the materials due to the thinness and difficulty to
Table 1
Braided String Data Results
Trial Mass (g) Weight (N) Trial Mass (g) Weight (N)
Table 1, above, shows mass in grams and weight in newtons that each braided
string held. The average weight that the braided string held was 21890.0 newtons, and the
standard deviation of this set of data was 2130.5. A sample calculation for converting
Table 2
Parallel String Data Results
Trial Mass (g) Weight (N) Trial Mass (g) Weight (N)
Table 2, above, shows the weight, given in newtons, and mass in grams that each
set of parallel strings held. The average weight that the parallel strings held was 25849.1
newtons, and the standard deviation of this set of data was 2372.4.
Coles Toma 15
Table 3
Twisted String Data Results
Trial Mass (g) Weight (N) Trial Mass (g) Weight (N)
Table 3, above, shows the weight, given in newtons, that each set of twisted
threads held. The average weight that the twisted string held was 24431.2 newtons, and
Observations:
Table 4
Braided String Observations
Trial Observation
7 String snapped at the knot, and the overall length of the string was shorter
than the rest.
15 The string snapped toward the middle of the arrangement, while the beaker
was being refilled.
16 String snapped really close to the knot, and the overall length of the string
was shorter than the rest.
19 String snapped at the knot, and the overall length of the string was shorter
than the rest.
Trial Observation
23 String snapped really close to the knot,and the overall length of the string
was shorter than the rest.
27 The string snapped close to the knot, and the overall length of the string was
shorter than the rest.
Table 4 shows the observations of the braided string trials. For the purposes of
reading the table, unless otherwise specified, the top, middle, and bottom of the
string are all representative of one third of the arrangement, with bottom being nearest to
the bucket. The breaking location was not measured, and is only given approximately.
Coles Toma 18
Table 5
Parallel Strings Observation
Trial Observation
Trial Observation
Table 5 shows the observations taken during the parallel string trials. For the
purposes of reading the table, the top, middle, and bottom of the string are all
representative of one third of the arrangement, with bottom being nearest to the bucket.
Coles Toma 20
Table 6
Twisted String Observations
Trial Observation
3 The string snapped at the knot while pouring water, and the overall length of
the string was shorter than the rest.
5 The string snapped at the knot while pouring water, and some of the water
splashed out of the bucket.
10 The knot slipped before the rope snapped, and it was stretched out before it
snapped.
Trial Observation
Table 6 shows the observations taken during the twisted string trials. For the
purposes of reading the table, unless otherwise specified, the top, middle, and
bottom of the string are all representative of one third of the arrangement, with bottom
being nearest to the bucket. The breaking location was not measured, and is only given
approximately.
Coles Toma 22
Figure 5 above shows before and after pictures taken during the experiment. The
picture on the left shows the white bucked being held up by the string while one
researcher was pouring water into the bucket. The picture on the right shows the string
This research and the experiment detailed within were conducted with the intent
led to an overall increase in the tensile strength in the strands of the fiber. The experiment
comparative experiment allows conclusions to be drawn due to the fact that the
experiment was controlled and the only changes in the environmental circumstances were
made intentionally by the researchers. The trials of this experiment were carried out in a
random order to ensure validity of the data by spreading any possible improvement in
carrying out the experiment across all the categories. In doing so, the likelihood of flawed
data due to technique improvements as the researchers gained experience was reduced.
For the purposes of this experiment, the parallel or straight arrangement of strings
served as a form of control, as the fibers were not manipulated in any way. A control was
comparison to measure the other trials against. Thirty trials were run of each arrangement
of string in order to ensure that a large enough sample size for a valid statistical test
existed. Without replication, the chance that any one outlier experiment could throw off
the data is increased, and the researchers compensated for this. This data was measured in
strength, an ANOVA statistical test was run on the data points gathered during the
Coles Toma 24
experiment. However, before any test is run, it is necessary and helpful to analyze graphs
Figure 6 shows a boxplot of the data collected during the experiment. Marked on
the outside of the boxes are the respective quartiles and any outliers, while the mean of
each group is indicated by the number next to the x within the box. It appears from these
data that the braided ropes had an overall lower tensile strength. Both the mean and
median breaking strength of the braided string were lower than in any other category. In
fact, it is lower than 75% of the data in either of the other categories. Due to the large
range of the twisted string trials, there is overlap between the twisted string and both
other groups. However, it is worth noting that this overlap is minor in the case of the
braided string trials, indicating that there may be a significant difference in the breaking
strengths. The braided and straight strings had such a substantial overlap and such similar
Coles Toma 25
means that it is unlikely that there is a significant difference between the two based on
this graphical analysis. Also of note, the straight string trials has the largest mean and
median breaking strengths. This may be due to the presence of the outlier, but remains
However, due to the variability, this visual analysis is not enough to draw any
conclusions. There is still a statistical test that must be carried out. For the purposes of
this experiment, the ANOVA statistical test was selected. The ANOVA test is appropriate
for this task because it compares means from multiple populations, in this case the
ANOVA test is that each population be normal. While the central limit theorem states
that any group of samples over size 30 from any population will be normal, and thirty
trials were conducted to ensure this normality, it is worth verifying with normality plots.
Figures 7-9, shown above and on the previous page, are normal probability plots
of the findings for each arrangement of string. As the data points for the most part form
an approximately linear arrangement in all three charts, it can be concluded that all three
samples came from populations that are in fact normally distributed, despite the apparent
Another requirement for a valid ANOVA test is that all populations have similar
standard deviations. The sample standard deviations of the data for each population were
included in the Data and Observations section of this paper and are reproduced below.
Table 7
Standard Deviations of Each Type of String
Braided String Straight String Twisted String
By observing the values in Table 7, it is evident that the standard deviation of the
twisted string is larger than that of the other two arrangements. This is not surprising,
given the large range observed in the box plot on the previous page. However, the
ANOVA test is not particularly sensitive to the standard deviations of the group. A
common practice is to use the rule that the standard deviations as similar enough for the
purposes of the test if the largest standard deviation is no more than twice the smallest
one. This is the case here, so the test would still be valid under these conditions.
The final requirement for a valid ANOVA statistical test is that the data be from a
random sample. As noted earlier in this section, great care was taken in randomizing this
experiment, fulfilling this condition. As all the conditions have been met, the test can
now be run.
Figure 9 shows the two hypotheses used for the ANOVA test. Ho represents the
null hypothesis, that there is no difference between the mean breaking strength, which is
in this case , of any of the three arrangements of string. The alternative hypothesis, Ha,
Coles Toma 28
simply means that not all of the means are equal, or that there is a difference in at least
Based on information shown in Figure 11, the null hypothesis was rejected. A
15.5 with 2/87 degrees of freedom leads to a p value of 0.000002, which is less than the
standard alpha level of 0.05, which is the barrier of statistical significance. This means
that there is essentially a 0% chance of getting a difference in means of the three different
types of string as extreme as it was by chance alone if Ho were true. Although the p-value
determines this, it does not indicate where that difference is. Based on the box plot in
Figure 6, it appears that the mean tensile strength of the braided string is lower than that
of the other two arrangements. However, the box-plots do not give a clear indication of
the relationship between the straight strings and the twisted strings. A t test was carried
out on these data and found no statistically significant difference between the two values.
Coles Toma 29
Conclusion
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the impact of the arrangement of
strands in a rope on the tensile strength of the rope. The experiment tested the tensile
strength of a rope created from a polyester fiber. Three different arrangements were used-
braided, twisted, and parallel. A bucket was then hung from the rope and filled with water
until the manipulated rope snapped. To find the tensile strength of the rope, the mass of
the bucket and the water were determined in grams using a scale and then converted to
newtons of force. The force on the rope when it snapped was determined to be the
maximum tensile strength of the rope. It was hypothesized that the braided rope would
The hypothesis was rejected because the data collected from the experiment
showed that the braided rope actually had the lowest tensile strength of the three
arrangements. In fact, the arrangement that had the highest tensile strength was the
twisted arrangement. The braided, parallel, and twisted arrangements of rope had an
average tensile strength of 21890.0 newtons, 25849.1 newtons, and 24431.2 newtons
respectively. The data was then analyzed with an ANOVA test to determine a p-value.
The F value of 15.5 with 2/87 degrees of freedom leads to a p value of 0.000002, which
is less than the alpha level of 0.05. This means that there is essentially a 0% chance of
getting a difference in means of the three different types of string as extreme as it was by
chance alone if the null hypothesis were true. A t-test was run that determined that the
twisted and parallel strands did not have significantly different means. This means that
the significant difference found in the ANOVA test was based on the braided string
having the lowest mean tensile strength. As the braided string had the lowest mean tensile
Coles Toma 30
strength, it was concluded that the braided string does not have the highest mean tensile
strength.
The results differed from expectations because the experimental design failed to
fully accommodate for specific properties of the material used in the experiment when
forming the hypothesis. The polyester fiber used in the experiment was found to
withstand extreme stretching. However, the downward and upward forces were not the
only forces applied to the load bearing ropes. There were also shear forces at play, forces
perpendicular to one rope and through another when the ropes were pressed together.
Net Tension
Shear Forces
Weight
the strands of the braided string on another. As can be seen, these forces cross the center
strand at odd angles. These forces were exacerbated by the application of weight, and
therefore tension, which caused the braided strands to press together which increased
shear forces. Initially, this contact allows for improved distribution of forces. However,
beyond a certain point which is dependent on the material, shear forces are liable break
the strand, much like tensile forces (Miller). The specific polyester strand used in the
Coles Toma 31
experiment was not resistant to these forces. As a result, the fibers in the braided string
sliced through each other. The fibers in the twisted and parallel strands did not experience
these forces, as they did not have as many points of contact to transfer shear forces and
execution. One flaw throughout the experiment was the variance in the rope length right
before it was tested. Originally, 30 centimeters of rope were cut and manipulated in
accordance with the experimental design, but when tying the knots around the bucket and
testing rig, the total length of the rope was shortened by various amounts. The
observations indicate that shorter strands appeared to have a lower tensile strength -
perhaps due to a reduced ability to stretch and to distribute the load among the strands -
which may have had an impact on the mean tensile strength. Another flaw was
consistency while pouring water. When the rope snapped, the flow of water did not stop
instantaneously as those performing the experiment had to react to stop the flow. Due to
this, some excess water may have made its way into the bucket, so the measured tensile
strength for each trial may not have been a perfectly accurate representation of the true
Despite these errors, the results of this experiment are still of value to the
ensure that the material the rope is made from is fit for its purpose. Further study into the
resistance of various materials to various shear forces would aid in determining the ideal
material for any purpose, such as selection of materials for bridge designs or rescue
Coles Toma 32
operations. Also noted in this experiment was that twisting the strands had no impact on
the tensile strength of the rope. This will save a rope designer quite a bit of time when
trying to determine the ideal rope. However, using a more rugged thread than the
polyester sewing thread may change that finding as well, because the twists may not be as
large and the contact patches between strands would be larger, thereby distributing the
forces over a wider area resulting in less overall strain. This should also be investigated.
These results are also practically applicable in daily life. The average person uses
ropes in some form nearly constantly, from assisting in lifting heavy objects to using
pulleys. Often, these rope systems can be improvised, such as when securing a package
with twine and using that same twine to lift the package. Using the results of this
experiment, it can be recommended that one should not braid a rope for any improvised
system such as this, as it is possible that braiding may actually reduce the structural
integrity of the material. Without knowing the properties of the material in question, it
Despite, and perhaps because of this uncertainty, the experimental results were in
with the expectations based on the found literature. For this particular material, braiding
the fibers resulted in a reduction of mean tensile strength. However, these results cannot
be generalized to all materials and call for further study of the topic.
Coles Toma 33
Acknowledgements
A special thanks to Mr. McMillan and Mrs. Cybulski for the help and advice that
they provided during the research process. Another thanks to Mr. Coles, for providing the
materials and working space to build the testing rig. Without these helpful individuals,
Procedure:
1. Place one six-inch piece in each end of the tee PVC holders.
2. Using the six-inch pieces and the tees, four 90 elbows, and two of the one foot
pieces, form a square.
3. Orient the tee PVC holders so that the open hole faces upward
4. Place the two-foot pieces into the top opening of the tee.
6. Use the final one-foot piece of PVC to connect the two PVC elbows.
Diagrams:
2 ft.
1 ft.
Figure 1. Diagram of Testing Rig Setup
Figure 1, above, shows a diagram of how the testing rig was set up. A square at
the bottom is created with PVC, four elbow holders, and two tee holders. From the two
tee holders are the two 2 foot pieces, and then they are connected at the top with an elbow
Coles Toma 35
holder. The string was tied to the top PVC bar and then the bucket hang from the string
until it broke.
Coles Toma 36
All data in this experiment was mass collected in grams, but the true quantity of
interest was breaking strength when subject to force, which is measured in newtons.
Conveniently, the force in newtons, N, can be found using a simple formula. Here,
g.
A sample calculation is shown below, using 9.8 m/s2 as the acceleration due to
= 2361.1 9.8
= 23138.8
In Figure 1, a calculation was carried out to determine the force in newtons of one
trial. This same calculation was done with the data from each trial. An ANOVA test was
then carried out on the converted data, using the formula below. F is the test statistic of
the ANOVA test, and the other variables will be defined later in this appendix.
Before this test can be run, numerous other values must be determined. To assist
in doing this, relevant data from the experiment has been reproduced.
Coles Toma 37
Table 1
Relevant Data for ANOVA Test
Populations s n
Table 1 represents the means with x-bar, sample standard deviation with s, and
the size of each population with n. Note that the x-bars in the table above are the x-bars
for the group, not the overall x-bar used in determining the mean square group. The
formula for determining that x-bar is shown below. Lowercase n represents number of
samples in each population, capital N is the total number of all samples, and the x-bars
+ +
=
+ +
=
30 21890.0 + 30 25849.1 + 30 24331.2
=
90
= 24023.4
Figure 2, above, shows a sample calculation for determining x-bar using the data
from the experiment. Using that value, the mean square group (MSG) can now be
computed using the formula shown on the following page, where all variables represent
what they represented before, and I is the total number of populations, which is 3.
Coles Toma 38
( )2 + ( )2 + ( )2
=
1
( )2 + ( )2 + ( )2
=
1
= 1.2 108
Figure 3 shows a sample calculation of the mean square group, which is integral
to the ANOVA test. The other main component in determining the ANOVA statistic is
the mean square error, or MSE, defined by the following formula, where s is the standard
( 1) 2 + ( 1) 2 + ( 1) 2
=
A sample calculation for mean square error is shown.
( 1) 2 + ( 1) 2 + ( 1) 2
=
= 7.8 106
Figure 4 shows the calculation of the last component in determining the ANOVA
test statistic, the mean square error. Now that the necessary values have been found, the
1.2 108
=
7.8 106
1.2 108
=
7.8 106
= 15.4
Figure 5 shows a sample calculation of F, the ANOVA test statistic. This value of
F is slightly different from the one presented in the main text of the paper, which was
15.5, as the value in the paper was generated by a calculator program and thus was not
hand.
Once the F statistic has been found, the P value can be found using any F
1
=
1
=
31
=
90 3
2
=
87
Works Cited
Hall, Delbert L. "Understanding shock loads." TD&T [Theatre Design & Technology],
go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&u=lom_accessmich&v=2.1&id=GA
LE%7CA332379147&it=r&asid=8a93a81c9410640aa122deed55eafd6e.
go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&u=lom_accessmich&v=2.1&id=GA
LE%7CA62770414&it=r&asid=ed6605995233f7646b416872ee6a19db.
Moyer, Richard H., and Susan A. Everett. "Twisting and braiding--from thread to rope."
go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&u=lom_accessmich&v=2.1&id=GA
LE%7CA350787604&it=r&asid=761f697c4f995b94cdbca70153f7b1ba.
Journal of Materials Science, vol. 49, no. 18, 2014, p. 6427+. Academic OneFile,
go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&u=lom_accessmich&v=2.1&id=GA
LE%7CA377662809&it=r&asid=439d586c4949d91e363d7ca332fc1861.
Tartaglia, Sgt Matthew H. "Ropes and Knots." Ropes and Knots. N.p., n.d.