Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
87-98 (1995)
ABSTRACT
Thfs paper pcovides an inslght into the mechanical propenies and failure behaviour of hybrid fibre
reinforcedpolymer composnes. Thereare indlcationstnatthereinforcementMtwoiypes of fibres
into a single matrix often leads to bener properties that would be expeaedfromtheconsideration
of the rule of mixtures The recent developments in hybrid fibre reinforced polymer composites
have been discussed These include the properties d synthnic fibre1 synthetic fibre, synthetic
fibrelglassfibre,naurallibrelglassllbre. Morespecificallytheeffectofincorporationotshongiass
flble in sisal reinlorced low density polyethylene (LOPE) composles has been presented. It was
found that addiiion of glass fibre considerably improves the tensile strength of sisal reinforced
polyeihyiene.1he effect of orientatton of the fibres an tensile nrength was also studied. it was
foundthalthe composites containing longltudlnally orienledlibres exhibil bener tensilspropenies
than those with randomly oriented znes
1. INTRODUCTION
The investigation of the novel propellies of hybrid composites has been of deep interest to the
researchers for many years a$ evidenced by excellent reports [l-31.The incorporation of two or more
fibres wittlin a single matrix, is known as hybridisation and the resulting material is referred to as
'hybrid' or 'hybrid composites'. Hybridisation offers a lucrative mode for fabricating producis with
reduced cost, high specflic modulus, strength. corrosion resistance and in many cases excellent
thermal stabiiity. Based on the-viay of fabrication, different types of hybrid composites can be
prepared. Short and Summerscales (41 reviewed the literature related to different types of hybrid
composites. The following are the different types of hybrid constructions (Figure 1).
In this. two types of fibres are intimately mixed throughout the resin with no specific concentration of
either types of fibres.
,Table
~
lil
~-
Denrlty
~
i
~
me~hancoalpropenler 0 6 low density po,yetnyrens ( ~ ~ ~ ~ h i d o t h~ eS n
~~~ -
glass l#breand rlsal f i l e
Tenrmle strength
~ ~~~ ~-.~-
Elongat~onat
~~ ..-.-p
M eA4001,
---
~ o d ~oll ~ aYicaf raffenng
~~ ~ - ~ -
Cryrlalline
~ ~ -
30
Sjngle fibre
/ !
grh ? ? h l ni igm.c~~ at break bleak pot", meting p o r t
EI~I~ICI~Y
"
i 09;s
. -~
iMPa1
~
(%l
..
m0
IMPai I Cl
~ ~~~
l CI
- - - ~ !
ill 9 140 85 104
1 F ~ b r ebundle
.- - ~ p~ - - p ~ ~ . ~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ - ~ p
T a h l ~l i l l
.
ocnity Tensile rlienglh Young's modulus
~~
Eiongalion at
~ .~ ~~
Dilnleler
-~~ ~- I -<,/---*
tg'cm I 0%) (GPal break 1%) (,,lli,
~ . . pp~ ~ - ~ - - p ~-p-
Glri. 2 50
' 1 7-35 6572 3 5 25
Csal 111 040 7 9~20 5-14 10" 3 0
~ ~ ~ --p-. - ~ ~ .
.p-.p ~ ~ - ~~~
v
Clmpped sisal and glass fibres ot 6 mm length were used for making composites. Firstly. for the 0 20 G0 80 100
preparnl8otl 01 lhybra composite, the two fibres were intimately mixed with LDPE by a solullon mixing Volume '1. HP-PE
techoi<l\ledeveloped by our re~earchgroup [12.13] The fibres were mixed with a slurry of LDPE in
tduerli. Ilia1 has heen prewred by adding toluene to a melt of the polymer. The solvent lrorn thp mix
was rrrlnoved lby evaporation The mix was lhen enruded through a ram type hand operated ir,jcction l h y 5 , < d~ O r n p o ~ ~O1 unliealed
Fig 2 Hybrid e f l ~ c "E ~~n HP-PE. fleated HP DE. 7 sandivich lunfld~tedi\'sirr:.'ii"
~ t r e a l e d i,\ sntlmacety mixed (untreated), r inrlola!ely nwed 11rest~rll
fnilulding machine at a temperature of 125 2 3C. For the preparation of longitudinally oriented
elangatior>fibre r e i n f o r c ~ com~onent
f They could observe a first failure stralrl enhancemrl,l nl1iS : l
compozltes the extrudates having diameter 01 4 mm were cdlected and aligned In a leaky mould 1141.
the case of intimately mixed hybrid, whereas for sandwich hybrids rlo strain enhancenlel~l
They were then Compression moulded at a pressure of about 8 MPa and a1 125 2 3'C The conlposites detected Table 2 sllows rile terlsile test data 01 a series of composites lrom their experinlellt
so 0btaiof4 were removed alter coding the mould below 50C. Rectangular specimen having size l20
slbeels (120 .
26 6 5 7 S mm were cut lrom abave composites for further testing Randomly oriented composite
12 5 r 3mnr) were prepared by standard injection moulding of !he mix vsirly a rnrn type
l l a l l ~li~ l l ( i r t l ~rilotcldfng
il machine M~terlPl
~~- ~ ~ - . ~
M O O U ~ ~E , ~
~~~~
i e n r i ~ eSlrpngth
~ ~ ~~
F s u i e rtramn
-~
~ ~ helcec!
I
~ ~ r !
I
(GP-I IMPal 1'1)
.- ~ ~~ - ~~~ ~
~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ - ~ ~
T l i i i1wrl1nnical lasting of the hybrid composites were carried out on a Zwick 1,165 Llo<veisal Single l ~ b r eComporllr
ir:sl,r!q t,laclllnn at a cross head speed of S mmimin and a gauge length of 50 mm 4 standard UThl Crrbolr 1.F 1750 141
IellcIr lnst t,rt,cl;lmmr *.'S used to evaluate tlie ililimate tensile strength. HP PE tvhvesfedi 40 Q10 3 ro
Hi' PE llreafedl 1) 1070 3. M
Hybrid ComOoSlte
3. RESULTS AND OfSCUSSlOM
Sandwich iunfreale0i 01 ~ZBO 141 n
SandwtcO Itreafedl 92 ,300 143 1.1
( a ) Synlhetic libre'synfhelic fibre hybrid composites ,nlermtngled (unlieateril AR ? 360 1 53 R5
,U"
hlermingled Ifreildl 87 ,460 169
:~
rnr8 ' 8 ~ i c .>W *or* ?>aso w n r~pon6.,.1 rn tnc 18ed of s)r>ll8eloc~,,f#to?!c ,ur , 1 , re
d r ~ tc l ~~~.
.~~
r . ' i 1 t ..,?>rl r r o l ~ l ~ : o ~ .Peq9
t ~ s and Dc nuh1151 st.dato the enrcl 01 h,t,ra.rlt 7 1 1 11...11 Marom et a l ( t 6 ~
repone* on the ffexural behaviour of aramfd!carbon hybrid fibre reicllorced eW*y
, .~.. , fl.,r' t ..r'<>rlna!lr*,(X, yefhi snp n P PF a8)o coruon llnres 0x0 fne IOII!.~~ I .I
A ~ l.11 I .U. ..r ;. . resin compositns. They concluded that aramid l~t~relcarbon fibre sandwich hybrids (ACA) willi aramlil
L0 C ;we
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H$rid men of Shon SLrol/Glass Hybrid Composites 49
INTRODUCXION
INVESnCATlON the novel properties of hybrid composites has been of
CP.
T1.ls CP.
l CP.
!
''I; l
0 2 1 6 8 10 12 14
STRAIN (% )
shows more elasticity than LDPE. It can also be seen in the figure that the yield
smss of the hybrid composite increases as the volume fractionif glass inc&ses.
Also there is a reduction in the percenragc strain of the composites with i n c m u
in the wlume fraction of glass. This is due to the fact that glass is highly brittle.
As the volume fraction of glass increases the yield strcss of the mmwsite wstem
increases but at the same L e the system b&mes more brittle. ~e increase in
the value of yield stress with wlume fraction of glass fiber is attributed to the
high modulus of glass fibem oriented perpendicular to the direction of crack
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 63 propagation. Figure 1 clearly shows that as the wlume fraction of glass fiber in-
STRAIN, %
creases, the area under the m e decreases. This indicates a reduction in the
overall ductility of the samples.
Flgum 1. *ss-shin curves of LDPE, sisa! fiter, glass iiter, hgihldinally orienfed GRP. The stress strain behavior of randomly oriented composites is depicted in
SRP end W i r hyMd mmposnes. Figure 2. It is o k e d that these composites exhibit lower tensile strength than
\
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Hybrid men ofShon Sisal/Clars Hybrid C o m p o s i I C S
the longitudinally oriented ones for all compositions. They also show necking be-
havior. Randomly oriented fiben act as barriers and prevent the distribution of
25
stresses throughout the matrix and this in turn causes higher concentration of
localised stresses. This explains the reduction in tensile pmperties of randomly
oriented comwsites. But the wrcentaee strain is hieher for randomlv oriented
ones com& to their ~ o n ~ i ~ d i&nterpam
nal (Figure 1) for all compositions.
The enhancement in the Dercentaee strain of randomlv oriented comwsites is at-
tributed to the d e c k . effecI2 randomly o r i e n d fibers on ma& shain. It LONGITUDINAL: -- RANDOM
may be noted that the fibers have considerably l m percentage strain compared
to the matrix and their alignment in the direction of the applied sh'ess effectively
reduces the percentage strain of the matrix. Hence composites containing longi-
tudinally oriented fibers exhibit lower percentage strain than the randomly
oriented ones.
Firmre 3 show the s t r e s s - s h behavior of 5 0 5 0 sisallelass hvbrid comws-
ites containing alkali mated and untreated sisal fibers (both?ongi&dinal and &ran-
dom). The firmre clearlv indicates that the tensile svenmh of comwsites wntain-
ing heated :sal fiber is higher than those with un&ted fiberf. The effect is
pronounced only in the case of samples containing longitudinally oriented fiber
composites. AlkaIi mahllent improves the m u d ~ e s of s the sisal fiber surface as
can be seen hum Figure 4. ThiIhib enhances the-mechanical interlocking between
fiber and mauix (LDPE). The enhancement in tensile strenmh of veared sisal
hybrid composites may be ateibuted to the efficient stress &sfer between the
fiber and the matrix dueOI impmved adhesion between mated fibers and matrix.
Figure 3 also shavs a decrease in percentage strain of alkali eeated sisal fiber
hybrid composites compared to untreated ones for longitudinal orientation. The
decrease in strain clearly indicates the enhanced compatibility between treated
sisal fiber and polyethylene matrix.
Figures 5.6.7.8 and 9 show the miation in tensile strenmh. Youne's modulus.
elon&tion at break, tear strength and hardness respectivel~ofhybridcomposit&
- . .
as a function of wlume fraction of elass fibers. The firmres reveal that all onoer-
ties except elongation at break inc& with increase in volume fraction of glass
fibers. Addition of glass in the sisal-LDPE system helps to attain a uniform dis-
persion of the sisal fiber and prevent fiber to fiber contact in the matrix.This can
be understood hum the opti& photographs shown in Figure 10. Figure IC(a) and
IO(b) mresent GRP and SRP rcs~ecovelv.Flrmre 10(c) indicates the decreased
fibe; to fiber contact on addition of glass he;. As ie'volume fraction of glass STRAIN ( % )
increases, agglomeration of glass fiber takes place [(Figure 10(d)]. This in fact
accounts for the decrease in positive hybrid &ed at high glass fibre loading which Fbun 3. S w s s ~ r m i ncurves of50:50 sidglass hybrid corn- Cmfalning L I
is discussed in me coming section. The increase in tensile strength of hybrid and elkall beefed W fibem (k+X~iiUdininllland m m ) .
composites (Figure 5) is due to the higher tensile strenmh of glass fiber than sisal
fiberand a& the digh degree of dispersion of the si& by h e additional incor-
oration of alass fibers. Fieure 5 also shows that in the case of tensile streneth of
b d o m l y Griented composite addition of glass fiber results then L no
remarkable impmvernent in tensile strength. 6 i s clearly highlights the fact that
if glass fibers an not oriented. Irybridsation makes no improvement in the tensile
sWngth of the composites. ~cadningelectron micmgrapl;s of the tensile fracture
(Wx u o l l e ~ w u 6 w )dtt9 10 uwlw
ewn,o~g 0 Ewws~uo3euscduol pugr(q (p) pus 'du9 )o uol13ey w n I M c 0 6 u u m l m W
- W U o 3 PU& (3) 'dC(S(91'dH3(#)l0 UCUler-SWloWlO SQds,&U3)~)ClldO'01 PIn6U
&1 G. KALAPRA~AO
ET AL. Hybrid Effen of Son Sisol/Glm Hybrid Composires
surfaces shown in Figure 11 reveal that tensile failure of untreated fiber wmpos-
ites is mainly due to fiber pull out. Variation in Young's modulus values of
longmtudinal and randomly oiiented composivs ulth volime frdctlon of glass IS
\een in the Fmeurc 6 It IS ohxrved lhat increase in Youne's modulus of both the
directions (loigitudinal and random) is due to higher young's modulus of glass
fiber wmpared m sisal fiber. Figure 7 reveals the reduction in elongation at break
values of hybrid composites by the addition of glass fibers. It is interesting to see
that in both cases (lonaitudinal and random). eloneation at break values were
decreased by the addition of glass fibers. ~ i & r e7 Zso shows that elongation at
bnxk values of loneitudinallvoriented comwsite arc lower than that of randomlv
oriented composites.
Figure 8 shows the tear strength of longitudinally aligned hybrid composites.
The property increases with increase in volume fraction of glass fibers. The tear
strength of LDPE is very low compared to h) brld wmposmlei At the llme of tear-
mng fiben in the composite prevent the gmwth of crack front because the fikn
ari aligned to-the direction of crack growth. This in fact increases
the tear strength of the composite. Tear strength of glass fiber composites is
higher than that of sisal filled composites. Load-displacement curves (tear
curves) of the sample arc given in Figure 12. Polyethylene tears at the minimum
force with maximum displacement. GRP tears at the highest force and at the
smallest displacement. This indicates that glass reinforced composites have high
resistance to tearing. It is seen that the tearing force decreases and displacement
increases with the decrease in the amount of glass fiben.
Figure 9 shows the hardness values of hybrid composites with increase in
DISPLACEMENT, mm
Flgura 12. Load-displacement curves of LDPE, SRP, GRP, and their hybrid C o r n M s .
Fbum 11. SuvrnlfIg elecmm micwraph of hactum surface of hybrid composite contain-
ing unmated m.
Table 3. Varlatlon 01 tensNe strength wlth volume fractlon o f GRP In slsal/glass hvbrld comwslles.
r
0
Table 4. Varlatlon o f young'^ modulus wllh volume fractlon of GRP In slsal/glass hybrld COmposlteS. a
S
Young's ~ o d u l u sof Young's ~ o d u i u sof S.
Volume Fnctlon Longltudlnally Oriented Randomly Orlenled 6
Hybrld
of Flbsn Composltra (MPa) Composites (MPa) 8
Dealgnstlon Sisal Glass V, Vmr Experimental Theoretical Experimental Theomtlcal g
SRP 0.3 - 1 - 133.3 - 130 f:
1
2
3
4
0.27
0.24
0.21
0.18
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
160.8
171.4
187.5
192.3
141.97
150.64
159.31
167.78
147.3
152
160
175.23
144
'3151
1
158
!
3
2
5 0.15 010 0.5 0.5 196.6 176.65 189.6 165
6 0.09 0.14 0.3 0.7 200 193.99 190.3 179
7 0.06 0.16 0.2 0.8 210 202.66 194.6 186
GRP - 0.2 - 1 220 - 200
INTRODUCTION
HE REINFORCEMENT OF two o r m o r e fibers into a single matrix leads to the
T development o f hybrid composites with a great diversity of material prop-
..
LONGITUDINAL TYPE
O S R P ( S I S A L 0 I*) *GSRP Glan 0 0 1 5 X G S R P GI.3. 0 031 STRAIN. %
*GSRP Glass 0 0 5 "GAP IGUSSO I 0
Figure 2. Stress-strain CUNes o f SRP, GRP and GSRP with randam fiber oiientatron
creases. The increases in the value of yield stress with volume fraction of glass
fiber is due to the high strength of the glass fibers which are oriented pcrpendicu-
lar to the direction of crack propagation. The shapes of the stres-strain curves in
Figure I also indicates that. as the volume fraction of glass fiber incrcases, the
hybrid coniposites (GSRP) become stronger and hardcr compared to SRP.
The stress-strain bchavior of randomly oriented complsites is dcpicted in
Figure 2 . All the hamplo show necking beha\ior. It i \ observed that these com-
posites exhibit lower value of yield stress than longitudinally oriented ones for all
compositions. The randomly oriented fibers act as harriers and prevent the stress
transfer between fiber and matrix. and thus contribute to higher concentration of
localized stresses. This explains the reduction in yield stress value and necking
behavior of random type hybrid composites. Randomly oriented con~pcrsitesex-
hibit high value of percentage strain compared to longitudinal and transverse type
compoiites (Figures 1-3). This can be due to the decreased elkct of rdndomly
-- oriented fibers on matrix strain than trans\.ersely o r longitudinall! orientcd
0 l 2 3 4 5
fibers. It may be noted that thc libers have considerably lou'cr percentage strain
STRAW, % compared to the matrix. and their alignment in the direction of the applied stress
Figure l . Slress-strain curves of SRP. GRP and GSRP with Iongitudmal fiber 0r;entalron.
eRectively reduces thc perccnwge strain of the matrix
Figure 3 shows the \tress-strain behavior of transverse type hybrid composites.
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'o ~ ~ v n d ~ i9v y PIS
Mechanic01 Proprnies of Sisol Reinforced Lon.Denriq Polyethylene C ~ n , ~ o s i r e r 517
G. KALAPRASAD,
KURUVILLA
JOSEPH
A N D SABU THOMAS
values of transversely oriented GSRP and GRP are nearly the same at all volume
fractions of glass. Figurp 5 also shows that at 0.03 volume fraction of glasb
(V, = 0.03) the alkali treated sisal incorporated GSRP has higher values than
GRP. Howevcr. furthcr increase in \,olume fraction of glass fiher beyond 0.03
decreases the tensile strength of G S R P This reduction in tcnsile strength is due
- volume fraction of elass fibers. At IOU
to the a ~ l o m e r a t i o nof fibers at hieh
volume fraction of glass fiber the increasing trend in tensile strength is attributed
to the inloroved disocnion
~~ ~
,
~~~
of sisal
-~~
"
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 01
VOLUME FRACTION OF GLASS
Figure 6. Variation of tensile modulr?swith volume fraction of glass for GRP and GSRP with
0.14 initial volume fraction of glass in G R P and 0.14 initial volume fracfion of srsal in GSRP
at three orientatron of the fibers.
Mcrhanicul Propvrficr < f S i . ~ nReinforced
l Low Detirit? P<,lr.efhylene Comporifer 519
0' l
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
the shear failure in all these composite\. The micrograph given in Figure 8(c)
shows failure surface of GSRP containing 0.05V, o f glass lihers. i t i s seen that
. , -
to SRP and GRP I n GSRP interface hctween glass-polyethylene is u,e;ll, com-
pared to sisal-pjlyeth! lcne due to the smooth surface of the glass tiher compared
to the surfidce ofthe sisal fiher. Therefore. failure initiates and randomly propa-
gates through the weal. glass-po1)cth)lcne intcrfiace.
Figure 6 shows the variation oitenkile moduli as a function of volume fraction
of glass tibers. Tensile moduli of all composites increase with increase i n volume
fraction o f g l a s tibcr. Generally as the volunle fraction of non-bonded fihers in-
crease. the tensile modulidecrease because non-honded tibers act as failure ini-
tiators. I n the prexent cabc there is no chemical interactton hetuecn the fiher and
the nmtrin. However, thereehisr only physical bendins duc to the mechanical in-
terlockin: of fiher and matrix. Addition of glass fiber increases the efiecti\,e Figure 8. Photomicrographs of fensile fadure suflaces of (a] SRP (V, sisal = 0.14).
mechanical interlock in^ betwcen sisal and plyethylene u,hich increases the fric- (b) GRP (V, of glass = 0.14) and (c) GSRP (V, sisa1:V of glass = 0.14:0.05)
tional force hetween the fiher and matrix. Therefore. one o f the reason for en-
-. 520
-
G.KALAPRASAD,
KURUVILLA
JOSEPH AND SABUTHOMAS Mechanical Properties of Sisal Reinforced L a w Uenxiw Polyethylene Composites 521
O G S R P OGRP
0' _____I
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
(Cl
VOLUME FRACTION OF GLASS
Figure 9. Scanning electron micrographs af tensile lailure surfaces of (a1 SRP ( V , sisal =
0 741. lb) G R P ( V 01 glass = D. 74) and (c) GSRP /V. s,sal.V. of glass = 0 . 1 4 0.05). Figure 10. Variation of flexural strengrh with volume fractron of glass for GRP and GSRP
wirh 0.74 initial volume fracr~onof glass ;n GRP and 0.14 initial volume fraction of sisal in
GSRP at longitudinal orientation.
522 G. KALAPRAS~D,
KURWILLA J ~ S E PAND
H SABUTHOMAS Mrchonical Properties ofSi.ia1 Reinforced Lo*, Densily Poiyethylene Compurirc~ 523
LONGITUDINAL I
*GSRP "GRP
l
01
0 0.02 0.04 006 0 08 01
i"
very much closer to that of CRP. Figure 10 indicates that in the case of GRP. the
flexural modulus does not chanee considerably up to 0.04 volume fraction of
glass. Beyond 0.01 volume fraction of glass the value incrcases and finally levels
off. For hybrid composites (GSRPI the Rexural modulus regularly incrcases with
increase in volume fraction of glass and then levels off. This regular increase i h
due to the hybrid effect caused by the incorporation of glass fibers into SRP.
Photographs of the flexural tested samples of SRP, GSRP and GRP are shown
in Figure 12. Figure 12(a) indicates the conipressive side o f a flexural tested SRP.
A small whitening region of the surfacc of the sample denotes the formation of
a craze at the failure of the sample. Figure !?(h) indicates the compressive side
of GSRP. In this case. crazing increases a little more which can be observed from
a clear white marking o n the surface of the sample. Figure 12(c) indicates the
failure surface of the compressive side of GRP. A sharp white marking on the
material indicates that the crazing is brill higher in G R P That is, as g l a s content (Cl
increases, crazing of the conlpo\ite al\o increases. This may be due to the more Figure 72. Pho(om,crographs of the fa,lure surfaces 01 flexural tested (a) SRP
brittle nature of glass iiber than s i ~ fiber.
l (V,sisal = 0.14). (bj GSRP ( V . s,sal:V, a1 glass = 0.14:0.05) and (c) GRP (V, af
From the analyiis of mechanical propertie5 ofthe coniposites it can be said that glass = 0 14).
G. KALAPRASAD,
KURWIL.LA
JOSEPH A N D SABU
THOMAS
.......
.......
Mechmical Propenies rfSixa1 Reinforced Low Densif? Polyerhylene Cornpositer 525
.......
Table 2. Weights of sample before a n d after
!
immersion in boiled water.
........
S O W R E PACKING
Weight of Weight
.......
the Sample aner 3 h % of Water pm=o7@5
1
HEULGOlUL PACKING
sisal behaves not as defects in GSRP but function as a good reinforcing agent in I h=..907
G S R P The results show that from the economic point of view, the maximum
benefit out of hybridizatoin is obtained at the volume fraction of glass around 0.03
i
or at the volume fraction of glass to sisal ratio of 0.03:0.14 in the present case.
The water absorption tendency of SRP (V, of sisal = 0.14) and GSRP (V, of
sisal:glass = 0.14:0.03) were determined by immersing these compositcs in boil-
ing water for three hours. Circularly shaped samples having diameter 1.96 cm
and thickness 2.5 mm were used for water absorption studies. The water absorp-
tion of GSRP was found to be 2 to 4 times less than that of SRP (Table 2). The
fibers are arranged in randomly close packed manner in which water im-
permeable glass fibers act as barriers and prevent the contact between water and Figure 13. Different packing arrangements of libers in the composite.
hydrophilic sisal fibers and hence prevent the water absorption of sisal fibers.
C, and C, are the modulus values of the fiber and matrix respectivel!.
A
l
220'
0 002 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
where m, is the packing fraction of fibers Figure 14. Variafion of experimentaland theoretical tensile modulus with volume fracrion of
glass lor GSRP containing an initial volume fraction 01 0.14 sisial m longrtudrnal orientafloo.
Mechonicul Propenies of Sisol Reinforced Low Dmsir? Polycrhylene Comporirrs 527
It has already been reported on the value of packing fraction for different tiber d . .I Moi,r 4 ; . 11.1877
I ? . A\'cslon. l. and I. hl S ~ l l u r ~ , ~1W6
arrangements in the matrix [ ? 5 ) The different arrangements of fiber5 in the I ? . Ritthcr. H. l477 K ~ i r n i r i r ~671121739.
I~~,
niatrlx are shown in Flgure I 3 These include square packing. hexagonal packing I 4 Clarl. R A . a d h4 P Ansell I986 J Marer S r i . 21.269,
and random packing. In the present caie it is assunled that the fihers arc ran- l 5 Shah. A . h' am1 S C L a i l a d . 19RI f i h i ~ r S c ~Z.~ c l ~ , i i ~l541
/..
domly close ~ a c k e din the matrix. Therefore. the value of @.. = 0.82 is substi- I h hl<~h:tn. R . Kl,hore. 51 K . Shrldhaiand K. hl V. G K . b o . IUB.2 .l..Ifiii<'r: 4'4. k v . 2'49
tuted in thc Equation ( 3 ) . Figure I4 shows the rhcoretical and experimental \aria- l 7 Pavlllirrn. C . P S \lulher)ee. h 1 Br~hinAurnnrand A . D D a m ~ ~ i l v r i n1941
. J. .hl,rrcr Sci.
r i m o l tensile modulus \r ith volume fraction of glass fibcrs. The figure shows that 26 455.
the experimental \.alues o f tensile modulus is higher than the theoretical predic- l 8 Paulthr;m. C . P. S M u l h e r ~ s rand M . Brahrnakurnar 1491. l ReiraJ Pluii. Cot,ii,o,.. 11191
tions. The reasons ma! he attributed to the diflerent diameters of the sisal and 14 ICllaprarad. G.. S. Thunm?. C. Pavnhran. N. R. Neelakanlan and S Riilalr~rhnan 199.1. 1
R<,(,$ Plasr C ~ o ~ n ~ ~ ~ . ~
glass fiber which afcct the packing fraction. The mixtures of fibers with difierent ZO. kneph. K . . S. Tltoma\. C. Pavichran and h4 Brahlnakurnar. 1993. J. API,~. h,lroi. S<'<..4717.
diameter can pack more densely than one type of fihers having larger diameter. 21 Joreph. K.. S. Thornas and C. Pavilhran. In Prcss. Cr,,npo~.Scr. Z'chrioi
Diameter of the sisal fiber is \,cry much larger rhan that of glass fiber and hence 22 1,ad'i~esky.M. H . and l M . Ward 1986. Cutr~por.Sri. T~rJztzol..26:129
glass fiber can fill the interstitial space between thc closely packed sisal fibers to 23 P;nlthiiln. C.. P. S hlukhcrlsr., hl. Brahinskumsr and A D. Darnadaian. 1988. l. Mriii.!: Sci.
h r m an aeglomeratc. These agglomerate fibers may be able to carry a larger pro- L.o. 7:825.
portion of the load there by increasing the moduluh of the system. 24. N~eibun.L. E l W 4 Rkrrd Acizi. 1386.
25 chawta. K . K . 1987. C,,rrrpuria. ~ f ~ , r c r i n lS. C~I E , ~ C P and t i i g i n ~ m n f iNuu
. Yorl. NY Sprlngcr
CONCLUSIOS
T h e enhancement in the mechanical properties of sisal fiher reinforced
polyethylene composites by the incorporation of short glass fibers has been
described in this pdper. For longitudinally oriented composites the tensile
strength has been found t o increase by about 80% by the addition of quite a small
volume fraction, around 0.03, of glass. The tensile strength of alkali treated sisal
fiber containing composite shows an improvement of more than 90% by the addi-
tion of the same \,olurne fraction of glass. The flexural strength is found to in-
crease by about 60% for the same composition. It is also observed that water ab-
sorption tendenq of the composite decreases by the process of hybridization.
T h e theoretical values of the tensile modulus calculated by Halpin-Tsai equation
have been found to he 1ou.er rhan that of experimental values which has been at-
tributed to the increased fiber dispersion with the incorporation of glass fibers
into the composites.
REFERENCES
1 Sulllalcr~i.rler.
J and D. S h ~ ~ r 198.
c YI3l 157
G,iriporirc~,~.
2. Loucll. I 1 R IVfi R<.ircl P l c i $ i .??i71.216
3. Bunrcll. 4 R and B H.<rr#\ 1TI-I. (b,,~p,lrii<%,LlJ1l57.
4 l~i\chri.S ;and G \lrronl 1487 Cirlziiioi. Sri. Z,,b,iiil.. Z X 2'1.
5 h p h . G. l t i t C H l ,5 I . H;incr,\. cd . I.,,nd,>n:Allied
Sciuncc Puhli,hcr\
6. Arrincr>n.h1 and H Hrrm 1Y7n C,,niparia~$.9131:I-IY
7 Zurhen. C. 1W: l .lf,,rc'r L i . lZ:l3?5
. H. l i ~ i ~S.l \.i . n n ~ n n . K . Frlcdrrch. h Schulicand H D \\j:ncr.
X M a n ~ n l G.. I Y X Y Crl,ni,i,nr~
du.5. Z(lt6l
9. PCIII,. A A . I > I .,",II \I \I r ) ~ L , i 1992 c , , , , ~ l~
J i l~
l l Y~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ,
10. Mnmn,. G . S. Fr.hi.i. F K Tulcr and H D U j g n c ~Iwn 1 hfoir.r S , # . . 131119-1126.
1 1 . Amnhime. J.. H Hxrcl. A Fllhcn and G. Marurn. 149Z Or,,no. .Pi i~clirinl. 43105-116.
J O l I K h A I 0 1 M A T L K I A L S S C I L k C b 32 lI'lY71 4 2 6 1 4 2 6 7
-
T h e e x p e r i m e n t a l l y o b s e r v e d t e n s i l e p r o p e r t i e s ( t e n s i l e s t r e n g t h a n d m o d u l u s ) of s h o r t sisal
f i b r e - r e i n f o r c e d LDPE w i t h d i f f e r e n t f i b r e l o a d i n g h a v e b e e n c o m p a r e d w i t h t h e e x i s t i n g
t h e o r i e s of r e i n f o r c e m e n t . T h e macroscopic b e h a v i o u r o f fibre-filled composites is affected
b y f i b r e l o a d i n g , o r i e n t a t i o n a n d l e n g t h o f t h e fibres in t h e c o n t i n u o u s m e d i u m . T h e
interfacial a d h e s i o n b e t w e e n f i b r e a n d m a t r i x also plays a m a j o r r o l e in c o n t r o l l i n g t h e
m e c h a n i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of t h e fibre-filled composites. In t h i s study, a c o m p a r i s o n is made
between e x p e r i m e n t a l data a n d d i f f e r e n t t h e o r e t i c a l m o d e l s . C o m p o s i t e models, s u c h as
parallel a n d s e r i e s , Hirsch, C o x , Halpin-Tsai, m o d i f i e d H a l p i n - T s a i a n d m o d i f i e d B o w y e r
a n d B a d e r , h a v e b e e n t r i e d to fit t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l data.
1. I n t r o d u c t i o n elfscts at the fibre cnds are not taken into ilccount, :~nd
The mechanical propcrtics of fibre-filled composites the second is tliat the matrix tensilc stress possesses no
arc alrectcd by a number of parameters such as libre radial dependence.
length, tibre orientation, fibre dispersion, fibre geo- Piggot modilied Cox's tlicory by introducing a new
mctry and tlic degree of interfacial adhesion between theory which combines plastic deformation at the
fibre and matrix [l-51. In the literature, a number of libre ends with elastic deformation towards the centre
equations and theories have been developed to de- of the libre during tensile loiiding [7].
scribe the relation bctwccn these paralneters and It was also reported tliat tlic strength of short fibrc-
properties of constituent components of composites. rcinforced thermoplastics and tliermosets are highly
Tlie ellicicncy or load transfcr li-om matrix to librc in dependent on two Factors, such its "fibre orientation
a composite is strongly related to the optimun~mech- factor" and "fibre length factor" which contribute to
anical properties of the composite. the strength of the composite 181. In another study,
One of the earliest theories of reinforcement de- Piggot developed an equation for calculating the min-
veloped by Cox [6] is based on shear-lag mechanism imum volulne fraction of libres for a good reinforce-
obscrvcd ill librous composites. According to Cox, ill ment [9].
hear-lag analysis, the main aspects of controlling the Ter~nonia [l01 presented a computer model to
propcrtics of a co~iipositeare critical length oftlie fibre study the elfect of libre characteristics on the mecha~l-
and intcrFacia1 shear strcngth between librc and ical properties or short libre-reinforced composites.
matrix. The critical length of tlie fibre, l,, in com- Their studies rcvcaled t l ~ i i tt l ~ ecllect of librc orienta-
posites is ;I parameter which dctcrmincs the atnoullt o f tion on lnodulus atid tcnsile strc~~gtli or the composite
\tress transferred to tlic libre. Thilt is, if tlic length-to- is very weak ilnd it11 . x ~ ~ ) t i ~ i i librc
~ ~ l i l a s p ~ c tratio is
di;~metcrratio is higher than the critical aspect ratio, essetitial for clkctive rrinforccmcnt. Tllcy modelled
cu~iipositesshow superior propcrtics, while for a libre the whole collipositc rnatcrii~las ;I thrce-dimensional
wliosc aspecl ratio is smaller than tlie critical aspect lattice of bonds having dilrcrcnt elastic constants for
ratio, colnposites show weaker properties. In Cox's the fibre and for (lie matrix. They also found that in
treatment, interfacial shear strength is produccd on composites, a micro-Qilure nlechanisrn origin:iles at
the s u r f ~ ~or
c cthe libre due to the "shear lag" bctwccn tlie libre cnds and propagates along the libre inatrix
libre and matrix during the failure of the composite. interface with no libre breaking. Tcrmonia [l01 ciil-
I~lowever.Cox's shear-lag analysis has two rnajor dis- culated a value for tlie rci~~forceliient elliciency filctor
advantageb. The lirst one is tliat stress amplification based on their observations i n that study.
AI, - +
.%1,,,(1 0675SV, + 1.62~'~;) (4)
was nssumcd to be u n l h r ~ ni n hcllli matrix :llld
librc [E].
4262
1 Matrix
-Fibre
/ Parallel Series
According 10 [his model, Young's tnodulus and tensile 2.2.5. Cox model
strength ;ire c;~lculatzd using the fullowing equations According l o Cox':. theory. long~tudin;~lYouny's
niodulus, M,, is gi\,en by the equ;~tion [6]
+ l,,,',,,
(221
3. Experimental procedure
Sls;il lihrc was obtained from local sources. I.I)I'E.
fl.il(ied SI; i~idotlicnc lh MA 400, was supplied by
Indian Petrochcniic;~lCorporation Ltd. ha rod;^. In-
di;l The properlies or sisal and L D P E are listcd i n
Tahlcs I and II.
Sisal. ILDPE compositcs \vcrc prepared by the solu-
11,111 ~ l i i x i i l g I C C ~ I I1:ihrc
I ~ ~was I C ildded
. to s viscous
\litrr) of p~ilyctliqlcnci n l o l i ~ c n cwliich was prcp;~rcd
l h j ;~cI<li~ig IIIILICII~10 ;I ~ i i c l lo l 1!1e polyli~cr.T11e
~ n i x i i i gwar c;irricd out man~~;!llyi n a st;linlcss stecl
lha~kcr~ l s i n g;I s!;~lnicssslccl slirrcr. The icmpcr:lturc
was m:~itit;~incdat 110 C' during lnixing for ;tbout
10 tiiin. The niix u;ls then tr;insfcrrcd into ;Illat tray SI;
lumps and kept ill ;I vacuuni oven at 70 C for 2 h 10
rcliiove the s o l e ~ i l .Composites containing l0'%. g ~ l p l i sof d11I2rcl11o r ~ c ~ i l ; i i i o ~ill
i s tlic lilhrc i n ~ l i c
?O"~U. ;ind 30"/,, h> weight o i l i h r c were prepared using ~ii;\trix.Tcns~letcslillg 111' ( l i e c ( > ~ i i l x ~ s \i;ISt c ~ci~rried
lihres oflctiglli i n the range 2 10 mni. The niix is then 0111 using ;III i n r l r o n i i i c s t i n g M;~cliine
cx~ruilcdt l i r o ~ ~ g;Ih ram-type li;~nd-opcr;~tedinjec- rnoilcl I I ' J O ;l1 ;I cro\\lic;id \pccd of 200 i l l 1 1 1 111il1 '
tioii-moulding m;icliinc at a tcmpcraturc of and gauge l c ~ i g t o l ~i i(llnlii. At lc;~st l i \ c cpecilncns
125 r 3 C . For the prepar;~lianor longitudin;~lly and were leslcd h r ~:ICIT SCI c ~ s:~~iil?lcs
i i t ~ i c l 111c 11ic;~ti
l~-:~ns\crs;~lly oricntcd compositcs. the extrudiitcs linv- vitlucs arc rcpi,ricd.
Ins ;I J ~ a t ~ r c l c0l.l r m m well: crillcctcd ~ I Iirlig~icd I~ ill
;I leaky mould [ 3 2 ] They were then comprcssion
r ~ l i ~ l l l d c;l1d prcsstirc o f i ~ h o l K~ MP:I
t and ill ;I lcmpcr- 4. Results and discussion
;~tusc111' 125 i7 C'. .lhc co~nposi!css o obl;~incdwere ('~~1ii1h0siles COLII:IIIIIII~ 2 10 111111 1 ~ 1 1 ~ 1 1libre,
1 \\~Ic
rcriiovcd :~flcrcoolitig tlic 111o~1ld below 50 C 1 I<ecti~li- an;~lyscd i n l l i i s s111dy. l l ~ ~ ~ v ci t~ \v;is ~ c r ~,O L I I I ~ t l i ; ~ t
g ~ i l a rhpccimcns or s i ~ cl 2 0 mlii X 20.5 rnln X 2.5 m m composites sri~li incorpor;llcd h n l m librc lengllis
ucrc cut iroiii aho\.c co~iipositusfor further tcstinp. showed ~ i ~ ; ~ x i ~tclisilc i i ~ ~ rsn~ r c t ~ g t[33].
li ~l'licrc~orc,
Ilandonily oricntcd composite sheets (120 mm X h mlii librc Ic11f11i\vi~sused ill illis s t ~ ~ dFig. y . 3 shows
12.5 111111X 3 111111wcrc ) prepared by standard injection ;l compariso~rof the v;lri;~lion i n tlicorclic;~l;III~ex-
m o t ~ l i l i n gof tlic niix using n ram-lypc hand-i~ijeclion p c r i ~ i i c ~ ~tensile
tal strength vi~lucsof l o n g i r ~ ~ d i ~ ~ ; ~ l l y
~ i h o i ~ l d ~tii;~cIiinc.
ng Fig. 2. shows the optic;~l photo- oric~itcdcomposilcs wiih \olunic l r a c t i o ~ i<lihrcs. ,I
4264
r a j S I O I ~ I ?- ~J U I [ [ O J ~ U O aql
~ leql paunss!! S! 11 'x!llelu
pun a ~ q gu a a ~ l a q ~ a j s u r l l ssalls aql san!utlalap
q ~ t q m~ a l a t u e ~n ~S!d X L F ~ punoj I SPM I! 'uo!lc~lba
s!ql m o l d .sal!sodtuoa palua!Jo L[[ei1!pni!8uo[
alq!, $0 uo!13eq aunloA
JOJ S! 61 u o ! ~ e n b a u! r jo anlen aql uaqM L[uo
CZ'O OZ'O LL'O PI0 LL'O 80'0 90'0 p u n o j uaaq seq sanlen [eluam!~adxa pue [ n a ! ~ a ~ o a q i
uaamlaq l u a m a a 1 8 ~ a q l slapolu sa!las pun 1a[lt!11?d
JO UO!Il?U!qLU03 l? 'lOPJ U! 'S! [1pOUI qDSI!H 3 q l
,salqrj pa11?83188e pun ~JII!%~JB%I!-UOU
UJaMlaq L [ u a ~ a u npalnq!lls!p aq I I I M pea[ p q d d e
aq) a3uaH .x!liem aq1 U! pa1elamo[88e aq I[!M a l q y
aql J O awes 'UO!IJI?IJ a u n l o h q9!q II! I n 8 'X!IIPW aql U!
s a l q y pas~ads!p-[lam aqi q8norql peo1 J O uo!lnq!lls!p
lallaq aql jo i[nsal e sn pa,%a!q3e S! al!soduo3 aql
u! U!l?l]S l0 SSJllS UlOJ!Un '3lqlJ Jql J O U0!13PIJ JUln[OA
MO[ I P i ~ 13ej~ aql~ o i p[ a ~ n~ q ! ~ ~aq i i : ue5 s ! q ~'san[nn
leluatu!ladua ql!m luatuaar4e [nu!Z~eull! moqs s l a p o u
[q11!11?d p u ~ra!~~s"sa~q!l
? aqi jo UO!I~I!IJamn[oA mol l e
'1rq1 1 .4!.~ WUIJ uaas aq ue3 11 a l a 'qi8ual a l q g ln3!l!lo
. s p a alq!] at[> II? uo!]nllua3uo3 ssalls 'UO!lElUa!lO
a ~ q gu o Lla81el spuadap lajsueli s s a w ay1 'sai!sod
- u o s a ~ q ! j - ] ~ o qjos a s m aql u1 .sal!sodu~oaa r q g - i ~ o q s
jo inrji u o ~ lualql!p j s! a i ~ s o d u ~ opasroju~ar-alqy
a
snonulluos jo ws!urqsam ~ ~ J S U I ? ~ ~3111 - S S3~1:s
~ J ~s!ql
S
U! uo!las!l![du!s I ~ A Oun L l l ~ a l sS! u l e ~ l suloJ!ull I o
," "l[llpD"l s.;?""",~ ! ! s l a . l o a l P"'! ~1?l11"11!1"d~a ssalls mloj!un ~ a q l t ajo no!~dwnssl! aqj. . s s ~ ! s o d u o a
U! I I I A a111 J O ~ ~ x ! ~ t ! d t u oI: n smoqs p 2 1 ~ s!~aiuLo[d p a a ~ o j u ! a r - a ~ q !snonu!luoo~ ~o qlBualls
.Lla~!lnadsa~ 'ZZ aq) aq!nsap o l pasn a l e slapoul saflos pile 1a11el~d
plll! 1; '()i S110llllllh7J i?lll\ll p3ll![11311?D2.11: ?I PLIP V a ql!n is!!a~ ~ q aa12e
' L ~ [ I : I I S ~ss1111:,\ ~ i : l u a u ! ~ a d xaq] i
'4 '11 J O sxi11!,%a q l ~1a11111!111p a y ~ e dasap palua!lo L[ s l a p o u sa!las p u e [alleled ;?u!moqs s a u n a a q suo11 ~
-tuop111?1U! pa8u1:111! ~ . I Is!a r q ! ~i r q l 4u!urnss~Lq uayel -nnba I a p r t ] p u a r a L ~ o qpa!j!poru p u r qnsJ!H 4u!sn
.;!:M J, an[l:,+ a r l l i ~ o ! ~ n n h4u!sn
g palt![nolt!o slam pais!pald slapow asoql u! uaas seM q14ua11s allsual
s a n l ~ ! ~ ~ ~ ( ~ a[!slni % u a r ~agqr
s .l3po1u s!ql 111 'ql4ua.11~ pahrasqo k[(eluam!~adxaput: L[[en!)a~oaqiail1 uaamlaq
a11slla1 110 1aa,~1aalll!l s1:q salq!~jo 11o!ls1?1~8u!ysnd lIO!)Pl3llO"OD ~ 0 0 % V 'SJ.lq!/ J 0 110!13RIJ l1UnlOA 241 U!
urnru!xt!or at11 sau!t111ai3p 1 1 3 1 q 101aej ~ P JO uo!ianpo~l a r e a n u ! ql!m LllelnSa~sasl?ar3o! q18uarls a l ~ s u a'sasea
-(I! 11:111 " I : ~ A ~ L1.11:als
.I '!g.[. . ~ I P3111
S L ~ ~ I I : U I ! X O I ~ ~[l'I! ! I,! 1 1 ~ ~uaas [ 1 aq 111:~11 .a.1114!13111 LI!11,n(lqsSI! s[apoul
?.I! S3llll:A l(18ll3.11~3IlSlIJl 'SJSI!J L(l0q II! 11!1[1 1133s sno!li!n ay1 4u!sn pa1~lnsl1:s s l a n snnll?.t [l!o(laJoaql
3q 11l!> I [ 5 '8!,:1 111 p3l"dap all! 'IlOSl3!N kq 113A!? U<>!l
-l:nha L 11 pa!l!po~11 3111 pu!! I P S J - ~ I ! ~ [ P [3111
.[
"NUJ SXl[l!A 1 1 1 8 ~ ~ 5[!S11511 1 ~ 3111 ~ L I I M O ~S2A. S 1110 a q l
.san~!!qe~uatu!.~adu~
3111 I[I!M a.lq!l 3111 J O 110!1.7l!.IJ 31111110A MO[ 1P L [ [ P ! ~
-adm s3nll:n q18oa11s apsual it! luamaa141! alqeuoseal n
sntoqs I J ~ O L US,XO,J .[9] spua 3.1q!j aql q4norql pal aq!) )a uo!iDe,) alunloA
-I!olsurlr S! pno[ l!!!xr o u alaqm pul! 13ajlad S! a31?j131
CZ'O OZ'O LL'O PLO LL'O 800 S00
-111 u!llrul arqg nqi arai[M ' a s u o d s a ~[ns!uPqsaul ,111111
111 3llSl![3 1111!111~.1 Xl.lll!l1I pill! 3lq![ 3111 1[3!1[M ll! LU~ISLS
3111 .IOJ .(l110 a[q~:?!lcld~:S! f .Z!.{ u! I J ~ O L L Is,xo;)
sanln" [rlusu~!.ladxa
1lllM 111a1Ll~~.l~l! p004 U! S.0 pUl! I 3q 01 pl1nOJ aJ3M 'X
pill! ')I ,I(>san11?~3111 'an11?~3ull!s"'1 3 ~ s ~ u o !8l ~ n h o
qloq " I = IIXIM xni!3q '0s IO hz oo!lenbcj laql!a
au!sn palt!lnslns q ~ m f l ,JO y ~ I F A .[R] U O I I
-na.~!psssrls paqdd!! aq) U! sa)!sodu!on p ~ o ~ o j o ! a ~ - a r q ! l
I l O l [ S p3118![1! IOJ [ S! ' y J0 a n [ l ? U q l IRql pa11oda1 Sl?M
I [ "y 'lOl3l!J 1[18~31 3.14!1 Put! " y '.1013l?J LIO!)l!lU3!10
a.rq!l sl! g ~ n s'slolnej CIMI ql!m sleap 'gz uo!]anbg
II! uan12 S! [aporu .rape$[ LIP 1aLm08 p3!l!pom a q l
.sal~sodiuos
.7Jq!l-IIOl[S J O .lllO!hl!ll3q l l l D 1 3111 8ll!q!.l0~3p LI!
loiat!~ Zn!n!ru.~a~apo S I r j o anli?n 3111 leql w a s S!
I! snt1.L s p u a alq!] ar[i in lnql:, uo!~ns!j!ldml? ss91ls p u s
1[1811a[a.lq!l 'lll~~ll!llla~.l~> a.lq!l L~11~1?111a.rl! ,c> all[I!,, 3111
.,
longitudinally oricntcd co~npositeswith [he volume
fraction of fibres. I t was observed t1i;it a very re;lson.
able corrcl;~tionexist between theoretical 2nd experi.
ment;ll v:tIucs i n most of tlic modcls except series a ~ ~ d
p;lrallcl nlodcls. A good ;~grccmcn[is sec11ill [he cast
of Hzilpin Ts;~i, and modified Bowyer and Bader
models. 111the c;ise of the Hillpill Tsai and modilicd
H T mndcls, ;I pood ilgrccment hctwecn cxperimcntal
;ind t l l e ~ r c l i cY i ~~~u l l g ' s~iiodulusvi~lttcswas observed
as co~?iparcd to the f i t of the experimental and theorcl-
ical tensile s t r c ~ i f t l ivalues. Fig. 5 shows ;I comparison
of the v ; ~ r i ; i ~ i o111 ~ iihcorctical as well as cxpcrimc~ital
Yoilng's r n ~ ~ d u l\,:ilues ~ i s of ralido~nlyoriented com-
posites \villi v(i1~1nc fr:~ciii)~i ~ f l i b r c sThe. tlirsch and
lnodilicd Bo\bycr and l3;ldcr nlodcls are used fkr the
c;llcill;~lioll of thcurclical values. Roll1 rnodcls par-
tially ;[pi-cc with the cxpcrimcnlal v;llues. A l l other
rnodcls L I S O ~ ill tlie study are not applicable i n the
systc~iiill' ~ l n d o n l l yorienteci cnmposiles. I n the case
o l llirscli's iniodcl. lcl~silc strength illid Yoi~ng's Volume fraction of fibre
modulus v;~lucs were ~ l l c u l n t c dusing Equations 12
a n d 13. 111lhis c;~sc.agreement between expcrimcntal
and tlieorc1ic;tl valucs has hecn found only when the
v;~luco l \ i n Lqilations I ? and 13 is 0.1 For ralidomly
oric~ilctlco~nposilcs.Tllc v;ilue of Y li;~ssame meillling
;IS i n 11ic C:IX ~ ) f l o ~ ~ g i l ~ ~oriented
d i ~ i i ~ lcotnpositcs.
ly 111
the cusc of the ~ilodilicdllowycr ;lnd 13;1dcr niodcl.
tcti\ilc slrcngtli and Young's modulos villucs were
c;ilc~il;itcd ~ l s i i i gEquiili(>lis28 illid 31. The V R ~ L I C o f K 2
i n lllc equ;~tiotiis !lie s;inlc for both longitudinally and
sandornly oric~ltedcoliiposites, but libre orientation
fi~ctor,K,. is dillcrent for randomly oriented corn-
posites. I n this c;~sc,tlic value of K,, For good agree-
ment hetwcc~itheoretical and experimental valucs,
u,;I!, found to be 0.2. bcc;iusc i t has already bccn
reported 11i;it tllc v;iluc of K , for fibres ;irr;~ngcdi n the
random f:isllion i s 0.2 [X].
I i s ? 5, i t is clci~rlyobserved that, i n gcn-
cr;11. t c i i ~ i l clpropcrtics of l>otli l ~ ~ ~ i g i t ~ ;III~ ~ ~ l~i1~1 1i -~ ~ l l y
cloilil) or~ciitcdcomposi~csshow a re;ison;ible iigree-
mcnt u i t h ill1 tlic i i i ~ d c l sill IOW volume lr;~ction o f
lihrcs. This may he due to proper orientation of fibres
and uniforln distribution olapplied load as a rcsult o f 10
3 6 9 12
well-di\pcrscd lihrcs i n the m;ltrix at low volunic fr;lc- Fibre length Imml
tion o f the librcs.
t'ip. (1 s l i ~ w s;I c01iipiiris011of the v a r i i ~ t i (111 ~ ~tlicor-
i
ctical and cxpcrimcntal icnsile properties of randomly
oricmcd cr~mposites3 s ;I f ~ ~ ~ l c of t i olibrc
~ i length. The
inodilicd Bou'ycr and Badcr no del is used for the
calculatio~iof tensile properties. The critical length OF
the fihrc u'as found to be 6 lrnn from the carlier study I t can be seen froni Fig, h that ;I( h mlii lihrc Icnglll.
[M].tlcncc the otlicr lengths o f 2 atid 10 m m arc thcrc i s a good agi-ecmcnl ~ ~ I \ \ C C I I I I ~ c o r e t i c ~ ilild
~I
taken :IS suhcritic;~l ;ind supercritical lengths, rcspec- cxperimcntal values i n the c;~scu l tcnsilc slrc~iglll;IIIJ
tivcly. l ' h c 2. h ; ~ n d 10 m m libru composites were Young'xmod~llusv;~l~ics. ' l ' l ~ i rlc;~rly
r t~idic;~tc> U1:il i t 1
~prclx~rcti ;II 10. 211 a ~ 10 ~ vtll'X,
d librcs, 'rc~lsilc1)ropcr- crilic;~l lihrc Ic~lgtli.
c~>niporilc\ \ l t ~ , n i n i : ~ ~ i r i ipro^-
~~~il
tic5 were c;ilculatcd 11si11gE q ~ l ; ~ t i o l28 ~ s and 31. I'llc crtics.
value of K 2 it1 Equiitio~is28 i111d 31 is dilfcrent for The limitation o f the ~nodclsi ~ \ c r Iill tllis stody
dilfercnt lihre lcnpths. For 2 ;~nd 10 m m tibres, the mainly depends on dilTerc~ili;~ctors,The ch;~ncco f t h c
v;tlucs of K , wcrc c;~lculated using Equations 30 tlnd form;ition o f microvoids bct\vccn libre ; ~ n din:llrix
29, rcspcctively. L i l l t any oftlie ;~bovccqu;~lionsc.111he during the prcparatioli <,l cc,ntp<,~ilc.;grc;~llyi ~ i l l u c t ~ -
used for c;~lcul:lting K, i n thc c;tsc of 6 lnrli lihrcs. ccs 1I1c rcnhtlc properllcs. 'l'llis l';tctc~r I\ 1101 ~ ~ c c ~ ~ i t l l l ~ ' ~ l
hccause i!Iic~i 1 = l L both cquat~ons g ~ v cthe s;~mc for i n ;111y o l ihe iliodcls u.;cd in 1111sstudy. 111 ,111
\ill~cs. ~iiodclsused hcrc. 11 IS ;is.;i~~~icd tIi;~t 11ic lihrc. :ire
4266
strength. I'aramctcrs c o n c e r n i n g t h e surfilcc i r r c g u l a r -
ities o f s i s a l l i b r c a n d m i c r o v o i d s f o r m e d h e l w c c n l i b r c
a n d ~ n a t r i xa r e no1 a c c o u n l c d (or in (hi\ study.
References
l. h+. J b O L K t s . "St~oll 1:lhre K~lnrorcc<ITbi.r~~~~pl~~sciCI.'
(Rcicarch Sludiob Prcsr. Wllcy. Ncw York, 19x21.
2. K I' S l l l l l . l ~ < ) N ; ' C u n l p ~ ~ r i lI'<,l)lllcrlc
c bl;~lcri.tlr"IAppl~cd
Sclcncc. Loodcln. 1982) p. 58.
3. h K F l I.\ ixcltl N 11 L I A ( ' M I I . L . A ~ ,"Slr,>#~gS t ~ l ~ ~ l s ' '
i(.l,!uc~t'l<>~, I'ICW. Oxi~~rd l9XOl
, p. 240.
4. W III1lIS'IOM ;xild K 1) C O K N I I 11:SSIN. "I.i~Iiiic ,,l
P
]>I. . Ncw
.ihllci" ! l l ; ~ ! l r c ~
'
. Yolk. 19861 p. 143. Zt
5 . I> 11111.1. ' A n lntroduoiiun 10 C ~ > ~ n p o sM;~tev~;lls" ~lc (('o~~i-
hrldg~'U l l l l ~ l ~ lPTCSS. ly L ~ l l d ~ lIqXI).
l.
6. I1 I.. ('OX, Br. J. Appl. Pllys. 3(IY5Z1 72.
l . M K lPl(;GOl. Aciu Meiuil. I4 (1966) 1429.
8. 1' T C I I H T I S . h1 G. BAI>EK;lnd J. t . HAILEY, J. Msrer.
c y l i n d r i c a l l ! shapcd. H o w e v e r , the a c t u a l shape o f t h e Sci. 13 (1978) 377.
zis;~l lihrc 1s 1 1 0 1 pcrfcctly c y l i n d r i c i l l d u e lo surf;~cc 9. \ l . K . I'lCiCiOT. "Load Bc;lriog Plhrc Compoiiler" (I'er-
gainon I'ress. Orlord. I9Xll1 p. l(Xl.
irregul;tritics. Fig. 7 is cle;tr cvidence f o r t h i s k t c t T h e
10. Y. TCK MONIA. J. Pcilrr?i.S<, P~~iylrt. I'iii,. 32 (1'1941 96'1
n o n - u n i f o r m shape o f t h e sisal also accounts f o r t h e I t . L M 0 N E I I E . M l' ANI)I-KSONnlldC; S (;KES'LI'i,i~~r#.
d e v i a t i o n o f t h c t c n s ~ l cp r o p e r l i e s from the t l i c o r c ~ i c ; ~ l CCZ~P~IX,~ 14 lIcJ93) 101.
predictions. 12. 1; N K ,\K,lM, ,l. C ~ ~ ~' l ' c~v ~ l~? t r ~ r ~ RC,.,.
l i ~ JC"f'Rlii<
~ ~ . ~ 16 . (IV141
154
II .
5. Conclusion 14.
A c o t n p a r l s o n b c t w c c n e x p e r i m e n t a l r c s u l ~ sillid the
p r e d ~ c t i o nf r o m t h e o r y o f t h e tensile p r o p e r t i e s (tensile IS.
329.
s t r e n g t h a n d Young's m o d u l u s ) of s h o r t sisal fibre-
16. K . K. Cllr\WLh, "CUII~USICS 111 Mlilerials Sciencc and Ell-
r e i n f o r c e d l o w - d e n s i t y p o l y c t h y l e n e c o ~ n p o s i t c sh a s
ginecring" ISpringer. New York, 1987) p. 177.
been presented. T h e m o d e l s selected w c r c scrics a n d 17. H. M. S M A L L w O o D . J. Api,I. Phys. 15 119441 758.
par;lllcl. tlirsch. Halpin Ts:~i. m o d i l i c d H a l p i n Ts;ti.18. L ~t11.11. ii~ 1,
6~1 1 ~ 4zn~1
Cox, a n d m o d i l i c d B o w y e r a n d B a d c r models. T e n s i l e 19.
211.
p r o p c r t i c s of I o n g i t u d i ~ i i l lillid i . i l n d ~ m l y o r i e n ( c d
21 I. I' \ I t l SOW. .l. ~ l ~ 1'11\> ~ p l4l1'171l1.11~~1~
d :I 1111icli01i01 v o l i ~ ~ i i c
c o ~ i i ~ ~ o s i itvccs~ i . ~ p r c \ c ~ i t c;I\ l. J. IIKOII I >Ir\Niirld K I1 KKO('h. "bI~,ilelll ('L)III~I<)*IIc
22.
.
fr. ~ c t l o nof l l i c librcs. All m o d e l s were a p p l i e d in the
'
.
M ..~l~ri.tts-
, (Addison Wesluy. Ke;~dinp,MA. 19671.
system 01 I o n g ~ t i ~ i l i n a l ol yr i e n t e d compositcs, bill the 22. I . J IIIKsC11. J , A i l l . cm~. l,>$!.S91IY021427
H i r h c h a n d i i i o d i ! i c d 13o\vyur a n d Bader e q u a t i o n s 24. 1' 1uA1111Ls11 K U ~ I , \ K . K I ( i ~ o K C i l l ; ! o d S I I I O ~ I ~ \ ~ .
J. AI>JII. l'oiynr. Sci. 61 il996l 23x3
\\,ere a p p l i e d in t h c c;tsc of r i l n d o m l y o r i e n t e d c o m -
25. S GEOKGL. K 1 S 1 K 1 ' V ! \ R ~ ' l ; l l t S t .$lid S
p o s i ~ c s , A l l n i o d c l s c x c c p ~ the scrics :~nd p n r a l l e l I IIOhl AS. P,,II.,~I. 26 (1905) 4.105
model show rc:~s~n;lhlc
agrccmclit w i t h experitncntal 26. H W 1UOSI:N. 181 "t'lhrc Colnposllc M;tlcrl;ilr" (.flnerlc.lll
tcnsilc propcrtics o f longitudinally oriented com- Sucicly hi Mul;~ls.btvl;~lsI';!rk. 0 1 1 . I'J65l p. SX.
posites, especially a t l o w v o l u n i e f r a c t i o n o f t h e libre. 27. J. V . HALl'lN iilld S . W. I5Al. "L:IIYIIUIIIIIC~I~~I t , l ~ l o l h 111
Composile Materials Dcs~gn"(AFMLTK. 1967) p. 67.
Amolig the v;rrious modcls, the H i r s c h a n d m o d i f i e d
28 1. K 1.4YLK.iod R. R. J U N E , J. C~~~ripos. hliticr. 3(196914X
U u w y c r a n d l % a d c re q u a t i o n s s h o w \'cry good c o r r c l ; ~ -
29. L l:. N1til.SoN. "Mechiknbcal I'roperlicr or I'ulyrnurr itild
lion w i t h c x p c r i ~ i i c n t ; ~results.
l I l i r s c l i a n d l3owyer Cumporilcs". Vol. 2 (Mitrcul Dekkcr. Ncw York, 1'174).
+ and B a d c r m o d e l s also s l i o w good corrcl;ttion w i t h 30 L. C NIEI.SON.Rlico1. . k r a 13119741X6.
31. W. H. IIOWYEH ;incl M G MAIIEI<. J. Zlii,l.r. Sci. 7 (19721
exi1et-inlcnt;il results u f r ; t ~ i ~ l ~ i m
o rl iyc n l e d composites.
1315.
'The cli'cct o f l i b r c l e n g t h on t c l ~ s i l cp r o p e r t i e s was also
1 2 . h1 11. L ,\ l1 17.1KS K Y a814 l h1 WAll 1). (',>rt!p,!>. .S<,. l ' ~ ~ ~ l t ~ ~ ~ ~ l .
a n i ~ l y s c di n t h i s s t ~ ~ dT'hc
y . l l o w y e r a n d Uadcr m o d e l
26 (lPX61 139,
rcvc:ilcd 111;11 the c r i t i c a l I c i ~ ~ pl;iys
th :I rnitior rolc in 33. K l < l S L . l s b ~ ,S ~ l l < ~ h l AC 'S I,V A V l l l ~ R , \ N . ~ # l ~l Hl K , \ > l -
c o n t r i h u l ~ ~ rt o
g the ~ c n s i l ep r o p c r t i c s o f s h o r t l i b r c - l l i \ h l ! h l i \ l < . I . .Ij~pl.S o 47 lIY93l 1731.
reinforced p o l y m e r compusiles. All theoretical models
used i n [hi, .;111dy c1c;irly indic;tte t I i ; ~ l tcnsilc p r o p e r -
tics c i f \ I r o r l lihrc-rcinfc)rccd c c r ~ r ~ p o h i l csst r o n g l y d c -
pciid on l i h r c lcngtli. l i h r c lo;tding l i h r c dispersion.
fibre o r i c n t ; ~ l ~ oi ~ ~l ~I i bdr c i i i i ~ t iliterfitci;~l
~ i bond