CAA2008 Tiwanaku

JacksonCothren,etal.
CenterforAdvancedSpatialTechnologies
UniversityofArkansas
FusionofThreeDimensionalDataatTiwanaku:An
Approach to Spatial Data Integration
ApproachtoSpatialDataIntegration
ComputerApplicationsandQuantitativeMethods
inArchaeology(CAA)Conference
Budapest,Hungary
2April2008
JacksonCothren1,2
ChristopherGoodmaster1,3
AdamBarnes1
EileenErnenwein1,4
AlexeiVranich5
W.FredrickLimp1,2,3
AngeliaPayne1
1CenterforAdvancedSpatialTechnologies,2Departmentof
Geosciences,3DepartmentofAnthropology,and4Environment
DynamicsProgram,UniversityofArkansas,5HarvardUniversity
FusionofThreeDimensionalDataatTiwanaku:AnApproachtoSpatialDataIntegration
ComputerApplicationsandQuantitativeMethodsinArchaeology(CAA)Conference,Budapest,Hungary
1 2April2008
A k
Acknowledgements
l d t
Thefundsandsupportfromthefollowingare
gratefullyacknowledged:
FundingprovidedbytheUniversityofPennsylvania
MuseumofArchaeology&AnthropologysNSFHigh
PerformanceComputinggrant(0431070)
DepartmentofArchaeologyofBolivia
Department of Archaeology of Bolivia
DireccinNacionaldeArqueologa(DINAR)
Manyindividualshelpedcollectthedata,including
MicheleKoons,DanAylward,JasonHerrmann,Kelsey
Lowe,AaronFogel,DuncanMcKinnonandothers.
ArielInfantesRodriguezandNelsonCaballeroArratia
Ariel Infantes Rodriguez and Nelson Caballero Arratia
2 2April2008
3 2April2008
1Akapana
2K l
2Kalasasaya
3Templete
4Kantatayita
y
5Pumapunku
6MolloKontu
7Putuni
4 2April2008
C t
CartographichistoryofTiwanaku
hi hi t f Ti k
Preliteratecivilization
Firstwrittendescriptionin1549
Firstdrawingsin1793
Increasinglyaccuratemapsfrom1827
l f 182 thenext
h
century
Mostaccurateandpublishedmap,priortothis
project,from1911
5 2April2008
RecentlyAcquiredSpatialData
y q p
ProyectoArqueologicoPumapunkuAkapana(PAPA)
Totalstationsurvey
Spatialdatafromphotogrammetry
Terrestriallaserscanning
Geophysicalsurvey
Digitizedhistoricdata
6 2April2008
T t l t ti
Totalstationsurvey
Overviewoftotalstationsurvey(19962007) TotalstationsurveyofAkapanaarea
7 2April2008
Ph t
Photogrammetry
t
Startedwith9x9negatives
10from1972
2from1992
Scannedat2000dpi(12.7)
Totalof13GB
1992blockfile
AverageFlying GroundSample
AverageScale
Height(m) Distance(cm)
1972Photos 1:5150 782 6.5
1992Photos 1:16100 2470 20.4
1972blockfile
8 2April2008
Ph t
Photogrammetry
t
Controlpointscollectedfromtotal
stationsurveydata
9 2April2008
Ph t
Photogrammetry
t
Contour
Resolution AreaofCoverage CoreAreaRMSE
Interval
1972OrthoMosaic 6.5cm 360ha 0.57m(H)
1992OrthoMosaic 20.4cm 710ha 0.83m(H)
1972DEM 0.5m 330ha 0.45m(V)
1992DEM 1.0m 550ha 0.86m(V)
1972ContourLines 330ha 1m
1992ContourLines 550ha 2m
10 2April2008
L
Laserscanning/HDsurvey
i / HD
ScanningtheKalasasaya ScanningtheTemplete
11 2April2008
2005 L
2005Laserscanning
i
Ti
TiwanakusmonumentalCorestructuresscannedin2005
k t lC t t d i 2005
12 2April2008
2006 L
2006Laserscanning
i
NewlyexcavatedareaeastofAkapana Approximateareaofexcavations
13 2April2008
2006 L
2006Laserscanning
i
ArielandNelson
14 2April2008
2006 L
2006Laserscanning
i
VeryhighresolutionscanofthePuertadelSol
monolith
15 2April2008
G
Geophysicalsurvey
h i l
Likelyresidentialcompound
33mEWx21mNS
ApproximateGeophysicalSurveyCoverage
20042006
16 2April2008
G
Geophysicalsurvey
h i l
GroundPenetratingRadar(6ha)
GSSISIR2000w/400MHzantenna
17 2April2008
G
Geophysicalsurvey
h i l
Magnetometry(4ha)
g y( )
MagnetometrywiththeGeometric MagnetometryresultsinGIS
G858Cesiumgradiometer(2005)
Magnetometrywiththe
B i
Bartingtondualfluxgate
d l fl
gradiometersystem(2006)
18 2April2008
G
Geophysicalsurvey
h i l
Electromagnetics (1.6ha)
1952AerialPhoto
GeonicsEM38EMIInstrument MagneticSusceptibility Conductivity

19 2April2008
Di iti d hi t i d t
Digitizedhistoricdata
1911onemetercontourlines DEMproducedfrom1911contours
20 2April2008
GIS
GISanalysis
l i
3DviewoforthophotoandcontourlinesdrapedoverDEM
21 2April2008
GIS
GISanalysis
l i
3DviewofDEMandsubsurfacetotalstationsurveydata
22 2April2008
GIS
GISanalysis
l i
Tracingsofmodernfeaturesfrom1972orthophoto
23 2April2008
GIS
GISanalysis
l i
1972tracingslaidoverGPRdata
24 2April2008
GIS
GISanalysis
l i
1972onemetercontourlineslaidoverGPRdata
25 2April2008
D t f i
Datafusion
GISisnotbuilttoefficientlyhandlemassive3Ddata
GIS is not built to efficiently handle massive 3D data
Needabetterissolutionthat
Need a better is solution that
Isfreelydistributable
Canhandlemultipledatatypes
Allowsresearcherstoperformmultiscaledimensionalanalysis
Allows researchers to perform multiscale dimensional analysis
Datawillbedistributedin
integratedformat
native,rawformat
26 2April2008
P bl
Problemsassociatedwithdatafusion
i t d ith d t f i
Multiplescales
Multiple scales
DigitalSurfaceModels(0.5and1.0metersampling)
Orthoimages(0.1and0.3metersampling)
20052006Longrangelaserscanner(13cmsampling)
2006ShortrangeLaserScanner(<1mm)
Fundamentallydifferentdata
Panchromaticimagery(raster)
3
3Dpointcloudswithlaserreturnintensity(true3Ddata)
l d hl ( 3 d )
Extractedfeatures(vectordata)
Geophysics(raster)
27 2April2008
P bl
Problemsassociatedwithdatafusion
i t d ith d t f i
MultipleEpochs
p p
Difficulttofindreferencefeaturesinvariousdatasets
Multiple
Multipleincompatible
incompatibleformatsfrommultiple
formats from multiple
incompatibledisciplines
Fundamentallyaproblemofaligningcoordinatesystems
andintegratingmultiplescaledataintoasingleeasyto
use structure
usestructure
Computerpowercanquicklybecomeanissue
28 2April2008
# Data Points
Data Set Date
(approximate)
Total Station Survey 1996 2000
Posnansky Topographic Map 1911 Hundreds
Low-altitude image block 1972 20 Million
High-altitude
g image
g block 1992 10 Million
Geophysical Survey 2004-2006 1 Million
Optech Laser Scanner (long range) 2005-2006 300 Million
Konica Minolta Scanner (short range)

Konica-Minolta 2006 200 Million
29 2April2008
D t f i
Datafusion
TotalStation
Survey
y
Definessite
coordinate
system.
system
Localorigin,
alignedto
astronomic
north.
30 2April2008
R t t
Rastertopointcloud
i t l d
31 2April2008
1972DEMand
Orthophoto
Noalignment
No alignment
necessary(control
points)
32 2April2008
Excavation 2006
Topography 1972
33 2April2008
Excavation 2006
Topography 1972
34 2April2008
D t f i
Datafusion
Referencepointsusedtoalign twodatasets:
Longrangelaserscanner
Longrange laser scanner
Totalstationsurvey
35 2April2008
D t f i
Datafusion
Referencepointsusedtocomparethealignmentoftwodatasets:
Longrangelaserscanner
Longrange laser scanner
Totalstationsurvey
36 2April2008
37 2April2008
RMSE Total Station Laser 1972 1992 1972 1992

(meters) Survey Scanner Surface Surface Orthophoto Orthophoto
Model Model
Total Station
Survey 0 064
0.064 0 45
0.45 0 86
0.86 0 57
0.57 0 83
0.83
Laser
Scanner
1972
Surface 0.92
Model
1992
Surface
Model
1972
Orthophoto 0.72
1992
Orthophoto
38 2April2008
39 2April2008
40 2April2008
41 2April2008
42 2April2008
43 2April2008
44 2April2008
45 2April2008
46 2April2008
Digital Surface
DigitalSurface
Modelproduced
from1911
Contours(green)
1972
Photogrammetric
g
DigitalSurface
Model(grey)
47 2April2008
Heightdifference
between
1911Posnasky
topographicmap
1972Imagery
1972 I
derivedDigital
ElevationModel
48 2April2008
I t
IntegrationPlatform
ti Pl tf
Innovmetric
InnovmetricssIMView
IMView
Freelydistributable
Manageslargedatasets
g g
Permitsdimensionalandspatialanalysis
Distributedthroughprojectwebsite
http://www.cast.uark.edu/invirmet/
Integrateddata
Unprocesseddatainnativeformats
49 2April2008
F
Fromherewecan
h
Visualizethesite
Centralconceptinunderstanding
Measurebetweendatasets
M b d
lengths,heights,angles,radii,volumes,etc.
Extractfeatures
E t tf t
ExportfeaturestoCAD,GIS,3Dmodeling,etc.
Mergedatacollectedinthefuture
d ll d h f
And
50 2April2008
Future URL:
cast.uark.edu/projects/tiwanaku
51 2April2008

CAA2008 Tiwanaku

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JacksonCothren,etal.

1972Photos 1:5150 782 6.5

1992Photos 1:16100 2470 20.4

1972OrthoMosaic 6.5cm 360ha 0.57m(H)

1992OrthoMosaic 20.4cm 710ha 0.83m(H)

1972DEM 0.5m 330ha 0.45m(V)

1992DEM 1.0m 550ha 0.86m(V)

GeonicsEM38EMIInstrument MagneticSusceptibility Conductivity

Total Station Survey 1996 2000

Posnansky Topographic Map 1911 Hundreds

Low-altitude image block 1972 20 Million

Geophysical Survey 2004-2006 1 Million

Optech Laser Scanner (long range) 2005-2006 300 Million

Konica Minolta Scanner (short range)

RMSE Total Station Laser 1972 1992 1972 1992

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