Mc lc

MC LC
DANH MC HNH V..................................................................................................................................................3
THUT NG VIT TT.............................................................................................................................................2
LI NI U................................................................................................................................................................4
CHNG 1: GII THIU CHUNG...........................................................................................................................6
1. 1. LCH S PHT TRIN CA CCH T BRAGG QUANG...........................................................................................6
1. 2. S LC CNG NGH CH TO FBG..................................................................................................................7
1.3. S LC V CC NG DNG CA FBG.............................................................................................................10
CHNG 2: CH TO FBG....................................................................................................................................12
2.1 NHY TRONG SI QUANG..............................................................................................................................12
2. 1. 1 M hnh trung tm mu............................................................................................................................12
2. 1. 2 M hnh thay i mt ...........................................................................................................................13
2. 2 CC PHNG PHP TNG NHY...................................................................................................................14
2. 2. 1 X l bng Hydro.......................................................................................................................................14
2. 2. 2. X l bng nhit........................................................................................................................................14
2. 2. 3 X l bng c hc......................................................................................................................................15
2. 3 MT S PHNG PHP CH TO CCH T.........................................................................................................17
2. 3. 1 Chiu x tia cc tm im-im................................................................................................................17
2. 3. 2 Chiu x bng xung laser CO2..................................................................................................................18
2. 3. 3 Phng php dy vi thu knh..................................................................................................................19
2. 3. 4 Phng php cy ion................................................................................................................................20
2. 3. 5 Phng php mt n bin tia UV........................................................................................................20
2. 4 TM TT.............................................................................................................................................................21
CHNG 3: C IM CU TRC V TNH CHT CA FBG....................................................................22
3. 1 GII THIU.........................................................................................................................................................22
3. 2 IU KIN KT HP PHA.....................................................................................................................................25
3. 3 CC PHNG TRNH GHP MODE.......................................................................................................................26
3. 4 L THUYT M HNH HO FBG.........................................................................................................................28
3. 5 CU TRC V TNH CHT CA CC DNG CCH T..........................................................................................31
3. 5. 1 Cch t Bragg u (Uniform FBG)..........................................................................................................31
3. 5. 1. 1 Cu trc............................................................................................................................................................31
3. 5. 1. 2 M t ton hc..................................................................................................................................................32
3. 5. 1. 3 Thi gian tr v tn sc.....................................................................................................................................35
3. 5. 2 Cch t Bragg quang chu k thay i.......................................................................................................36
3. 5. 2. 1 Cu trc............................................................................................................................................................36
3. 5. 2. 2 M t ton hc ca CFBG................................................................................................................................37
3. 5. 3 Cch t iu bin chit sut.....................................................................................................................40
3. 5. 3. 1 Nguyn l........................................................................................................................................................ 40
3. 5. 3. 2 M t ton hc ca AFBG................................................................................................................................41
CHNG 4: CC NG DNG CA CCH T BRAGG SI QUANG............................................................44
4. 1 NG DNG CA CCH T BRAGG QUANG TRONG B TN SC.........................................................................44
4. 1. 1 Gii thiu..................................................................................................................................................44
4. 1. 2 Hin tng tn sc trong si cp quang...................................................................................................44
4. 1. 3 B tn sc bng quang si cch t Bragg chu k bin i tuyn tnh......................................................46
4. 2 NG DNG CA FBG TRONG B TCH GHP KNH OADM.............................................................................49
4. 2. 1 Tng quan v WDM..................................................................................................................................49
4.2.2. K thut tch ghp knh quang..................................................................................................................51
4. 2. 3 Cc cu hnh OADM.................................................................................................................................52
4. 2. 3. 1 OADM da trn FBG v coupler 3 dB.............................................................................................................52
4. 2. 3. 2 OADM da trn FBG v cu hnh giao thoa March-Zehnder..........................................................................54

Hong Trng Giang Lp D2001 - VT 1

Mc lc

4. 2. 3. 3 Cu hnh OADM s dng FBG v Circulator...................................................................................................55

4. 2. 3. 4 OADM da trn cch t t gia Coupler........................................................................................................56
4. 2. 3. 5 Cc tham s ca cc cu hnh OADM..............................................................................................................57
4. 3 NG DNG CA FBG TRONG CN BNG KHUYCH I CA THIT B KHUYCH I QUANG SI EDFA.........59
4. 3. 1 Tng quan v EDFA..................................................................................................................................59
4. 3. 1. 1 Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca EDFA:.....................................................................................................59
4. 3. 1. 2 Tng cn bng cho khuych i EDFA........................................................................................................60
4. 3. 2 ng dng ca FBG trong b cn bng khuych i EDFA......................................................................63
4. 4 MT S NG DNG KHC CA FBG..................................................................................................................69
4. 4. 1 NG DNG TRONG CM BIN.........................................................................................................................69
4. 4. 2 ng dng trong cng ngh Laser.............................................................................................................70
TI LIU THAM KHO.............................................................................................................................................73

Hong Trng Giang Lp D2001 - VT 2

Danh mc hnh v

DANH MC HNH V

Hnh 2. 1. C ch nhy trong m hnh trung tm mu..........................14

Hnh 2. 2. Phn ng ph v cu trc Si-O-Ge do nhit..............................15
Hnh 2. 3. Ch s chit sut khc x thay i theo sc cng......................17
Hnh 2.4: X l bng tia cn cc tm.........................................................17
Hnh 2. 5. S phng php ch to im - im...................................19
Hnh 2. 6. Cu trc dy vi thu knh..........................................................20
Hnh 2. 7. S b tr mt n v si trong phng php cy ion..............21
Hnh 2.8: Phng php mt n bin s dng tia UV............................22
Hnh 3. 1 Cu to v chit sut ca FBG...................................................23
Hnh 3. 2: M t c tnh ca FBG............................................................25
Hnh 3. 3: Ph phn x ca cch t Bragg dng cch t u, di cch t
1cm, B=1550 nm, =0. 8 nm...................................................................25
Hnh 3. 5: Cch t Bragg chu k u UFBG..............................................33
Hnh 3. 6: S nguyn l ca ma trn truyn t dnh cho UFBG v non
- UFBG.......................................................................................................35
Hnh 3. 7:M hnh cch t Bragg chu k thay i CFBG...........................37
Hnh 3.8: A Ph phn x ca cc cch t c gi tr Chirp dB/dz =1 v
-1; B: thi gian tr theo bc sng ca CFBG; ph phn x ca cc cch
t c gi tr chirp -1;-2;-4 (nm/cm)............................................................41
Hnh 3.9: th iu bin chit sut si quang AFBG..............................43
Hnh 3.10: Ph phn x ca AFBG vi L=10 mm ,neff =1.447, D =1550
nm...............................................................................................................44
Hnh 4.1 S thay i ca vn tc nhm theo bc sng trong quang si
n mode thng thng.............................................................................46
Hnh 4.2 Hu qu ca tn sc i vi tc truyn ca mng a) xung ti
u pht b) xung thu c ti u thu v thit b thu khng th phn
bit c hai xung k tip..........................................................................47
Hnh 4.3 Nguyn l b tn sc ca quang si cch t Bagg chu k bin i
....................................................................................................................48
Hnh 4. 4. M hnh c bn ca thit b b tn sc dng cch t Bagg chu
k thay i tuyn tnh.................................................................................49
Hnh 4. 5: H thng ghp bc sng mt hng.......................................51
Hnh 4. 6: H thng ghp bc sng hai hng.........................................51
Hnh 4. 7: M hnh c bn ca OADM......................................................52
Hnh 4. 8 : M hnh OADM da trn FBG v coupler 3 dB......................54
Hnh 4. 9: OADM da trn cu hnh giao thoa Mach-Zehnder.................55
Hnh 4. 10: OADM da trn FBG v Circulator........................................56

Hong Trng Giang Lp D2001 - VT 1

Danh mc hnh v

Hnh 4. 11: Cu hnh OADM dng cch t nm gia Coupler..................57

Hnh 4. 12: M hnh cch ly knh OADM..............................................58
Hnh 4. 13: Suy hao xen trong OADM......................................................59
Hnh 4. 14: M hnh v tham s ca phn x ngc trong OADM...........60
Hnh 4. 15: m hnh mc nng lng ca si quang pha tp Erbium........60
Hnh 4. 16: Cu trc modul EDFA thc t.................................................61
Hnh 4. 17: Cu hnh b lc t ngoi EDFA.............................................63
Hnh 4. 18: Cu hnh b lc t gia EDFA..............................................63
Hnh 4. 19: EDFA khng s dng v c s dng FBG..............................64
Hnh 4. 20: c tuyn thc nghim khuych i ca EDFA ph thuc
cng sut tn hiu u vo ti bc sng 1550 nm....................................67
Hnh 4.21: h s khuych i ph thuc bc sng trong trng hp
khng s dng v s dng cch t Bragg CFBG cho khuych i EDFA.69
Hnh 4. 22 M hnh h thng cm bin s dng FBG v nguyn l hot
ng............................................................................................................71

Hong Trng Giang Lp D2001 - VT 2

Thut ng vit tt

THUT NG VIT TT
Li ni u
Chng 1: Gii thiu chung
Chng 2: Ch to FBG

Bng thc nghim ngi ta bit rng phng php cy ion lm tng ch s
chit sut mc cao i vi hu nh tt c cc vt liu ch to si quang, v vy
y l phng php rt ph bin trong thc tin. thc hin ngi ta dng si Ge
c li ng knh 9 m vithnh phn 97SiO2:3GeO2, v lm bng Si nguyn cht
vi ng knh 125m . Cch b tr mt n v si nh hnh 5. 6. Si c cy bng
ion He2+ ti nhit phng thng qua mt mt n kim loi bng cch dng my
gia tc 1. 7 MV (nng lng ca ion khong 51MeV). Khi ion c cy vo li,
phn v s c khc axit ng knh cn khong 53m .

Hnh 2. 7. S b tr mt n v si trong phng php cy ion

quan st ngi ta dng mt my phn tch ph. T i n kt lun ti
vng cy ion, chit sut khc x tng ln ng k. Nh vy c th thy rng
phng php ny c hiu qu i vi hu ht cc loi vt liu. y chnh l u
im ni tri ca phng php ny.
2. 3. 5 Phng php mt n bin tia UV
y l dng phng php ph bin nht dng ch to FBG. Hnh 2. 5 m t chi
tit phng php ny.
Chng 2: Ch to FBG

Hnh 2.8: Phng php mt n bin s dng tia UV

i vi thit b ny, mt n bin cho php cc xung laser t ngng truyn qua
theo ng vung gc, ngng ca xung trong h thng ny quy nh 100 mJ/ cm 2
/ 1 xung. Trong cc mt n c mt s c chu k khc vi cc mt n cn li v
do vy nh hng ca sng laser cng khc so vi cc phn cn li, do nh hng
ca laser m chit sut ca cc v tr khc nhau trong li si c th khc nhau.

Ph ca cch t c gim st bng nh sng ca mt LED bng rng chiu qua

cch t v a n mt my phn tch quang ph. Khi sng phn x tr li t cch
t tho mn cc yu cu v ph th ngun laser s ngng pht v sn phm c
hon thnh.
2. 4 Tm tt
Trn y chng ta trnh by mt cch khi qut v cch t FBG, cc tnh cht
ca cch t c xy dng da trn cc m hnh khc nhau v cc phng php
ch to cch t ph bin hin nay. Mi phng php ny u c u nhc im
ring. la chn phng php ti u chng ta phi da vo cc tiu ch khc
nh gi. Thc t hin nay cc phng php ny ngy cng c hon thin v mt
s phng php mi ang c xut th nghim. la chn mt phng php
ch to thch hp ngi s dng cn cn c vo cc tnh cht cng nh ng dng
v yu cu cht lng ca FBG s dng cc cng ngh ch to ph hp.
Chng 2: Ch to FBG

CHNG 3
C IM CU TRC V TNH CHT CA FBG

3. 1 Gii thiu

Hnh 3. 1 Cu to v chit sut ca FBG

Cch t Bragg quang thc cht l s xo trn cu trc ch s chit sut theo
dng chu k dc theo hng truyn sng ca si quang v c m t trong hnh
trn.

Ch s chit sut ca FBG c tnh theo phng trnh sau :

Chng 2: Ch to FBG

2
n( x, y, z ) = n( x, y , z )+ (n, x , y)cos(
z )z (3. 1)

Trong n( x, y, z ) l ch s chit sut trung bnh ca li si quang v

n( x, y, z ) l ch s iu ch v l chu k ca FBG.

Mt lng nh nh sng c phn x ti mi im ni ch s chit sut ca

FBG thay i. S phn x hon ton trong FBG xy ra ti cc bc sng ring khi
xut hin mode ghp mnh nht. y gi l iu kin Bragg c m t trong
phng trnh (3. 2), bc sng m ti c s phn x hon ton c gi l bc
sng Bragg B. Ch c nhng bc sng tho mn iu kin Bragg l chu nh hng
ca cch t v phn x mt cch mnh m. FBG trong sut i vi cc bc sng
nm ngoi vng bc sng Bragg.

Bc sng Bragg c tnh nh sau:

B = 2 neff (3. 2)

Trong neff l ch s khc x nh hng v l chu k ca FBG. y chnh

l iu kin xy ra phn x Bragg. T phng trnh (3. 2) chng ta c th thy rng
bc sng Bragg hon ton ph thuc vo ch s khc x v chu k ca cch t.

Cc cch t di vi ch s khc x thay i khng ng k c nh phn x rt

nhn v bng tn phn x rt nh nh m t trong hnh (3. 2):
Chng 2: Ch to FBG

Hnh 3. 2: M t c tnh ca FBG

i vi cch t Bragg u, cc tham s ch s khc x nh hng n eff v chu
k cch t l c nh. Dng ph phn x ca loi cch t ny c m t trong
hnh (3. 3):

Hnh 3. 3: Ph phn x ca cch t Bragg dng cch t u, di cch t 1cm,

B=1550 nm, =0. 8 nm
Chng 2: Ch to FBG

3. 2 iu kin kt hp pha
FBG cho php truyn nng lng gia cc mode trong mt si quang. iu
ny c th t c bng vic thay i pha ca mt mode sao cho n kt hp c
vi pha ca mt mode khc. Cc FBG thng c lm trn si quang trn sau khi
bc i lp v acrylat c ngha l si quang c xem nh c cu trc 3 lp vi cc
chit sut khc nhau, trong lp trong cng l lp li c chit sut l n1, tip n
l lp v c chit sut l n2 v ngoi cng l khng kh vi n3 = 1. Vi si quang
n mode vi cc tham s nh trn thi mode trung tm c hng s truyn t B CO
cho bi:
2p 2p 2p
n2 < BCO = nCO < n1 (3. 3)
l l l

V cc mode ngoi c ch ra bi cu trc v - khng kh c hng s truyn

nh sau:
2p 2p
n3 < Bu < n2 (3. 4)
l l

Kt qu, cc mode pht x c th hng s truyn trong gii hn:

2p
0 < Brad < n3 (3. 5)
l

tm hiu s bin i ch s chit sut theo chu k dc theo chiu di si

quang, vic kt hp pha u tin c thc hin gia mode c bn v mode chm
(mode v) xut hin khi:
2p
b1 - b 2 = (3. 6)

Trong trng hp ghp cn mode gia hai mode ny, b 2 = - b1 v phng trnh
c vit li:
p
b1 =
(3. 7)
Chng 2: Ch to FBG

Trong cc biu thc (3. 6) v (3. 7) l chu k ca s thay i ch s iu

ch v b1 v b 2 tng ng l hng s truyn ca mode c bn v mode c
ghp i cng vi n. Cch t thc hin ghp mode chm c xem nh l m b
phn x hay l cch t Bragg. c trng ca cc thit b ny da trn c s ghp
mode gia mode c bn ti v i.

i vi cc cch t chu k ln (c b1 v b 2 u ln). iu kin kt hp cho

ghp hng ti cha mode c bn v mode truyn ca v cho bi:
2p
b1 - b 2 = (3. 8)

3. 3 Cc phng trnh ghp mode

Nguyn l ghp cp mode c s dng thnh cng m t cc thuc tnh
ph ca cc cch t Bragg. S bin i ch s phn x theo chu k l dc theo chiu
di ca si quang c m t nh sau:

n( z ) = n0 + Dn( z )cos[ 2p + q ( z )] (3. 9)

Cc hm Dn( z ) v q ( z ) l cc hm bin i chm hn so vi chu k cch t ;

n0 l chit sut ca li, Dn( z ) l hiu s chit sut li - v. Tham s q ( z ) l pha ca
ch s iu ch; n c s dng miu t s dch chuyn pha hay l chirp cch
t. Dc theo cch t sng ti n 1 v sng phn x n 2 lin quan vi nhau bi phng
trnh mode:
dv1
= -iv1 + iq ( z )v2 (3. 10)
dt

dv 2
= iv2 - iq ( z )v1
dt

Ni bin ca vng n 1 v n 2 quan h vi bin ca trng in t, ta c:

A( z ) = v1.e- ig z

B ( z ) = v2 .e + ig z (3. 11)

a(z) l ch s ghp mode, cho bi:

Chng 2: Ch to FBG

p
a( z ) = Dn( z ) (3. 12)
2n0 l

V g l ch s mt iu hng ca bc sng phn x t FBG

2p _ p
Bragg = n0 = 2n0
l l

c nh ngha:
2p p
= n0 - (3. 12)

Trong trng hp cch t Bragg c nhiu gi tr Dn dc theo chiu di cch t,

cc phn tch ph c th t c bng cch gii quyt cc phng trnh ghp
mode khc nhau. Trng hp cc cch t ng dng cng c gii quyt tng
2
t. H s phn x v1 (g ) / v2 (g ) v R = r ti im bt u ca cch t l (t-v):

-q sinh(g L)
r () = (3. 13)
f sinh(g L) + ig cosh(g L)

s inh 2 (g L)
R () =
cosh 2 (g L)-
2 ; 2 = q 2 - g 2 (3. 14)
2
q

Mt vi ng dng quan trng t kt qu ny: l c th chng minh h s

phn x Rmax xut hin khi quan st iu kin phn x ti = 0:

Rmax = tanh 2 ( qL) (3. 15)

Tip theo bng tn Vlzero c xem l im zero th 2 trong tnh ton phn x:

Vlzero Dn l
= 1 + Bragg (3. 16)
l n0 DnL

Vi cch t c DnL >> lBragg , cng thc c n gin ho nh sau:

Vlzero Dn
= (3. 17)
l n0
Chng 2: Ch to FBG

Phng trnh (3. 16) cung cp thng tin v vic gy ra hiu ng ch s thay i
n gin bng cch tnh ton ph bng tn ca cch t. Tng t cho cch t cng
loi, vic thay i ch s cng sut cng c th dng phng trnh (3. 14) tnh
ton, vi Rmax ti l = lBragg .

hiu mt cch y v cc thuc tnh ca cch t Bragg quang, khi

nim tr nhm hay tr thi gian phi c tnh ton. Vi cch cch t loi ny thi
gian tr c th c quyt nh bi pha ca h s phn x r cho trn. Nu
q r = phase (r ) v thi gian tr cho nh sng phn x ngc tr li t cch t cho bi:

dq r l 2 dq r
tr = =- . (3. 18)
dw 2p c d l

V di hiu qu Leff m nh sng ti cc bc sng ring s i qua trong

tr
cch t trc khi quay ngc tr li c tnh bng Leff = c n0 . Trong cc cch t

loi ny thi gian tr nh nht xut hin ti l = lBragg . i vi cc bc sng gn

cnh cc bng tn ca cch t c tn sc ln nht vi thi gian t bin ng ln
ti cc bc sng. V vy, chnh lch thi gian t rng ln l c tnh ca dng ny,
n ph thuc vo bc sng trc khi ra khi cch t. Hnh 3. 3 cho thy ph phn
x v thi gian tr ca dng cch t ny vi thi gian tr tnh t (3. 15), tng ng
vi thi gian tr nh nht. Vi bc sng gn z zeros , thi gian tr l max.

3. 4 L thuyt m hnh ho FBG

Trong hu ht cc cch t si quang, cc ch s thay i trn nhng khong
tng i u nhau theo b ngang ca li si, v hu nh khng c mt mode nh
sng no truyn bn ngoi li. Chng ta gi nh rng s khng c mode v v b
qua dng mode ny, nh vy th c tnh trng in t ca cch t c th c
n gin ho v ch cn s chng mode gia mode hng i v hng v ca cc
mode trong li. Trng in dc theo li ca si c th c biu din theo phng
trnh sau:

E(x, y, z) = A+(z)exp(-iz) + A-(z)exp(iz)e(x, y) (3. 19)

Chng 2: Ch to FBG

Trong A+(z) v A-(z) l cc bin bin i chm ca sng nh sng hng

i v v dc theo li si. E(x, y, z) c th c thay th bng phng trnh ghp
mode. Phng trnh ghp mode c th n gin ho bng vic gim s mode xung
cn hai mode v c m t nh sau:
dR( z )
= i( z ) R( z ) + ik ( z ) S ( z )
dz

dS ( z)
= -i( z ) R( z ) - ik ( z ) R( z ) (3. 20)
dz
Trong R(z) = A+(z)exp[ i( /2)] v S(z) = A-(z)exp[- i( + /2)], R(z) l
mode hng ti v S(z) l mode ca hng phn x ngc tr li, c hai l cc hm
th hin cc mode bao thay i chm. l mt h s t ghp mode chung DC
hay cn gi l s mt iu hng ni. k(z) l h s ghp mode AC hay cn c
gi l mnh ghp mode bn trong ca cch t.

Cc phng trnh ghp mode (3. 20) c s dng trong vic tnh ton ph
p ng phn x ca FBG. H s ghp mode k(z) v ch s iu hng ni (z) l
hai tham s rt quan trng ca phng trnh ghp mode. Chng l cc tham s c
bn trong vic tnh ton ph p ng phn x ca FBG.

H s t ghp mode c tnh nh sau:

1d
=+- (3. 21)
2 dz

1d
Trong l m t ca kh nng chirp c th ca chu k cch t v l
2 dz
pha ca FBG. H s mt iu hng c tnh nh sau:

=-

= - D
1 1 (3. 22)
= 2n eff ( - )
D
Chng 2: Ch to FBG

Trong D = 2neff l bc sng thit k cho s phn x Bragg khi khong

cch cch t rt nh neff 0.
2
= neff (3. 23)

Trong neff l s thay i ch s khc x c bn.

H s ghp k(z) c th c tnh theo phng trnh sau:

= ) ( z ) g z v (3. 24)
k ( z )n(

Trong g(z) l hm ca iu bin chit sut v v l vn c th quan st c.

H s ghp k(z) tng ng vi su iu ch ch s khc x:
n(z) = n(z)g(z).

Hnh 3. 4 : iu kin u v s tnh ton p ng

ca cch t i vi nh sng ti

Khng c tn hiu vo nu nh sng ti (pha phi ca FBG) c S(L/2) = 0

v s c tn hiu ti nu phn bn phi ca FBG tho mn R(-L/2) = 1. Da
vo hai iu kin bin ny, iu kin ban u ca FBG c th c vit theo cc
phng trnh (3. 20). H s phn x v truyn nh sng ca FBG do c th nhn
c t cc iu kin u v phng trnh ghp mode:
Chng 2: Ch to FBG

Pha tri :
S(-L/2)=?
R(-L/2)=1 (3. 25)

Pha phi:

S(+L/2)=0

R(+L/2)=? (3. 26)

ln ca h s phn x c tnh nh sau:

S (- L / 2)
= (3. 28)
R (- L / 2)

H s phn x nng lng r (h s phn x) c tnh theo cng thc:

r = | 2 | (3. 29)
3. 5 Cu trc v tnh cht ca cc dng cch t
3. 5. 1 Cch t Bragg u (Uniform FBG)
3. 5. 1. 1 Cu trc
Cch t Bragg quang chu k u UFBG l dng cch t n gin nht trong h
cc FBGs. N c ch to bng li si quang v dng phng php t nh hng
gy ra bi giao thoa UV t cm ng. Trong cch t dng ny chu k cch t
khng i v chit sut ca cch t dc theo phng truyn sng bin i mt cch
tun hon.
Chng 2: Ch to FBG

Hnh 3. 5: Cch t Bragg chu k u UFBG

3. 5. 1. 2 M t ton hc
Cc h s kt hp pha v h s ghp mode ca UFBG l hng s. Cc phng
trnh (3. 20) s dng trong trng hp tng qut c thay th bng cc h s l
hng s. Chng ta c mt s phng php s dng phn tch tnh ton trong cc
phng trnh (3. 20). Cc phng php dng phn tch ca phng trnh ghp
mode c th tm c da trn cc phng trnh iu kin bin (3. 25) v (3. 26).

Nu x dch d / dz l 0, h s mt iu hng ni tng ng vi h s

mt iu hng . Phng trnh gii quyt s lin h gia s phn x v s cho
php truyn nh sng c biu din bi:
-ik sinh[ B (z-L/2)]
A- ( z ) = (3. 30)
i sinh( B L) + Bcosh( B L)

Bcosh[ B (z-L/2)] -isinh[ B (z-L/2)]

A+ ( z ) = (3. 31)
i sinh( B L) + Bcosh( B L)

Trong B c m t nh sau:

B = k 2 - 2 (k2>2) (3. 32)

B = i 2 - k 2 (k2<2) (3. 33)

Ph phn x v ph truyn dn c m t theo cng thc sau:

Chng 2: Ch to FBG

k 2 sinh 2 ( B L)
r () = 2 (3. 34)
2 sinh 2 ( B L) + B cosh 2 ( B L)

2
B
t () = 2 (3. 35)
sinh ( B L) + B cosh 2 ( B L)
2 2

N tho mn nh lut bo ton nng lng vi r() + t() =1. Pha ca nh

sng phn x i vi nh sng ti c th tnh ton da trn cc phng trnh (3.
30) v (3. 31) nh sau:
B
q () = tan -1 [ coth( B L)] (3. 36)

Ti bc sng Bragg, = 0, cch t c nh phn x ln nht rmax v c xc

nh bng phng trnh:

rmax = r(D)= tanh2(|k|L) (3. 37)

Hin nhin t phng trnh ny h s phn x ca FBG l gn ti 1 khi iu

ch ch s chit sut v di cch t c tng chnh xc.

Bn thng c tnh bi r(D +/2) = r(D)/2 v phng trnh (3. 34).

Cng c mt s phng php khc c dng tnh ton i lng ny.

- Ma trn truyn t ca UFBG:

Ma trn truyn t ca FBG c dng u tin bi Yamada s dng phn

tch qu trnh truyn tn hiu quang. Phng php ny cng c s dng phn
tch cc vn lin quan n FBGs.

C th gii quyt phng trnh ghp mode (3. 20) bng ma trn truyn t cho
c hai dng UFBG v non UFBG. Hnh 3. 6 l cu trc l thuyt c bn v s
dng ma trn truyn t gii quyt cc vn cho UFBG.
Chng 2: Ch to FBG

R- L/2 R +L/2
= FM.
S-L/2 S+L/2

R- L/2 R +L/2
= FM. FM-1F1.
S-L/2 S+L/2

Hnh 3. 6: S nguyn l ca ma trn truyn t dnh cho UFBG v non - UFBG

Trong trng hp ny, ma trn truyn t 2 2 hon ton ging nhau i vi
mi chu k ca cch t. Ma trn truyn t tng t c bng cch nhn cc ma
trn con ca mi chu k.

- Ma trn truyn t ca non UFBG:

Phng php ma trn truyn t cng c dng phn tch cc tnh cht
ca cc cch t non UFBG. Mt cch t non UFBG c th c chia thnh
nhiu phn nh dc theo si quang v mi phn c coi nh mt cch t
UFBG. nh sng ti truyn qua phn cch t UFBG th i c m t bi ma trn
truyn t Fi. Theo cu trc ca FBG, Fi c dng:
Chng 2: Ch to FBG

d k
cosh(rB Dz)-i sinh (rB Dz) -i sinh (rB Dz)
gB gB
Fi =
k d
i sinh (rB Dz) cosh(rB Dz) + i sinh (rB Dz) (3.39)
gB gB

Trong k c m t bi phng trnh (3. 24) v c m t bi cc

phng trnh (3. 21) v B bi phng trnh (3. 22) v (3. 23).

Ma trn truyn t tng c tnh nh sau:

R- L/2 R +L/2
= FM. FM-1F1.
S-L/2 S+L/2

3. 5. 1. 3 Thi gian tr v tn sc
Thi gian tr nhm v tn sc ca cch t c th tnh ton da trn cc thng
s v pha ca nh sng ti v nh sng phn x, nh sng truyn qua.

Thi gian tr p i vi nh sng phn x t cch t c tnh nh sau:

dq p l 2 dq p
tp = =- (3. 40)
dw 2p c d l

dq p 2p c
= -t p (3. 41)
dl l2

Tn sc dp (ps/nm) c tnh theo phng php sau:

dt p 2t p
l2 d qp
2

dp = = -
dl l 2p c d l 2
(3. 42)
2p c d q p
2

=- 2
l dw 2
Chng 2: Ch to FBG

d 2q p 2p c 2t p
= ( - dp)
dl 2
l2 l (3. 43)

Kt qu tng cng ca thi gian tr v tn sc ca cch t c th so snh vi

cc tham s ca h thng ti u ho. N cho php chng ta tnh ton cc tham
s c thit b cho cc ng dng ph hp.
3. 5. 2 Cch t Bragg quang chu k thay i
3. 5. 2. 1 Cu trc

Hnh 3. 7:M hnh cch t Bragg chu k thay i CFBG

Theo iu kin kt hp pha, chu k ca cch t nh hng ti ph phn x ca
FBG. Bng cch thay i tham s ny theo mt trnh t nht nh chng ta c cch
t Bragg CFBG, dng cch t ny c m t trong hnh 3. 7. LCFBG c ch
to bng li si quang v hin ti cc chirp t ti khong 0. 4 nm ti bc sng
1549 nm.

ng dng ni bt ca CFBG lin quan ti vic b tn sc v c th hin

trong hnh 3. 7, chng ta thy rng c nhiu bc sng c cch t phn x tr li
dc theo chiu di ca cch t. Cc bc sng ngn c phn x khi n i vo
cch t vi khong cch ngn, cn ngc li cc bc sng di b phn x ti cc
Chng 2: Ch to FBG

cch t xa hn. iu ny c ngha l cc bc sng di s i trong cch t vi

qung ng di hn v do vy thi gian tr ca n cng ln hn so vi cc bc
sng ngn. y l c s ca b tn sc. Chng ta s xem xt vn ny c th hn
trong cc chng sau.
3. 5. 2. 2 M t ton hc ca CFBG
CFBG c th m hnh ho da trn phng trnh ghp mode. Ch s chit sut
ca CFBG c th biu din nh sau:

2p z
z
n( x, y , z ) = n( x, y, z ) + d n( x, y , z ) cos( + 2 f (x ) d x ) (3. 44)
0

Trong l chu k ca cch t v () biu din pha tc thi ca cch t

CFBG. C nhiu phng php dng gii phng trnh ny, trong c hai
phng php chnh l s dng ma trn truyn t v phng php tch phn trc
tip.

Phng php tch phn trc tip:

Chu k ca CFBG thay i dc theo chiu ca trc z, bi vy bc sng phn

x B ca cc im khc nhau dc theo cch t l khc nhau. S thay i chit sut
ca cch t cng c nh hng ging nh s thay i ca chu k cch t. iu ny
c ngha l chu k quang vn c thay i mc d chu k cch t l c nh.

Biu thc pha trong phng trnh (3. 21) i vi cch t chu k tuyn tnh nh
sau:

1 df 4p neff z d lD
=- (3. 45)
2 dz l 2 D dz

Trong dD /dz l tc thay i pha ca cc bc sng ti cc v tr trong

cch t. Thay phng trnh ny v phng trnh (3. 21) vo phng trnh ghp
mode ta thu c phng trnh c tnh ca CFBG.

i vi cch t quang Bragg chu k bin i tuyn tnh, nh vy th dD /dz l

hng s. i vi mt s ng dng, CFBG c th c m t theo tham s chirp F
cho bi:
Chng 2: Ch to FBG

( FWHM) 2
F= f ( z)
z2
(3. 46)
( FWHM) 2 d lD
= -4p neff
lD dz

Trong F l s thay i ca chu k cch t v FWHM l full width at

half maximum ca GP (grating profile).

T phng trnh (3. 45) v (3. 46) phng trnh pha (3. 21) i vi cch t
LCFBG c dng nh sau:
1 df z
=F (3. 47)
2 dz ( FWHM) 2

Phng php ma trn truyn t:

Trong phn trc chng ta phn tch dng ma trn truyn t ca cch t
non uniform FBG, ma trn c dng :
d k
cosh(rB Dz)-i sinh (rB Dz) -i sinh (rB Dz)
gB gB

Fi =

k d
i sinh (rB Dz) cosh(rB Dz) + i sinh (rB Dz)
gB gB

Thay phng trnh (3. 45) hoc (3. 47) vo ma trn ny ta c ma trn truyn
t ca CFBG.
Chng 2: Ch to FBG
Chng 2: Ch to FBG

Hnh 3.8: A Ph phn x ca cc cch t c gi tr Chirp dB/dz =1 v -1; B: thi gian

tr theo bc sng ca CFBG; ph phn x ca cc cch t c gi tr chirp
-1;-2;-4 (nm/cm)
3. 5. 3 Cch t iu bin chit sut
3. 5. 3. 1 Nguyn l
Trong AFBG, cc ch s thay i ca h s chit sut l hng s. Ph phn x
ca mt cch t Bragg di hn ch c ch to theo phng php AFBG c
cc nh sn bn ti cc bc sng k nhau. N rt quan trng cho vic gim
thiu v cng c th loi tr vic phn x ca cc nh sn bn ny.

Hnh 3. 3 cho chng ta thy ph ca UFBG, cc cch t ny c cc nh sn

bn ln. Tnh nng ca UFBG phi c ci tin c th s dng cho cc ng
dng trong cc h thng vin thng. Mt phng php thc hin iu ny l s
dng iu bin chit sut. iu bin chit sut c th thc hin bng vic chiu x
tia UV theo ng vin gim ch s chit sut chch khi ch s chit sut trung
tm theo c hai hng ca cch t.

AFBG c th m hnh ho da trn phng trnh ghp mode. Chng ta s xem

xt hai phng php chnh l tch phn trc tip v phng php ma trn truyn
t.
Chng 2: Ch to FBG

3. 5. 3. 2 M t ton hc ca AFBG
Phng php tch phn trc tip:

Hiu qu ca iu bin chit sut trong cc m hnh FBG c th biu din da

trn hm ph thuc to hng z ca ch s chit sut l g(z). Ch s chit sut
ca AFBG c th hin trong phng trnh sau:
2p
n( z ) = n0 + d n0 + d n g ( z )cos( +j (z)) (3. 48)
L

Trong n l su ca iu ch v g(z) l hm iu ch (cn c gi l

hm iu bin chit sut). Ni chung dng ca g(z) thng c dng hm Gausse.
i vi UFBG gi tr ca g(z) l 1. H s ghp ca AFBG c cho bi phng
trnh (3. 24):

= ) (z)g z v
k ( z )n(

Nu nh chng ta thay phng trnh ny vo trong phng trnh ghp mode

(3. 19) v (3. 20), gii phng trnh thu c ta c th tnh ton c ph ca dng
cch t AFBG ny.

Phng php ma trn truyn t:

Nu chng ta thay th phng trnh (3. 24) vo ma trn truyn t (3. 39), p
ng ph ca cch t AFBG c tnh ton bng cch gii quyt cc phng trnh
ny.

Cc hm iu bin chit sut:

- i vi UFBG: g(z) = 1 ; z [0, L] (3. 49)

2( z-L/2 ) 2
1.. c tnh Gaussian : g ( z ) = exp{-ln2 [ ] } ; z [0, L] (3.50) Trong
FWHM
FWHM = 0. 4L. Phng trnh ny cn c dng khc nh sau:
Chng 2: Ch to FBG

z-L/2 2
g ( z ) = exp{-a[ ] } ; z [0,L] (3. 51)
L

2. c tnh Raised cosine:

1 p (z - L/2)
g ( z ) = [1 + cos ( )] ; z [0,L] (3. 52)
2 FWHM

Trong FWHM = L.

3. c tnh Kaiser :

2n 2
I0 (bk 1 - ( ) )
g ( z) = N -1 ; n [0,N-1] (3. 53)
I0 (bk )

Trong k l tham s ca s Kaiser v I0 l hm Bessel th 0.

Hnh 3.9: th iu bin chit sut si quang AFBG

Chng 2: Ch to FBG

Hnh 3.10: Ph phn x ca AFBG vi L=10 mm ,neff =1.447, D =1550 nm

Nh vy chng ta c th thy trn c tnh ph ca AFBG cc nh sn bn
c gim thiu so vi cc dng cch t UFBG. Chnh iu ny l u im ni
tri ca AFBG trong vic thc hin chng nhiu do nh sn bn gy ra trong cc
ng dng.
Chng 4: Cc ng dng ca cch t Bragg si quang

Hnh 4. 7: M hnh c bn ca OADM

C hai dng OADM chnh c s dng trong cc mng quang WDM, l

fixed OADM c dng tch hoc ghp cc tn hiu d liu trn cc knh WDM
ring bit c nh v OADM c th iu chnh v vy n c kh nng la chn nh
tuyn c cc bc sng khc nhau trong mng quang. Chc nng chnh ca dng
thit b OADM th hai ny l cung cp nh tuyn li mt cch mm do cho cc
lung quang, nh tuyn vng cho cc kt ni hng, do vy n lm cho gim ti
thiu vic phi ngt dch v v cng nh kh nng thch ng hay nng cp mng
quang vi cc k thut WDM khc nhau.

Cc cu hnh gii thiu trc y dng thc hin tch hay ghp knh
quang s dng c hai cng ngh Planar v cng ngh si. Cc thit b Planar cung
cp cc t hp gii php vi kh nng tch v ghp nhiu knh s dng duy nht
ch mt mch quang tch hp s dng k thut dy cch t dn sng AWG (arrayed
waveguide gratings) hoc k thut nh tuyn cch t dn sng WGR (waveguide
grating router). Mt hn ch chnh ca thit b Planar l suy hao xen cao, c th ln
ti 7 dB v tnh ph thuc phn cc. Mt khc cc thit b ton quang l cng l
cc gii php rt hp dn bi v tnh suy hao xen thp, tnh nhy phn cc (ph
thuc vo si v cu hnh) v d dng s dng cho vic ghp gia cc thit b u
vo v u ra ca mng quang bng vic s dng cc ghp ni n gin.

Mt dng ring ca cc OADM ton quang l da trn cch t Bragg t

gia cc coupler quang. Cu hnh ny c chng minh l ph hp cho vic
thc hin tch ghp knh, bao gm cc cch t Bragg v cc dng coupler nh l
coupler na vng (half cycle), coupler kn (full cycle).
4. 2. 3 Cc cu hnh OADM
4. 2. 3. 1 OADM da trn FBG v coupler 3 dB
Cu hnh m bo tnh n nh v thc hin tt chc nng tch ghp knh c
a ra da trn thit b 4 cng PW (planar waveguide) c m t trong hnh

(4.3)
Chng 4: Cc ng dng ca cch t Bragg si quang

N bao gm cc thit b : b chia 3 dB v cch t mt trong cc cng ra output

ca coupler lm nhim v chn bc sng.

Hnh 4. 8 : M hnh OADM da trn FBG v coupler 3 dB

Nguyn l hot ng ca m hnh thit b ny nh sau: nh sng a vo cng 1
v c chia lm 2, ti cng ra FBG s phn x cc nh sng c bc sng G v
quay tr li cng Dropped 4 v c ly ra ngoi. Cng ra cn li ca Coupler
c ngm chm vo trong vo trong cht lu c ch s chit sut ph hp lm
cho nh sng khng phn x tr li. Tn hiu c chn s xut hin ti c
cng 1 v 4 (cng In v Drop). Mt thit b Isolator t ti cng 1 ca Coupler
bo v tn hiu vo ca h thng khng b nh hng bi cc tn hiu phn x. Tn
hiu tch yu hn 6 dB so vi tn hiu gc a vo. Trong truyn dn, mt Coupler
3 dB th hai s chia tn hiu khng c cch t phn x. Chc nng thm vo ny
c thc hin bng cch a mt tn hiu vo cng 3, bc sng ca tn hiu la
chn sao cho n b phn x bi cch t ( G) v v vy n c ghp vo tn hiu
quang cng 2 theo nguyn l hot ng ca Coupler. Mt thit b Isolator cng
c s dng v t ti cng 3 cch ly tn hiu a vo v tn hiu truyn dn t
cng vo a ti. Khi s dng hai Isolator ti cng vo v cng ghp thm , cu
hnh khng giao thoa cho php thc hin kh nng tch ghp rt tt. Trong cu hnh
ny khng c gii hn hay iu kin no v di, v tr hay apodisation ca cch
t. Cch t lc bc sng c th c thit k s dng phng php inverse
scattering. Nhc im ca cu hnh ny l vic h tr mt dung lng cho tt c
Chng 4: Cc ng dng ca cch t Bragg si quang

cc knh thp nht 6 dB. Tuy nhin khi so snh n vi cc thit b da trn c s
PW (planar waveguide) c mt tn hiu tng t nhng li c s linh hot hn
trong vic ch to v iu chnh bc sng la chn ca cch t.
4. 2. 3. 2 OADM da trn FBG v cu hnh giao thoa March-Zehnder
Mt phng php khc phc vic mt tn hiu ca cu hnh trn yu cu
thm mt cch t ging ht nh cch t u tin v tt c cc cng ca Coupler u
s dng, v vy cu hnh ny cn gi l cu hnh giao thoa Mach Zehnder. C hai
dng thit b ch to theo cng ngh planar hay cng ngh ton quang s dng cho
cu hnh ny u c m t v thc nghim.

V mt l thuyt thit b ny l i xng v c th mang li nhng kt qu kh

quan trong chng mt tn hiu, s phn x ngc v chng xuyn m.

Hnh 4. 9: OADM da trn cu hnh giao thoa Mach-Zehnder

Nguyn l ca cu hnh ny c miu t trong hnh v trn: Mt Coupler 3 dB
chia nh sng a vo t cng 1 v nh sng c bc sng G c phn x bi hai
cch t FBG ging nhau. Cc tn hiu phn x ny c a tr li vo Coupler v
c ly ra ti cng Drop. Tn hiu phn hi ngc tr li cng 1 c trit tiu
hon ton nh s dng Coupler ph hp (b chia 50%). Cc bc sng pht c
lm nhiu trong Coupler 3 dB th hai v th chng n cng ra m khng c phn
d no phn x tr li cng Add, tnh nng ny cng do Coupler quyt nh. Cu
hnh ny da trn c s chia v nhiu ca nh sng v v th kh nhy trong vic
thay i di truyn tn hiu, c im ca cc cch t ging nhau, tnh cht ca
b Coupler 3 dB. V vy n nh ca mi trng, ca cc Coupler ging nhau,
ca cc FBG quyt nh vic thit b thc hin cc tnh nng ca n c m bo
Chng 4: Cc ng dng ca cch t Bragg si quang

hay khng. S n nh v kh nng chu nh hng ca thit b ny trong h thng

WDM thc t c phn tch bi Erdogan: cu hnh ny nu s dng cc thit b
theo cng ngh Planar c di truyn dn ngn hn v vy d n nh hn.
Nhng mt khc cc thit b da trn si li kp trnh c yu cu v lung UV
s dng trong cu hnh giao thoa Mach Zehnder.
4. 2. 3. 3 Cu hnh OADM s dng FBG v Circulator
Cu hnh ny tng t nh cc cu hnh 4 cng ni trn, nhng trong
cc Coupler c thay th bng cc Circulator quang. V l thuyt, cu hnh ny s
dng cc thit b khng giao thoa l l tng. Cc tnh cht ph theo nguyn l ph
thuc vo hot ng v tnh cht ca FBG v c th c thit k nh mt b lc
trc giao l tng s dng k thut scattering ngc, s mt tn hiu v xuyn m
ch yu ph thuc vo hot ng ca cc Circulator quang.

Hnh 4. 10: OADM da trn FBG v Circulator

Nguyn l hot ng ca OADM dng ny nh sau : nh sng c a vo
cng In 1 v c nh hng ti FBG c bc sng phn x l G, nh sng c
bc sng ny c cch t phn x tr li Circulator v c tch ra cng Drop
4, cc phn nh sng cn li s chuyn qua cch t v a ti Circulator 2.
Circulator 2, mt tn hiu khc c bc sng G c a vo cng Add 3, tn hiu
ny c cch t phn x tr li v i ra cng Out 2.

Nhc im chnh ca cu hnh OADM dng ny l Circulator tng i t

v cng knh. Tuy nhin, cng vi s pht trin ca cc cng ngh Circulator gi r
Chng 4: Cc ng dng ca cch t Bragg si quang

v mt mt tn hiu khng ln, cu hnh ny l mt gii php rt tt cho thit b

OADM bi v tnh n nh ca n.
4. 2. 3. 4 OADM da trn cch t t gia Coupler
Tnh n nh ca OADM da trn cu hnh ca giao thoa Mach-Zehnder gii
thiu trong 4. 4. 4. 2 cng c th c ci thin nh s dng nhiu gia cc mode
ca Coupler quang. Vic to ra mt cch t gia mt coupler na vng (100%)
c chng minh trong c hai dng cu hnh thit b Planar v thit b ton
quang.

Hnh 4. 11: Cu hnh OADM dng cch t nm gia Coupler

Thit b ny rt nh gn, tuy vy v nguyn l ch c s i xng hon ton khi
ch to cch t c dng nh mt b phn x im. iu ny ch c kh nng thc
hin khi s dng cc cch t rt ngn hoc cc coupler rt di. Hnh trn cho thy
cu hnh dng ny : nh sng c a vo cng 1 v c truyn ti trung tm
ca coupler. Mt cch t c t ti trung tm ca coupler ni s khc pha gia
cc mode eigen l /4, ni nh sng c chia mt cch u nhau gia hai cc phn
dn sng ca coupler. Knh c bc sng G dc phn x tr li do cch t v
phn tn hiu cn li truyn qua coupler n cng ra 2. Trong qu trnh phn x, cc
eigenmode phn x trong coupler t n khc pha tng cng l /2 v v th
knh c bc sng G c tch ra ti cng 4. V nguyn l, n nh ca thit b
giao thoa c ci thin vi cu hnh Mach-Zehnder bi v s phn x im v
nhiu t c thng qua vic truyn cc eigenmode ca coupler. Tuy nhin cc gii
Chng 4: Cc ng dng ca cch t Bragg si quang

hn ca i vi di cch t v di cc coupler ch to i hi phi c cc

tnh ton ph hp.
4. 2. 3. 5 Cc tham s ca cc cu hnh OADM
Hot ng ca cc OADM c m t bng cch s dng cc k hiu scattering
Sij cho mi cp cng. K hiu u tin i l k hiu cng ch (cng ra) v k hiu j l
k hiu cng vo. Mt vi tham s ca c th m t bng cch s dng cc k hiu
Scattering nh l : suy hao xen, s phn cc ph thuc mt tn hiu PDL
(polarisation depent loss), cch ly knh, phn x ngc .

Cch ly v xuyn m:

Hai tham s chnh lin quan ti s cch ly cc knh trong b tch ghp knh
OADM l tham s cch ly ca cc knh v xuyn m gia cc knh trong h thng
WDM.

Hnh 4. 12: M hnh cch ly knh OADM

Nu nng lng ca tn hiu quang cng vo 1 l P1 v nng lng ca tn
hiu c tch t cng 4 l P4 v nng lng cn li ca tn hiu sau tch l P2 th
h s cch ly c tnh bng -10 log (P1/P2).

Xuyn m l do cc tn hiu khng mong mun truyn t cc knh ln cn ti mt

knh no trong b lc, n c tn l xuyn m lin knh. Dng xuyn m ny c
th xut hin trong cc cu hnh OADM giao thoa v l kt qu ca vic t l phn
chia nng lng nh sng trong coupler 3 dB khng chnh xc. Tuy vy dng xuyn
m ny khng nh hng nhiu n hot ng ca h thng WDM.

Suy hao xen:

Chng 4: Cc ng dng ca cch t Bragg si quang

Suy hao xen lm nng lng ca cc tn hiu quang ca cc knh yu i, m hnh

ca chng c m t trong hnh sau, trong c hai tn hiu ca knh tch v
phn tn hiu cn li sau tch u b yu i :

Hnh 4. 13: Suy hao xen trong OADM

H s suy hao xen lins tng ng vi hiu sut truyn nh sng t mt cng i
ti mt cng j v nh hng ca n ln tt c cc knh l nh nhau v c tnh
theo cng thc:

Lins= 10 log (Pi /P j) (4.4)

Trong Pi v Pj l nng lng ca tn hiu quang ti cc cng ra ca OADM v

gi s khng xut hin xuyn m hay PDL.

Phn x ngc:

M hnh v cc tham s nh hng n qu trnh phn x ngc c m t trong

hnh (). Nu OADM la chn bc sng da trn cch t Bragg vi bc sng
phn x l G v khi cc knh (cc tn hiu quang c bc sng khc nhau) c
a vo cng 1 hoc 3 cc tn hiu c bc sng G c la chn s c phn x
v a n cng 4 hoc 2 theo th t . Tuy nhin cng c mt b phn ca nh
sng b phn x ngc tr li cng ban u, ta xem phn phn x ngc tr li ny
c nng lng l P1 v P3. Nh vy h s phn x ngc Sii c tnh bng 10
log(Pi / Pi). Cc nh hng ca vic phn x ngc ny c th trnh c bng
vic s dng cc b cch ly Isolator ti c hai cng ny (cng In 1 v cng Add 3).
Chng 4: Cc ng dng ca cch t Bragg si quang

Cng c mt phng php khc dng trnh hin tng ny l dng b cn bng
OADM ph hp.

Hnh 4. 14: M hnh v tham s ca phn x ngc trong OADM

4. 3 ng dng ca FBG trong cn bng khuych i ca thit b khuych
i quang si EDFA
4. 3. 1 Tng quan v EDFA
4. 3. 1. 1 Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca EDFA:
Thit b EDFA l mt dng ca thit b khuych i quang si OFA (Optical
Fibre Amplifier). Cu to ca n bao gm mt si quang c pha tp thm
nguyn t t him Erbium. Si quang sau khi c pha tp s thay i cu trc
phn t v trong bn thn si quang xut hin cc mc nng lng m ti
Electron c tp trung ti trong nhng iu kin ph hp. Cc mc nng lng
c m t c th trong s sau :

Hnh 4. 15: m hnh mc nng lng ca si quang pha tp Erbium

Chng 4: Cc ng dng ca cch t Bragg si quang

EDFA bao gm mt on ngn si cp quang v phn li ca n c pha tp

khong 0. 1% Erbium. Nguyn l hot ng ca n nh sau : khi cc ion Erbium
nhn c nng lng t ngun laser bm (cc bc sng bm c th l 1480 nm
hay 980 nm tu theo cu trc ca EDFA) cc in t ca n c bm ti mc
nng lng cao hn chng hn nh t E1 ln E2, E2 l trng thi khng bn nn
in t s phn r xung mc nng lng thp hn l E4.

Nu thi gian in t sng mc E3 ln cc in t c ngun bm

kch thch tp trung li mc nng lng ny th s xy ra hin tng o mt :
c ngha l mt in t nm trn mc nng lng E2 ln hn mt ca chng
nm trn mc nng lng c bn E1. Lc ny trong si quang s c hin tng bc
x t pht : in t s t phn hu t mc nng lng kch thch E2 v mc nng
lng c bn E1, qu trnh ny s gii phng ra mt photon c tn s = (E2 E1)/
h hoc bc x kch thch khi in t c kch thch bi mt photon c nng lng
h = E2- E1 n cng s nhy v mc c bn v sinh ra mt photon c nng lng
ng bng h. Hin tng pht x kch thch ny c ng dng lm b khuych
i EDFA, khi cc photon ca tn hiu quang c a vo si EDFA trong si s
xut hin hin tng pht x kch thch v tn hiu c khuych i.
Cc h thng EDFA trong thc t c m t trong hnh sau :

Hnh 4. 16: Cu trc modul EDFA thc t

4. 3. 1. 2 Tng cn bng cho khuych i EDFA
K t khi ra i vo nm 1987 cho ti nay, EDFA c nhng bc pht trin
mnh m v lin tc c hon thin. EDFA c bit ph hp vi cc h thng
truyn dn quang WDM bi n lm vic ti bc sng 1550 nm vi h s khuych
Chng 4: Cc ng dng ca cch t Bragg si quang

i cao, cng sut ra ln v nhiu thp. N cng c ng dng cho cc b

khuych i Raman

Tuy nhin i vi cc ng dng trong h thng truyn dn quang WDM, EDFA

cng c nhng hn ch l do cu trc mc nng lng, EDFA c h s khuych
i khng u nhau i vi cc bc sng khc nhau ca h thng WDM, iu ny
dn n cc h thng WDM s dng khuych i EDFA c cht lng ca cc
knh tn hiu khng u nhau nh hng n cht lng truyn dn, do vy s cn
bng ph khuych i ca mt b khuych i rt cn thit cho vic cn bng nng
lng gia cc knh nhm trnh li cc tn hiu c truyn qua h thng truyn
dn quang. c mt s phng php s dng cho cc b cn bng EDFA (cc b
cn bng ny c th l cn bng trong hoc cn bng ngoi). Cc phng php cn
bng trong to ra s thay i ca cc thuc tnh ph hp th ca si v ph nh
sng truyn qua si bng cch s dng cc k thut co doping i vi cc ion. Cc
phng php da trn c s cc thit b lc c thit k vi ph lc ph thuc vo
ph khuych i ca EDFA. Cc dng b lc ny hin c m t v thc
nghim. Cc dng thit b ny c th c phn chia lm hai loi : l thit b
active (ch ng) vi kh nng cu hnh li do n c kh nng thay i c tnh
ph tu thuc vo cc hiu ng bo ho, dng thit b passive (th ng) c c
tnh ph hon ton c nh khng c kh nng thay i.

Cc dng thit b active bao gm : cc b lc acousto- optic tunable, Strain-

tuneable s dng FBG, micro mechanical v b lc quang tch hp s dng cng
ngh planar. Cc dng thit b th ng Passive bao gm cc dng : cc thit b
LPG, FBG, v cc b lc s dng si kch thch pha Samarium.

Tt c cc thit b trn u c cc thuc tnh l kh nng cn bng khuych

i v gim suy hao xen (insertion loss). Cu hnh ca EDFA s dng b lc nh
sau :
Chng 4: Cc ng dng ca cch t Bragg si quang

Hnh 4. 17: Cu hnh b lc t ngoi EDFA

Hnh 4. 18: Cu hnh b lc t gia EDFA

Vic la chn cu hnh cng nh loi thit b dng cn bng khuych i cho
h thng EDFA ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh yu cu ca h thng WDM ang
s dng, yu cu v cc thuc tnh k thut nh l suy hao, xuyn m . Tuy vy,
trong cc h thng thc t hin nay cc thit b cn bng dng FBG hin ang rt
pht trin v c nhiu ng dng rng ri v t ra rt ph hp vi cc h thng
WDM bi tin cy cao v chi ph sn xut r.
Chng 4: Cc ng dng ca cch t Bragg si quang

4. 3. 2 ng dng ca FBG trong b cn bng khuych i EDFA

Hnh 4. 19: EDFA khng s dng v c s dng FBG

Hnh (4. 19) m t cu hnh EDFA c s dng b cn bng v khng s dng b
cn bng khuych i. Trong cu hnh s dng b cn bng khuych i, cch t
Bragg c t ngay trc si quang pha Erbium nhm mc ch phn x gn nh
ton b nhiu khuych i t pht ASE quay tr li si EDF nhm gim bo ho
gy nn bi tn hiu, do vy lm tng di bin thin cng sut u vo. Xt ring
tng cu hnh v so snh h s khuych i ca chng, ta thy :

i vi trng hp khng s dng FBG:

Theo nh ngha, h s khuych i ca b khuych i l t s cng sut gia

u ra v u vo :

P out ()
G () = in (4.5)
P ()
Chng 4: Cc ng dng ca cch t Bragg si quang

i vi EDFA cng sut u ra ngoi tn hiu cn thm phn cng sut ASE, do
out out
cng sut ra P () l tng cng sut ca tn hiu c khuych i Ps ()

v tng cng sut ASE trung bnh trn c hai hng thun ngc PASE () :
out in
P out () = Ps () + PASE () = G() Ps () + PASE () (4.6)

Nh vy h s khuych i ca EDFA c tnh nh sau :

P out () - PASE ()
G () = in (4.7)
Ps ()

in
y Ps () l cng sut ca tn hiu vo. nh hng ca gia tng cng sut tn
in
hiu vo Ps () i vi h s khuych i ca EDFA c c t bi ng cong
in
G()= f ( Ps () ). Trong ch nng lng tn hiu vo nh, ng cong ny l
tuyn tnh nhng trong ch tn hiu vo ln ng cong ny l phi tuyn v xy
ra hin tng bo ho khuych i. Theo quy nh, bo ho xy ra khi khuych
i ca EDFA gim xung 3 dB di gi tr cha bo ho Gmax, hay ni cch khc
h s khuych i ca EDFA gim xung mt na [4]. Quan h ny nh sau:

G max (l ) in
out
Psat (l ) = Psat (l ) (4.8)
2
hoc:
out
Psat (l , dB ) = G max (l , dB) + Psat
in
(l , dB ) - 3( dB) (4.9)

Hai tham s Gmax v Psat (l ) hoc Psat (l ) tng ng vi mi cng sut bm

in out

s quyt nh di rng thay i cng sut tn hiu u vo ca EDFA trong gii

hn:

Psin (l ) < Psatin (l ) hoc Psout (l ) < Psatout (l ) (4.10)

. i vi trng hp EDFA s dng FBG:

Chng 4: Cc ng dng ca cch t Bragg si quang

Trong trng hp s dng FBG, thnh phn cng sut nhiu ASE hng ngc
-
PAES (l ) s b FBG ngn chn v phn x ngc tr li si EDF. Khi cng sut
nhiu ASE phn x bi FBG ngc tr li si EDF xc nh nh sau:

PASE - ref (l ) = RFBG (l ) PASE

-
(l ) (4.11)

Trong RFBG( l ) l phn x ca FBG. Sau khi thnh phn ASE phn x
ngc tr li t FBG PASE- ref (l ) n li tr thnh truyn cng hng vi nh sng
ef (l ) c xc nh nh sau:
tn hiu, khi cng sut u vo Prinef (l ) v u ra Prout

Prinef (l ) = Psin- ref (l ) + PASE - ref (l ) = Psin- ref (l ) + RFBG (l ) PASE

-
(l )

ef (l ) = Ps - ref (l ) + PASE - ref ( l ) = GFBG ( l ) Pref (l ) + PASE ( l )

Prout out in
(4.12)

Psin- ref (l ) v Psout

- ref (l ) l cng sut tn hiu u vo v u ra khi s dng FBG. T

phng trnh (13), (14), (15) suy ra h s khuych i trong trng hp s dng
FBG nh sau:

ef () - PASE () ef () - PASE ()

Prout Prout
G FBG (l ) = = (4.13)
Prinef () Psin- ref () + RFBG ( l ) PASE
-
(l)

Phng trnh cho thy tn hiu u vo EDFA c thm thnh phn nhiu ASE b
phn x ngc tr li bi FBG, do vy h s khuych i s b gim xung.

cn bng khuych i ca EDFA, bin php n gin v hiu qu l da

trn c s s dng FBG u vo si EDF phn x (ti trn 99%) thnh phn
nhiu ASE tr li si EDF (nh th hin trn hnh v ). T cc biu thc ton hc
xc nh v cn bng h s khuych i ca EDFA l cng sut nhiu ASE
-
hng ngc PAES (l ) .

H s khuych i i vi cng sut tn hiu u vo ph thuc vo c tnh

khuych i tnh hiu ca EDFA. Trong ch khuych i tn hiu nh (hay
khuych i cha bo ho), h s khuyc i G thay i tuyn tnh vi cng sut
tn hiu u vo hu nh t thay i trong mt phm vi xc nh. Trong ch
khuych i tn hiu ln (hay khuych i bo ho), h s khuych i G thay i
Chng 4: Cc ng dng ca cch t Bragg si quang

phi tuyn vi cng sut tn hiu u vo. Cc c tuyn thc nghim xc nh h s

khuych i ca EDFA i vi cng sut tn hiu u vo v chiu di khuych i
nh th hin trn hnh v di tng ng vi bc sng tn hiu 1550 nm, 11 m
chiu di si EDF, cng sut bm 145 mW, trong cc trng hp khng s dng
FBG v s dng FBG bng hp (NB-FBG)/ FBG bng rng (BB-FBG).

Hnh 4. 20: c tuyn thc nghim khuych i ca EDFA ph thuc cng sut tn
hiu u vo ti bc sng 1550 nm
Nhn xt:

Trong trng hp khng s dng FBG: h s khuyc i hay ni cch khc

khuych i ca EDFA gi n nh (hu nh khng thay i, th hin on bng
phng trn ng c tuyn) khi cng sut tn hiu u vo cn nh trong phm vi
t - 40 dB dn 16 dB (ngha l khong bin thin cng sut tn hiu u vo 24
dB); khi cng sut tn hiu u vo vt gi tr cng sut tn hiu u vo bo ho
Psatin (-16dBm) th h s khuych i gim xung nhanh v gy mt n nh khuych
i (th hin on dc xung trn ng c tuyn). iu ny gii thch nh sau:
khi tn hiu u vo cn nh, cng sut nhiu ASE hu nh khng thay i v cng
Chng 4: Cc ng dng ca cch t Bragg si quang

sut tn hiu u ra tng ln tng ng nhng theo phng trnh (9) quan h t l
thay i gia cng sut tn hiu u vo v u ra vn cn nm trong phm vi cho
php m khng gy nn tnh trng thay i h s khuych i, do on c
tuyn khuych i bng phng cho n khi cng sut tn hiu u vo tng ln ti
gii hn bo ho khuych i, khi ny tc bc x cng bc gy ra bi cng
sut tn hiu cao xp x vi tc bm; nu cng sut tn hiu vo tip tc tng ln,
cng sut tn hiu ra tng ln chm dn ri t ti trng thi bo ho gy nn bi
ASE, t phng trnh (9) khi cng sut u ra tng ln chm dn ri hu nh khng
tng (bo ho), nhng cng sut tn hiu u vo vn tng ln dn ti h s
khuych i suy gim, lm cho on c tuyn khuych i b dc xung.

Trong trng hp s dng FBG (cu hnh s dng BB-FBG hoc NB-FBG): h
s khuych i ca EDFA hu nh khng thay i khi cng sut tn hiu u vo
thay i (phm vi rng hn so vi khi khng s dng FBG) t -40 dBm ti -2 dBm
(khong bin thin cng sut tn hiu u vo 38 dB); khi cng sut tn hiu u
vo tng i ln v t gi tr bo ho Psatin -ref (-2dBm) h s khuych i bt u
thay i; khi cng sut tn hiu vt gi tr bo ho Psatin -ref h s khuych i gim
xung. iu ny gii thch nh sau: do tc dng phn x li phn cng sut nhiu
-
ASE hng ngc PASE , sau khi b phn x bi FBG, thnh phn ASE ny s
truyn cng hng truyn tn hiu, khi n li tr thnh ASE hng thun (
+
PASE - ref ), do nh sng tn hiu b hp th mt phn, cho nn lm gim bo ho

khuych i gy nn bi tn hiu khuych i hay ni cch khc cng sut tn hiu

u ra vn tip tc tng ln khi cng sut tn hiu vo tng (so vi trng hp
khng s dng FBG), theo cc phng trnh h s khuych i ca EDFA vn
khng thay i (on c tuyn bng phng m rng hn) khi cng sut tn hiu
u vo tng ln cho ti khi cng sut tn hiu u vo tng ln ti gii hn bo ho
(-2dBm), k c c s gp phn thm vo ca cng sut ASE phn x ngc tr li
FBG; nu cng sut tn hiu u vo tip tc tng ln, cng sut tn hiu u ra tng
ln chm dn ri t ti trng thi bo ho, t phng trnh (13) khi cng sut u
ra tng ln chm dn ri hu nh khng tng, nhng cng sut tn hiu u vo vn
Chng 4: Cc ng dng ca cch t Bragg si quang

tng ln v cng sut nhiu ASE phn x tr li bi FBG tng ln lm cho h s

khuych i suy gim (on c tuyn khuych i dc xung).

H s khuych i ca EDFA cao nht trong trng hp khng s dng FBG v

gim xung trong trng hp s dng FBG (BB-FBG hoc NB-FBG). S suy gim
h s khuych i ca EDFA khi s dng FBG so vi khi khng s dng FBG l
do: trong cu hnh s dng FBG phn x nhiu ASE ngc tr li si EDF, nh
phn tch trn, nhiu ASE b phn x ngc tr li si EDF bi FBG tr thnh
cng chiu vi hng truyn tn hiu, cho nn tc ng lm suy gim cng sut tn
hiu u vo v gim bo ho khuych i gy nn bi tn hiu c khuych i;
theo phng trnh (9), (13), (16), thnh phn cng sut nhiu ASE hng ngc
-
PASE phn x ngc tr li si EDF bi FBG v tham gia vo hng truyn tn
hiu nh mt tn hiu u vo ca EDFA, v vy h s khuych i ca EDFA khi
s dng FBG do c thm thnh phn cng sut PASE- ref (l ) thp hn so vi
khng s dng FBG.

Hnh 4.21: h s khuych i ph thuc bc sng trong trng hp khng s dng v s

dng cch t Bragg CFBG cho khuych i EDFA
Chng 4: Cc ng dng ca cch t Bragg si quang

4. 4 Mt s ng dng khc ca FBG

4. 4. 1 ng dng trong cm bin
Cch t Bragg quang l mt trong nhng s pht trin th v nht trong lnh vc
nghin cu cc h thng cm bin si quang trong nhng nm gn y. Cc dng
FBG nh FBG thng thng, FBG chu k bin i tuyn tnh, FBG dch pha u
c th s dng trong cc h thng cm bin.

Cc dng cm bin c th ng dng cch t Bragg quang l nhit v sc

cng. iu ny c ngha l chng ta c th dng FBG gim st trng thi v
nhit hoc sc cng ca mi trng hay gim st c hai yu t ny cng lc.
Cch t quang bc sng kp s dng nhn bit cc nh hng ca nhit v
sc cng c tm ra ti phng th nghim M. G. Xu et al.

Hn na, FBG cho thy cc p ng bc sng rt tt i vi nhit v sc

cng m chng ta c th s dng iu chnh mt cch chnh xc cc bc sng
trong cc phn t chuyn i tn hiu cm bin.

FBG c kh nng phn x cao vi bc sng hp ti bc sng Bragg ca n

G, thng thng hiu sut phn x ca FBG c th ln hn 75%. Vi hiu sut
phn x ny s c nng lng cho photodiode thc hin tch sng. c im
ring ny ca cm bin FBG vi G duy nht gip cho n khng ph thuc nhiu
vo cng quang trong h thng.

Nguyn l hot ng v m hnh ca cc h thng cm bin s dng FBG c

m t trong hnh (4. 21). Trong h thng ny, FBG c t di cc tc ng trc
tip ca mi trng cn gim st, di tc ng ca cc yu t mi trng nh
nhit , p sut hay sc cng FBG s thay i cc c tnh ca n v lm cho G
thay i, b tch sng v x l khi pht hin ra s thay i ny s iu khin v
pht ra tn hiu cnh bo.

Nh ni trn, FBG c th p ng i vi nhiu yu t nh hng ca mi

trng nn rt d dng ghp nhiu loi cm bin vo trong cng mt si quang. Khi
cn m rng cc chc nng ca h thng, chng ta c th thm vo trong h thng
cm bin c nhiu sensor phc v cho cc chc nng c m rng.
Chng 4: Cc ng dng ca cch t Bragg si quang

Hnh 4. 22 M hnh h thng cm bin s dng FBG v nguyn l hot ng

So vi cc dng sensor khc, sensor FBG c rt nhiu u im: kch thc nh
gn, khng chu cc tc ng ca trng in t, khng dn in, c cm bin v
ghp knh th ng (mng cm bin). C rt nhiu ng dng i vi dng thit b
cm bin ny, ngoi cc dng trn n cn c th dng trong gim st cu trc bn
trong cng trnh xy dng nh nh ca, cu cng hay p nc
4. 4. 2 ng dng trong cng ngh Laser
FBG c mt s ng dng quan trng trong dng thit b quang ny. FBG c th s
dng nh mt thit b phn x c khong bc sng phn x rt nh ph hp cho
vic cung cp cc dng xung ngn hay laser n sc, n cng c th s dng cho
cc b lc ca h thng thng tin quang WDM.
Chng 4: Cc ng dng ca cch t Bragg si quang

KT LUN
Qua mt thi gian tm hiu nghin cu v tng hp v cch t Bragg si quang,
em nm bt mt cch tng quan v nguyn l, tnh cht cng nh cc ng dng
ca cch t Bragg si quang trong cc h thng thc t. Trc ht, n nghin
cu v cu trc, nguyn l hot ng ca cch t Bragg si quang, trong c
bao gm cc tnh cht ca cc dng cch t ring bit khc nhau. Tip n da
trn cc tnh cht ny m n a ra cc ng dng ca cc dng cch t
trong cc h thng thc t nh cm bin, laser v ni bt l ng dng trong h
thng truyn dn quang. Tuy nhin, sau gn 30 nm nghin cu v pht trin, cch
t Bragg si quang tr thnh mt lnh vc rt a dng trong loi hnh v rng
ln trong ng dng nn trong phm n ny em khng th nghin c th, chi tit
v cc vn ca cch t Bragg si quang m ch tin hnh tm hiu, nghin cu
v cc vn c bn nht. Cng vi s pht trin chng loi ca cch t ngy
cng c tm ti v a ra thc t (chng hn cch t Chiu x FBG), cc ng
dng ca n cng cng ngy cng c m rng nht l trong lnh vc vin thng
v cc h thng cm bin trong xy dng, bo mt, kim tra cc yu t mi trng
trong cc ngnh cng nghip chng hn nh luyn kim, sinh ha Sau cng n
cp n cc cng ngh dng ch to cch t Bragg, n bao gm c cc
cch ch to c in cng nh hn i. Thm ch n cn cp n cc cng
ngh ch to FBG hin ang ch di dng tim nng v ch xut hin trong cc
phng th nghim v cha c a ra thng mi ho trong thc t.

Tng lai, cch t Bragg si quang s cn c nhiu ng dng quan trng cn

c nghin cu s dng ht tim nng, chng hn nh h thng chuyn mch
knh quang v cc h thng cm bin trong cc cng trnh. iu i hi phi c
nhng nghin cu su v ton din hn na v kh nng ca dng thit b ny

Trong n ny chc chn em khng th trnh khi nhiu thiu st. Em mong
c s gp v lng th ca cc thy c v cc bn.

71
Chng 4: Cc ng dng ca cch t Bragg si quang

hon thnh n ny mt ln na em xin chn thnh cm n s hng dn tn

tnh ca thy Nguyn c Nhn cng cc thy c gio trong hc vin gip em
hon thnh bn n ny.

Sinh vin

Hong Trng Giang

72
Chng 4: Cc ng dng ca cch t Bragg si quang

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. Yinian Zhu, Rand Afrikaans University Johannesburg Republic of South
Africa Fabrication of Long period Gratings and their Application in Optical Fibre
Communications and Sensing Systems
[2]. Jianfeng Zhao, Rand Afrikaans University Johannesburg Republic of
South Africa An Object-Oriented Simulation Program for Fibre Bragg Gratings
[3]. www.photonic.com
[4]. V Vn San, K thut thng tin quang, NXB KHKT 12/1997
1[5] Yihong Chen, Christopher Visone, Richard Pavlik, Daniel Al-Salameh,
Jack Tomlimson, Stan Lumish, Role of the Dynamic Gain Equaliser as a
Network Equaliser, JDS Uniphase Corporation
2 [6] Atul Srivastava, Ph.D, Gordon Wilson, Ph.D, Horacio Facca, M.B.A,
Creating Economic Value in DWDM Systems with Dynamic Gain Equalization,
White Paper, Onetta.
3 [7] Ozan K. Tonguz, Member, IEEE, and Felton A. Flood, Member IEEE,
Gain Equalization of EDFA Ccascades, Journal of lightwave technology, Vol 15,
No 10 Octorber, 1997
4[8] Yihong Chen, Christopher Visone, Richard Pavlik, Daniel Al-Salameh,
Jack Tomlimson, System test of Dynamic Gain Equalizer in Long Haul
Transmission, JDS Uniphase Corporation, 625 Industrial Way, Eatontown, NJ
07724, USA

73