Abdulmonem Ali Badri Hussein

STUDY OF WIND TUNNEL TEST RESULTS OF HIGH-RISE
BUILDINGS COMPARED TO INTERNATIONAL AND

EGYPTIAN DESIGN CODES
BY
ABDULMONEM ALI BADRI HUSSEIN
A Thesis Submitted to the

Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University
In Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, CAIRO UNIVERSITY

GIZA, EGYPT
2012
BY

MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
Under the supervision of
Dr. Walid Abdel Latif Attia Dr. Manar Mohammad Maher

Associate Professor Lecturer
Department of Structural Engineering Department of Structural Engineering

Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University

GIZA, EGYPT
2012
BY

MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
Approved by the
Examining Committee:
Associate Professor Dr. Walid Abdel Latif Attia
Professor Dr. Ahmad Hassan Aamer
Professor Dr. Mohammad Ragaei Kotb

GIZA, EGYPT
2012
Engineer: Abdulmonem Ali Badri Hussein
Date of Birth: 10 / 10 / 1982
Nationality: Egyptian
E-mail: abdolmonem_badri@yahoo.com
Phone: 010 12 940 564
Address: Heliopolis Cairo Egypt
Registration Date: 01 / 10 / 2005
Awarding Date: / /
Degree: Master of Science
Department: Structural Engineering
Supervisors: A. Prof. Dr. Walid Abdel Latif Attia

Dr. Manar Mohamed Maher
Examiners: A. Prof. Dr. Walid Abdel Latif Attia

Prof. Dr. Ahmad Hassan Aamer
Prof. Dr. Mohammad Ragaei Kotb (National Center for Researches)
Title of Thesis: STUDY OF WIND TUNNEL TEST RESULTS OF HIGH-RISE

Key Words: Wind Tunnel Test Wind Dynamics Wind Engineering Egyptian
Code for Wind Loads ASCE 7-05 BS 6399-2
Summary:
Several international codes have been developed for evaluating wind loads on structures;
however, the wind structure interaction could not be accurately captured by these codes due to
the gusty nature of wind and the dynamic behavior of structures. Therefore, three alternatives
were introduced; the first is full scale measurements of structures, the second is computational
fluid dynamics, and the third is wind tunnel testing. This thesis presents an introduction to the
available wind engineering approaches, and produces comparative study between ASCE 7-05,
BS 6399-2, and EC Draft 201-08 codes, as well as wind tunnel test results, for tall buildings.
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the beginning, at the end, and always in all times, the great prayerful
thankfulness is to ALLAH for his innumerable graces and ceaseless gifts.
My deep gratitude and appreciation to Prof. Dr. Walid Abdel-Latif and

Dr. Manar Mohamed for their continuous assistance, wise guidance, valuable
advices, patience, and kind friendship during the preparation of this research.
This work is dedicated to my father, Prof. Dr. Ali Badri, with all my
honest love and respect; to the great self-made man who spent his powerful
and successful life seeking a better position for our family, and to whom I own
every good thing in this life. I wish you all the happiness, health, and god
gratification. I hope I could honor you as much as you always honored us, and
I wish to see you smiling when I am done with my PHD as well, god willing.
God bless you and surround you by his mercy and forgiveness, and grant you
his spacious heavens.
Also, I would like to express my sincere feelings and emotions toward

my beloved wife for her patience, support, and encouragement during the hard
working days of this research, without her absolute commitment, this research
would not be. From bottom of my heart, thank you for all you have given me.
And to my little and active son, Omar, I wish that one day I will see you
following the same science steps as your grandfather and father have done.
Finally, special thanks must be given to my colleagues, valued friends,

and brothers; Eng. Hesham Negm and Eng. Mosaad Hassan for their
cooperation, kind support, and useful information.
ii
ABSTRACT
In the past few decades, several international building codes and standards
have been developed and established for evaluating the effect of wind loads on
flexible tall buildings, taking into account the influence of structural geometry,
surrounding constructions, terrain and site exposures, and wind characteristics as well.
However, the actual wind structure interaction could not always be accurately
captured by these standards due to the gusty nature of wind flow and the complicated
dynamic behavior of structures. Building exposure with respect to surrounding
structures could have major impact on the applied wind loads from one case to
another, which is not exactly captured by codes for all types of exposures. Also; as
advised by codes themselves, irregular structural shapes and complex geometries are
not recommended to be studied by the codes conventional procedures.
As a result of the above, the need for alternative methods to evaluate wind
loads on buildings and other structures became a must, in order to test results obtained
by codes analytical procedures, and to give accurate wind pressures on super tall
buildings and special structures which are not often covered by these standards. Thus,
three alternatives were introduced; the first alternative is the full scale measurements
of structures (FSM), which is used to evaluate wind loads only on existing structures.
The second alternative is the computational fluid dynamics (CFD), which is still
under research and not yet released, as in some situations it yields fake results. The
third alternative is the wind tunnel testing of structures, which is the most accurate
method used to evaluate wind loads on all types of buildings and structures.
This thesis presents an introduction to the available four techniques for

evaluating wind loads on structures, and produces a comparative study between the
ASCE 7-05, BS 6399-2, and EC Draft 201-08 codes analytical procedures, as well as
the wind tunnel experimental tests results for wind induced lateral loads in the along
and across wind directions. The conclusions and recommendations for future works
obtained from this research are all presented at the end of the study.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ENGLISH SUMMARY ................................................................................................ i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...........................................................................................ii
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................ iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... iv
LIST OF TABLES .....................................................................................................vii
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................... ix
CHAPTER1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background .............................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Relevance ................................................................................................................. 3
1.3 Objective and Scope ................................................................................................ 4
1.4 Thesis Outline .......................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 6
2.2 Wind Climate ........................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1 Natural Wind ..................................................................................................... 8
2.2.2 Types of Wind................................................................................................... 9
2.2.3 Wind Climate Model....................................................................................... 10
2.3 Characteristics of Wind.......................................................................................... 12
2.3.1 Velocity Profile ............................................................................................... 14
2.3.2 Wind Turbulence ............................................................................................ 15
2.3.3 Statistical Probability ...................................................................................... 17
2.3.4 Vortex Shedding ............................................................................................. 18
2.3.5 Model Scaling ................................................................................................. 19
2.3.6 Wind Dynamics .............................................................................................. 20
2.3.7 Pressures and Suctions .................................................................................... 21
2.3.8 Local and Overall Loads ................................................................................. 22
2.4 Design Considerations ........................................................................................... 23
2.5 Historical Works .................................................................................................... 24
2.6 Literature Studies ................................................................................................... 27
2.7 Concluding Remarks .............................................................................................. 31
iv
CHAPTER3: METHODOLOGIES OF WIND ENGINEERING APPROACHES
3.1 Wind Engineering Approaches .............................................................................. 32
3.2 International Buildings Codes of Practice (IBC) ................................................... 33
3.2.1 Wind Loads to ASCE 7-05 ............................................................................. 34
3.2.1.1 Simplified Procedure .............................................................................. 36
3.2.1.2 Analytical Procedure ............................................................................... 46
3.2.1.3 Wind Tunnel Procedure .......................................................................... 54
3.2.2 Wind Loads to BS 6399-2: 1997 .................................................................... 55
3.2.2.1 Standard Method ..................................................................................... 58
3.2.2.2 Directional Method ................................................................................. 63
3.2.3 Wind Loads to EC Draft 201-08 ..................................................................... 68
3.3 Full Scale Measurements of Existing Structures ................................................... 72
3.4 Computational Fluid Dynamic Method (CFD) ...................................................... 75
3.5 Wind Tunnel Testing (WTT) ................................................................................. 79
3.5.1 Measurements Techniques .............................................................................. 81
3.5.1.1 Rigid High Frequency Pressure Integration (HFPI) ............................... 82
3.5.1.2 Rigid High Frequency Force/Base Balance (HFFB/HFBB) ................... 84
3.5.1.3 Aeroelastic Model (AM) ......................................................................... 87
3.5.2 Wind Tunnel Applications .............................................................................. 90
3.6 Concluding Remarks .............................................................................................. 91
CHAPTER4: NUMERICAL MODELING & EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION
4.1 General ................................................................................................................... 92
4.2 Introduction to ETABS .......................................................................................... 92
4.2.1 ETABS Program Features............................................................................... 93
4.2.2 ETABS Structural System .............................................................................. 93
4.2.3 ETABS Analysis Techniques ......................................................................... 96
4.3 ETABS Automated Wind Loads ........................................................................... 98
4.4 Selected Study Technique ...................................................................................... 99
4.5 Case Study-1: Rectangular-Plan Building ........................................................... 101
4.5.1 Case Study-1: Wind Loads to ASCE 7-05 .................................................... 105
4.5.2 Case Study-1: Wind Loads to BS 6399-2: 1997 ........................................... 111
4.5.3 Case Study-1: Wind Loads to EC Draft 201-08 ........................................... 113
4.5.4 Case Study-1: Wind Tunnel Test .................................................................. 119
4.5.5 Case Study-1: Verification Example to ASCE 7-05 ..................................... 121
v
4.5.6 Case Study-1: Verification Example to BS 6399-2: 1997 ............................ 125
4.6 Case Study-2: Near Rectangular-Plan Building 1 ............................................... 129
4.7 Case Study-3: Near Rectangular-Plan Building 2 ............................................... 141
4.8 Case Study-4: Near Triangular-Plan Building 1 .................................................. 152
4.9 Case Study-5: Near Triangular-Plan Building 2 .................................................. 164
4.10 Concluding Remarks.......................................................................................... 175
CHAPTER5: PARAMETRIC STUDY
5.1 General ................................................................................................................. 176
5.2 Fixed and Variable Parameters ............................................................................ 177
5.3 Graphical Representation ..................................................................................... 178
5.4 Discussions of Results ......................................................................................... 209
5.5 Concluding Remarks ............................................................................................ 211
CHAPTER6: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Summary .............................................................................................................. 212
6.2 Conclusions .......................................................................................................... 213
6.3 Recommendations For Future Researches ........................................................... 215
REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 216
ARABIC SUMMARY ..................................................................................................
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1 Importance factor (I) .................................................................................... 36

Table 3.2 Occupancy category of buildings ................................................................ 37
Table 3.3 Adjustment factor for building height and exposure ().............................. 37
Table 3.4 Tabular representation of topographic factor (Kzt) ...................................... 44
Table 3.5 Wind directionality factor (Kd) .................................................................... 47
Table 3.6 Velocity pressure exposure coefficients (Kz) and (Kh) ................................ 48
Table 3.7 Terrain exposure constants .......................................................................... 50
Table 3.8 Internal pressure coefficients (GCpi) ............................................................ 53
Table 3.9 Tabular external pressure coefficients (Cp) ................................................. 53
Table 3.10 Building type factor (Kb) ........................................................................... 57
Table 3.11 Values of directional factor (Sd) ................................................................ 60
Table 3.12 Terrain and building factor (Sb) ................................................................. 60
Table 3.13 External pressure coefficients (Cpe) for vertical walls ............................... 61
Table 3.14 Internal pressure coefficients (Cpi) for enclosed buildings ........................ 62
Table 3.15 Internal pressure coefficients (Cpi) for buildings with dominant opening . 62
Table 3.16 Internal pressure coefficients (Cpi) for open sided buildings ..................... 62
Table 3.17 Fetch and turbulence factors (Sc) and (St).................................................. 65
Table 3.18 Fetch and turbulence adjustment factors (Tc) and (Tt)............................... 66
Table 3.19 Gust peak factor (gt)................................................................................... 66
Table 3.20 Topographic Increment (Sh)....................................................................... 66
Table 3.21 External pressure coefficients (Cpe) for vertical walls ............................... 67
Table 3.22 Internal pressure coefficients (Cpi) for open sided buildings ..................... 67
Table 3.23 Wind exposure height factor (k) ................................................................ 70
Table 3.24 Terrain topographic factor (Ct) .................................................................. 71
Table 4.1 Stories data and masses distributions for Case Study-1 .................... 103-104
Table 4.2 Stories wind loads to ASCE 7-05 for Case Study-1 .................................. 110
Table 4.3 Stories wind loads to BS 6399-2 for Case Study-1 ................................... 112
Table 4.4 Stories wind loads to EC Draft 201-08 for Case Study-1 .................. 117-118
Table 4.5 Upwind terrain conditions for Case Study-1 ............................................. 119
Table 4.6 Stories maximum wind loads to (BLWT) for Case Study-1 ..................... 120
vii
Table 4.7 Wind loads manual calculations to ASCE 7-05 for Case Study-1 .... 122-123
Table 4.8 Wind loads manual calculations to BS 6399-2 for Case Study-1 ...... 126-127
Table 4.9 Stories data and masses distributions for Case Study-2 .................... 131-132
Table 4.10 Stories wind loads to ASCE 7-05 for Case Study-2 ................................ 134
Table 4.11 Stories wind loads to BS 6399-2 for Case Study-2 ................................. 136
Table 4.12 Stories wind loads to EC Draft 201-08 for Case Study-2 ........................ 138
Table 4.13 Upwind terrain conditions for Case Study-2 ........................................... 139
Table 4.14 Stories maximum wind loads to (BLWT) for Case Study-2 ................... 140
Table 4.15 Stories data and masses distributions for Case Study-3 .................. 143-144
Table 4.24 Upwind terrain conditions for Case Study-3 ........................................... 162
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Sample structural failures due to wind action .............................................. 2

Figure 1.2 Wind load chain as introduced by Dr. Alan Devanport ............................... 3
Figure 2.1 Approaches dealing with the wind engineering problem ............................. 7
Figure 2.2 Directional distribution of local wind climate ............................................ 11
Figure 2.3 Possible wind flow situations around buildings ......................................... 13
Figure 2.4 Wind velocity profiles as defined in the ASCE 7-05 ................................. 14
Figure 2.5 Schematic record of wind speed measured by an anemometer .................. 15
Figure 2.6 Tacoma narrows bridge failure due to dynamic wind loading ................... 16
Figure 2.7 Wind flow simulation over hills, ridges, and sharp building edges ........... 16
Figure 2.8 Wind flows consisting of along wind, across wind, and torsion ................ 18
Figure 2.9 Periodic vortex shedding generating transverse vibrations in buildings .... 19
Figure 2.10 Vortex shedding verification in wind tunnel tests .................................... 19
Figure 2.11 Scaling used to simulate urban area in wind tunnel test ........................... 20
Figure 2.12 High pressure and suction zones around buildings .................................. 21
Figure 2.13 Schematic representation of Davenport design procedure ....................... 24
Figure 2.14 Comparisons of the along wind, across wind, and torsion accelerations . 27
Figure 2.15 Comparisons of wind velocity, turbulence, spectra, and size factor ........ 28
Figure 2.16 Comparisons of windward, leeward, and side wall pressure coefficient . 28
Figure 2.17 Comparisons of peak pressure coefficients and structural loads .............. 29
Figure 2.18 Comparisons of overall wind responses ................................................... 30
Figure 3.1 Large city surroundings in a wind tunnel test ............................................ 33

Figure 3.2 (a) Key to the simplified design wind pressures (pS30) in psf..................... 38
Figure 3.2 (b) Values of the simplified design wind pressures (pS30) in psf ................ 39
Figure 3.2 (c) Values of the simplified design wind pressures (pS30) in psf continue . 40
Figure 3.3 (a) Exposure (B) suburban area having single family dwellings ............... 42
Figure 3.3 (b) Exposure (B) urban areas with numerous closely spaced buildings ..... 42
Figure 3.3 (c) Exposure (C) open terrain with scattered constructions ....................... 43
Figure 3.3 (d) Exposure (D) structures on a shoreline and open water surface ........... 43
Figure 3.4 Graphical representation of topographic factor (Kzt) ................................. 45
ix
Figure 3.5 Combined velocity pressure exposure coefficients (Kz) ............................ 49
Figure 3.6 Graphical external pressure coefficients (Cp) ............................................. 53
Figure 3.7 Design wind load cases for (MWFRS) ....................................................... 54
Figure 3.8 Definitions of building dimensions ............................................................ 55
Figure 3.9 Dynamic augmentation factor (Cr) ............................................................. 57
Figure 3.10 Definition of significant topography ........................................................ 59
Figure 3.11 Size effect factor (Ca) ............................................................................... 61
Figure 3.12 Key to wall pressure data ......................................................................... 62
Figure 3.13 Wind directions for a rectangular plan building ....................................... 63
Figure 3.14 Key to overall load (P) ............................................................................. 64
Figure 3.15 Key for vertical walls of buildings ........................................................... 67
Figure 3.16 Wind external and internal pressures coefficients (Ce) and (Ci) .............. 68
Figure 3.17 General buildings shapes used to define structural factor (Cf) ................. 70
Figure 3.18 Examples of the full scale measurements ................................................. 73
Figure 3.19 (a) Recorded acceleration time histories and wavelet power spectra ....... 74
Figure 3.19 (b) Recorded wind speed, direction and structural responses analysis .... 74
Figure 3.20 (a) Grid distribution in (CFD) finite element model ................................ 76
Figure 3.20 (b) Computational domains and boundary conditions.............................. 76
Figure 3.21 (a) Velocity contours views from (CFD) finite element model ............... 78
Figure 3.21 (b) Time history output from (CFD) method ........................................... 78
Figure 3.22 Schematic and internal views of wind tunnel tests ................................... 79
Figure 3.23 Topographic studies in wind engineering................................................. 81
Figure 3.24 Schematic of a typical open circuit wind tunnel ...................................... 82
Figure 3.25 High frequency pressure integration techniques ...................................... 83
Figure 3.26 Wind tunnel test techniques...................................................................... 85
Figure 3.27 Schematics of rigid model wind tunnel techniques .................................. 86
Figure 3.28 Simple stick aeroelastic models................................................................ 87
Figure 3.29 Schematic of a multi degree of freedom aeroelastic model ..................... 89
Figure 3.30 Aeroelastic model with rotational simulator ............................................ 89
Figure 3.31 Aeroelastic model captures....................................................................... 89
Figure 3.32 Applications of wind tunnels .................................................................... 90
Figure 4.1 (ETABS) sample system tools.................................................................... 95

Figure 4.2 (ETABS) sample analyses techniques ........................................................ 97
x
Figure 4.3 Extent of wind loading ............................................................................... 98
Figure 4.4 Directional distributions of wind load in (BLWT) ................................... 100
Figure 4.5 Case Study-1 (ETABS) model ................................................................. 102
Figure 4.6 Defined mass sources for Case Study-1 ................................................... 104
Figure 4.7 (ETABS) & manual loads in (x) direction to ASCE for Case Study-1 .... 124
Figure 4.8 (ETABS) & manual loads in (y) direction to ASCE for Case Study-1 .... 124
Figure 4.9 (ETABS) & manual loads in (x) direction to BS for Case Study-1 ......... 128
Figure 4.10 (ETABS) & manual loads in (y) direction to BS for Case Study-1 ....... 128
Figure 4.11 Case Study-2 (ETABS) model ............................................................... 130
Figure 4.12 Defined mass sources for Case Study-2 ................................................. 132
Figure 4.14 Defined mass sources for Case Study-3 ................................................. 144
Figure 5.1 Along-wind stories forces in (x) direction for Case Study-1 ................... 179
Figure 5.2 Along-wind stories forces in (y) direction for Case Study-1 ................... 179
Figure 5.3 Along-wind stories shears in (x) direction for Case Study-1 ................... 180
Figure 5.4 Along-wind stories shears in (y) direction for Case Study-1 ................... 180
Figure 5.5 Along-wind stories moments in (x) direction for Case Study-1............... 181
Figure 5.6 Along-wind stories moments in (y) direction for Case Study-1............... 181
Figure 5.7 Along-wind displacements in (x) direction for Case Study-1 .................. 182
Figure 5.8 Along-wind displacements in (y) direction for Case Study-1 .................. 182
Figure 5.9 Along-wind stories drifts in (x) direction for Case Study-1 ..................... 183
Figure 5.10 Along-wind stories drifts in (y) direction for Case Study-1 ................... 183
Figure 5.11 Along-wind stories forces in (x) direction for Case Study-2 ................. 184
Figure 5.12 Along-wind stories forces in (y) direction for Case Study-2 ................. 184
Figure 5.13 Along-wind stories shears in (x) direction for Case Study-2 ................. 185
Figure 5.14 Along-wind stories shears in (y) direction for Case Study-2 ................. 185
Figure 5.15 Along-wind stories moments in (x) direction for Case Study-2............. 186
Figure 5.16 Along-wind stories moments in (y) direction for Case Study-2............. 186
Figure 5.17 Along-wind displacements in (x) direction for Case Study-2 ................ 187
Figure 5.18 Along-wind displacements in (y) direction for Case Study-2 ................ 187
Figure 5.19 Along-wind stories drifts in (x) direction for Case Study-2 ................... 188
xi
Figure 5.51 Across-wind stories shears in (x) direction for Case Study-1 ................ 204
Figure 5.52 Across-wind stories shears in (y) direction for Case Study-1 ................ 204
xii
xiii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Wind loads have a great deal of influence on buildings and other structures
design, many whole structures or parts of buildings that fail, do so because inadequate
thought was given to wind action at the design stage. In designing for wind, a building
cannot be considered independent of its surroundings, because the configuration of
nearby structures and the terrain natural have a substantial influence on the wind load.
It is prudent to investigate the wind related behavior of modern skyscrapers, typically
built using lightweight curtain walls, dry partitions, and high strength materials,
because they are more prone to wind motion problems than the early skyscrapers,
which had the weight advantage of heavy masonry partitions, stone facades, and
massive structural members.
To be sure, all buildings sway during windstorms, but the motion in old tall
buildings with heavy full height partitions has usually been imperceptible and
therefore have not been a cause for concern. Nowadays, structural innovations
coupled with lightweight constructions have reduced the stiffness, mass, and damping
characteristics of modern tall buildings. In such flexible structures, objects may
vibrate, doors and chandeliers may swing, pictures may lean, and books may fall off
shelves. Additionally if the building has a twisting action, its occupants may get an
illusory sense that the world outside is moving, creating signs of vertigos and
disorientation. In more violent storms, windows may break, creating safety problems
for both occupants and pedestrians passing below. Sometimes, strange and frightening
noises may be heard by occupants as the wind shakes elevators, strains floors and
walls, and whistles around the building sides. Figure 1.1 illustrates examples of
structural failures due to wind action. Wind Engineering is best described as the
rational treatment of interaction between wind in the atmospheric boundary layer and
man works on the earth surface, which comprises knowledge of fluids mechanics,
structures dynamics, and meteorology, as a fundamental background necessary for
understanding the wind structure interaction.
Figure 1.1 Sample structural failures due to wind action
The unsteady character of the wind regime, particularly in urban areas,

combined with the additional unsteadiness generated by the separated flow after the
wind impacts on a structure, creates highly fluctuating pressures depending on the
flow characteristics and the structure configuration. Naturally, the wind induced
pressure regime is more complex than the wind flow regime itself, so its evaluation
becomes more difficult and the analytical techniques fail to give accurate results in
many cases. Consequently, boundary layer wind tunnels simulating atmospheric flows
have been extensively used as the most accurate method for evaluating wind loads.
Computational approaches have progressed through the last two decades, but they are
still at a level that hesitation prevails to use their results in practical applications.
To start with, wind derives its energy from the sun, solar radiation is strongest
at the equator and this produces temperature differences, which in turn produces
pressure differences that create the so called atmospheric flow circulations. Additional
variations to the atmospheric circulations are caused by seasonal effects in terms of
annual march of sun north and south of the equator, geographical effects in terms of
uneven distribution of water and land, and finally the rotation of earth angle.
1.2 Relevance
The concept of wind load chain, as shown in Figure 1.2, was initially
introduced by Dr. Alan Davenport, wherein each link is necessary when wind actions
and the responses to actions are to be calculated. The chain gives a picture of the
particular task facing the designers, and the concept of a chain means that the total
design process is only as reliable as the least reliable of the links. It also indicates that
some interactions between different phenomena in the chain shall take place and that
as each link deals with random parameters, statistically based methods must be used.
Figure 1.2 Wind load chain as introduced by Dr. Alan Devanport
Wind climate is the term covers the general wind conditions in different
geographical regions, and includes variations in wind velocities averaged over a
period of at least 10 minutes. The reference wind velocity is determined mainly by the
local wind climate data.
The terrain roughness exerts a major influence on the wind, the mean wind
velocity is reduced by the roughness of the ground, but at the same time the wind
becomes turbulent and more difficult to describe. Mean wind velocity increases with
the height above the ground.
Structural geometry has an important influence on the wind load, as the wind
varies in space and time over the surface of structures. Therefore, dynamic analysis
taking into account the inertial forces must be considered. The aerodynamic response,
converting wind velocities to loads, is greatly influenced by motions of the structure.
Mechanical response means the structural response caused by wind load.

Under wind action, structures may vibrate in the along wind direction, across wind
direction, and may be combined with torsion effect. Flexible tall buildings are usually
subjected to all of these types of dynamic motions.
Design criteria include all limitations and recommendations mentioned in the

related codes and standards dealing with the wind engineering problem. The main
lateral wind force resisting system as well as the individual components and claddings
should be designed and detailed to resist the wind action.
At the end, Davenport presented a chain of elements that must be considered

in the process of designing a structure for wind effects. He always stressed that the
specification of wind characteristics is the weakest link in that chain. It is worthwhile
here to consider a different chain of contribution to development of wind engineering,
wherein that chain, Alan Davenport is definitely the strongest link.
1.3 Objective and Scope

In this research, five study cases flexible tall buildings, having a height range
from 200 to 300 m, were selected to establish a comparative study between the
international codes analytical methods and the wind tunnels experimental test results.
The main scope and objectives of this parametric study can be summarized in the
following six points:
To present an introduction to the wind engineering problem, including
explanations of the wind climate and characteristics.
To review the historical works and literature studies made on comparing
wind tunnel tests results to the corresponding international codes values.
To describe in details the available four engineering approaches dealing
with the wind problem and its effect on buildings and other structures.
To produce numerical models using (ETABS) software, in order to obtain
the along and across wind structural responses for each case study.
To illustrate graphically a comparative study between the ASCE 7-05, the
BS 6399-2, the EC Draft 201-08, and the wind tunnel tests outputs.
To give conclusions and recommendations for future similar works.

Abdulmonem Ali Badri Hussein

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STUDY OF WIND TUNNEL TEST RESULTS OF HIGH-RISE

BUILDINGS COMPARED TO INTERNATIONAL AND

ABDULMONEM ALI BADRI HUSSEIN

A Thesis Submitted to the

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, CAIRO UNIVERSITY

ABDULMONEM ALI BADRI HUSSEIN

A Thesis Submitted to the

Under the supervision of

Dr. Walid Abdel Latif Attia Dr. Manar Mohammad Maher

Department of Structural Engineering Department of Structural Engineering

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, CAIRO UNIVERSITY

ABDULMONEM ALI BADRI HUSSEIN

A Thesis Submitted to the

Associate Professor Dr. Walid Abdel Latif Attia

Professor Dr. Ahmad Hassan Aamer

Professor Dr. Mohammad Ragaei Kotb

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, CAIRO UNIVERSITY

Supervisors: A. Prof. Dr. Walid Abdel Latif Attia

Examiners: A. Prof. Dr. Walid Abdel Latif Attia

Title of Thesis: STUDY OF WIND TUNNEL TEST RESULTS OF HIGH-RISE

My deep gratitude and appreciation to Prof. Dr. Walid Abdel-Latif and

Also, I would like to express my sincere feelings and emotions toward

Finally, special thanks must be given to my colleagues, valued friends,

This thesis presents an introduction to the available four techniques for

ENGLISH SUMMARY ................................................................................................ i

Table 3.1 Importance factor (I) .................................................................................... 36

Figure 1.1 Sample structural failures due to wind action .............................................. 2

Figure 3.1 Large city surroundings in a wind tunnel test ............................................ 33

Figure 4.1 (ETABS) sample system tools.................................................................... 95

Figure 1.1 Sample structural failures due to wind action

The unsteady character of the wind regime, particularly in urban areas,

Figure 1.2 Wind load chain as introduced by Dr. Alan Devanport

Mechanical response means the structural response caused by wind load.

Design criteria include all limitations and recommendations mentioned in the

At the end, Davenport presented a chain of elements that must be considered

1.3 Objective and Scope

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