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UNIVERSIDAD DE TARAPAC
APUNTES DE CAMPOS
ELECTROMAGNTICOS
ED 7
AUTOR:
PAUL TERRAZAS L.
ARICA-CHILE
2017
INTRODUCCION
El presente texto tiene el fin de complementar la materia del ramo CAMPOS
ELECTROMAGNETICOS. Corresponte a la clases de la carrera de Ingeniera Electrica .
I CAMPOS ELECTROMAGNTICOS
1.1.- Introduccin al campo electromagntico
1.2.-Ecuaciones de maxwell generalizada
1.3.-Producto punto y cruz
1.4.- Campos
1.5.-Gradiente y divergente
1.6.-Rotor o rotacional
1.7.-Ejercicios resueltos
1.2.-Ecuaciones de Maxwell
=
(1.1)
=0 (1.2)
= (1.3)
= 0 + 0 0 (1.4)
Ley de Gauss
Teorema 1. El flujo del campo elctrico a travs de cualquier superficie
cerrada S es igual a la carga Q contenida dentro de la superficie dividida
por la constante 0 .
= (. )
0
= =
= 0 = 0
3.-Ley de faraday
= =
=
= 0 + 0 0 = 0 + 0 0
=
= + + = |||
| cos
= (1.7)
||||
= 0 |
|||
|cos cos(90) = 0
2
= || ||||cos cos(0) = 1
= ( , )
=( , )
= + (1.7.1)
Propiedades
| | = |||
|sen (1.8.1)
) =0
( )
(
)
( =0 )
(
) = 0
( = = 0 |
Vectores unitarios:
= =
= =
= =
1.4.- Campos
1.4.1.-Campos escalares
= (, , )
(, , ) = ( 2 + 2 + 8 + 2)
1.4.2.-Campos vectoriales
= (, , ) + (, , ) + (, , )
nabla (vector)
= + +
Ejemplo:
2
2 2 2
= = 2 + +
2 2
1.5.-Gradiente y Divergente
Ejemplo:
=
+ +
Sea (, , ) = ( 2 + 2 + 8 + 2)
= ( 2 + 2 + 8 + 2) + 2 + 8
= + +
Ejemplo:
Sea
= ( + ) + +
2
Recordando senhx = = =
2 2
= 5( + ) + 3 + 16
( ) = ( +
+ )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
=( 2 + + ) + ( + + ) + ( + + )
2 2
= ( + + )
2 2 2
= 2 + +
2 2
= ()
1.6.-ROTOR o rotacional
=| |
= ( ) ( ) + ( )
Ejemplo
(
)=
1.8.1.-Divergente de un rotor=0
(
[( ) ( ) + ( ) ]
)=
(
)= ( ) ( )+ ( )=0
CLASE 3
1.7.-Ejercicios resueltos
Demostrar
= ( ) 2
2
= (
)
) 2
= (
Desarrollo: 1 =
=| |=( ) ( ) + ( )
| |
(
)=
| |
( ) ( ) ( )
=[ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( )] + [ ( ) ( )]
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
= [( )( 2 )] [( 2 )( )] + [( )( 2 )]
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
=[ + ] + [ + + ] + [ + ]
2 2 2 2 2 2
(
Sea: 2 =
) 2
2 2 2
= ( + + ) ( + + )( 2 + + 2 ) ( + + )
2
Desarrollando
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
=[ + + ] + [ + + ] + [ + + ]
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
=[ + ] + [ + ] + [ + ]K
2 2 2 2 2 2
= 2
1 = 2 ) 2
= (
1.8.-Coordenadas Cilndricas
= = 2 + 2
= = tan1 ( )
= =
1.8.-Coordenadas - Esfricas
1.9.-Fasores
Un fasor es un nmero complejo que representa la amplitud y la fase de una
senoide.
= +
= 2 + 2 , = tan1 ( )
= , =
= = = ()
= =
Vector unitario
=
| |
INTEGRAL TRIPLE
2.1.-Teorema Stoke
2.2.-Ecuacin de onda
2.3.-Ecuacion de maxwell en el vaco
2.4.-Soluciones armnicas
2.5.-Materia resumen.
2.6.-Ejercicios resueltos
2.1.-Teorema Stoke
Explicacin []
=
=
=
=
/
=
, , ,
) podemos sacar el valor de t
( ) 2 = (
( ) 2 = )
(
( ) 2 = )
(
= 0 + 0 0
( ) 2 = )
(
( ) 2 = (0 + 0 0
)
2
( ) 2 = 0 0 0 2
2
2 + 0 0 2
= 0 ( )
2.2.-Ecuacin de onda
= ( ) +
1
Suponiendo: = 0, = 0 0 0 = 2
0
1 2
2 E =0
0 2 2
0 4 107 [ ]
109
0 [ ]
36
1
= 3 108 [ ] = 0
0 0
= (, , , ) + (, , , ) + (, , , )
2 2 2
=
+ +
2 2 2
1 2
2
2 = 0 [ ]
0 2
1 2
2 = 0 [ ]
0 2 2
1 2
2 = 0 [ ]
0 2 2
2.2.1.-Caso unidireccional
(, , , ) = (, )
2 2 2
2 = ( 2 + 2 + ) (, )
2
2
2 = 2 (, )
1 2 (, )
2 (, ) = 0 [ ]
0 2 2
(, )
(, )
= [. ]
Sea
(, ) = { () }
(, ) = { () }
Reemplazando en [Eq.2]
2 1 2 (, )
(, ) 2 = 0
2 0 2
{ ()
} { () } =
1 2 2 1 2
2 2 = 0 2 = 0
0 2 2 0 2
= 0
=0
=
= 0 0
1.4.-SOLUCIONES ARMONICAS
Definimos la solucion de los campos de la siguiente manera:
(, ) = { () }
(, ) = {
() }
Vector onda
= + +
i)
(
, ) =
{ () } = 0
() } = 0 ()
{
())} = 0
{ (
() = 0
ii)
(
, ) =
() = 0
iii)
(
, ) =
(
, )
{ () } = {
() }
() } = {
{ () }
{ ()} = {
() }
{ ()} = {
() }}
{ ()} = {
() }}
()} = {
{ () }}
()} + {
{ () }} =
() +
{ ( () )} =
( () +
()) = 0
( (
) = )
iv)
(
, ) = 0 0 (
)
( (
) = 0 0 )
1) () = 0
2) () = 0
3) () = ()
4) () = 0 0
() = 0 ()
0 ()
() =
0 = 0 + 0 + 0
0 = 0 + 0 + 0
= + +
= + +
) (
)=
() = 0 ()
() =
[0 ] + [0 ] + [ ]
0
() = [ 0 + 0 + 0 ]
0 = 0
() =
0 = 0
0 = 0
0
Demostracin
2) (
)=
0 = 0
0
Demostracin de porqu
3) ( (
) = )
() = | |=
0 0 0
= =
=
() = | |=
0 0 0
() = | | =
0 0 0
() =
0
0 =
()
0
0 =
) ( (
) = )
0 = 0 0 ()
0 = 0 0 0
5)
=
()
/
0 =
0
0 ) 0 (
(
) = 0
() 0 ||2 =
||2 =
||2 = 2
2
||2 = 2
|| =
6) = 0
= 0
1
0 =
0 0
1
7) = = 2 =
2.5.-MATERIA RESUMEN.
(, ) = { () }
(, ) = {
() }
() = 0 ()
0 ()
() =
Y los vectores
0 = 0 + 0 + 0
0 = 0 + 0 + 0
= + +
= + +
() = 0
0 = 0
() = 0
0 = 0
( (
) = ) 0 =
0
( (
) = )
0 = 0
1
= 0 = 0 0 = = = 2 = 2 || =
0 0
(, ) = {
(
) }
(, ) = {
(
) }
(, ) = {
(
)+() }
( (
, ) = { )() }
0 =
2. 0
(, ) = ( + ) [ ]
En este caso es un mas ( + ), por ende la onda se traslada hacia el lado negativo del
eje
.
-El eje del vector k, se puede obtener con el vector . Como lo efectuamos
anteriormente. Para este caso, k esta en el eje x o en la direccin
. .
(, ) = ( )
(, ) = ( )
(, ) = ( )
-La direccin del mdulo Se obtiene del producto cruz del vector K, con el
campo elctrico 0 . Regla mano derecha nos entrega la direccin kxE H
3.-Errores de direccin
No puede ser que el campo E o H tengan la misma direccin, o que el vector K tenga
la direccin de E o H, porque no cumplira la condicin establecida en la ecuacin
de Maxwell de rotor de un campo.
[ ]
(, ) = ( )
(, ) = ( ) []
(, ) = {0 () () }
(, ) = {0 () () } Error
0 ()
Puede ser que el signo sea factorizado y de esta manera obtener la misma expresin,
pero debemos mantener la definicin de solucion armnica visto ateriormente.
de:
1.-CALCULAR
() = 3
( 5)
Desarrollo:
{0 () () }
0 = 3
= 5
= 5
1
5 = 5
{0 () () } = {3 5 }
de:
2.-CALCULAR
{35 (8) }
Desarrollo:
{ (8) } 35
= 35 {( 8) + ( 8)}
( 8)
= 35
0 = 35
= 8
de:
3.-CALCULAR
(, ) = (3 )( 10) + (5
+ 8 )( 10)
+ 4
Desarrollo:
() = (3 ) (10) (5
+ 8 ) (10)
+ 4
(, ) = { () () }
= { (3 ) (10) (5
+ 8 ) (10) }
+ 4
() = [(3 ) (5
+ 8 )] 10
+ 4
= (
) (
+ )
+
de:
4.-CALCULAR
() = (3 ) 10 (5
+ 8 ) 10
+ 4
Desarrollo:
(,
) = { () }
(, ) 10 (5
+ 8
) = {[(3 ) 10 ] }
+ 4
(, ) 10 (5
+ 8
) = {(3 ) 10 }
+ 4
(, ) 10 (5
+ 8
) = {(3 ) 10 }
+ 4
(, ) (10) } {(5
+ 8
) = {(3 ) (10) }
+ 4
(,
) = {(3 )( 10) (3
+ 8 + 8
)( 10)}
+{[(5 )( 10) (5
+ 4 + 4
)( 10)]
(,
) = (3 )( 10) (5
+ 8 + 4
)( 10)
() = 0 ()
() = [(3 ) (5
+ 8 )] 10
+ 4
= ( ) (
+ )
+
() = 0
0 = 0
() = 0
0 =0
( (
) = )
=
( (
) = )
=
3.-Soluciones armnicas
(, ) = { () }
(, ) = {
() }
Vector onda
= + +
i)
(
, ) =
{ () } = 0
() } = 0 ()
{
())} = 0
{ (
() = 0
ii)
(
, ) =
() = 0
iii)
(
, ) = (
, )
{ () } = {
() }
() } = {
{ () }
{ ()} = {
() }
{ ()} = {
() }
{ ()} = {
() }
()} = {
{ () }}
()} + {
{ () }} =
() +
{ ( () )} =
( () +
()) = 0
( (
) = )
iv)
(
, ) = (,
)
( (
) = )
() = 0 ()
() = [0 ] + [0 ] + [ ]
0
() = [ 0 + 0 + 0 ]
0 = 0
() =
0 = 0
0 = 0
0
Para el caso particular de medios sin perdidas se puede usar el mismo criterio.
2)
(
)=
0 =0
0
Demostracin de porqu:
3)
( (
) = )
() = | |=
0 0 0
= =
=
=
() = | |=
0
0 0
() =
| | =
0 0 0
() =
0
0 =
()
0
0 =
)
( (
) = )
0 = ()
0 = 0
5)
=
()
/
0 = 0
0
2
|0 | = 0
0
6)
=
()
/
0 =
0
0 ) 0 (
(
) = 0
() 0 ||2 =
||2 =
||2 = 2
|| =
| = |||
| |
| = |
| |
| |
=
|
|
0
=
0
( (
, ) = (
, ) , )
Tiene unidades de por lo que tiene el significado de densidad superficial de potencia.
2
Demostracin:
1 1
>=
< { ()
()} < > = {
}
2 2
Por propiedad matemtica de conjugado sabemos:
+
{ } =
De all que:
() + ()
(, ) = { () } =
2
()
() +
(, ) = {
() } =
2
(, ) = (, )
(, )
()
() + () () +
(, ) = [ ][ ]
2 2
1
+
+
]
(, ) = [ +
4
1
+
+
]
(, ) = [ +
4
Porque =
1
+
(, ) = [ ]
4
Por propiedad de conjugado
+
1
(, ) = [ ]
2 2
+
1
(, ) = [ ] ( (
, ) = { (
) )}
2 2
CASO ESPECIAL
Densidad de potencia constante:
) =
=
[]
=
1
< >= {0
0 }
2
1
< >= {0
0 }
2
1
< >= {0
0 }
2
2
1 |0 |
< >= 2 =
|
|
>=
<
+
b) = + +
+
= 0 + 0
z>0 z<0
0 | = |||0 | (90)
|
0 | = |||0 |
|
0 | = |0 |
|
|0 |
=
0|
|
= 0
RESUMEN GENERAL 1
H 1 109
Constantes : = 3 108 = 4 107 = 12.566 107 = = = 8,8419 1012
m 0 2 36
: [] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : [] < >: [ ] : [ ] : : : [] :
2 2 2
( ) = 0
0 = 0
() = 0
0 =0
( ) =
() 0 =
() = ( )
0 =
(, ) = ||0 ( )
[ ]
(, ) = { ||0 ()
} [ ]
1 1
< >= (, ) = { ( )
( )}
2 2
Valores comunes
2
= 2 = || = = = = = |
|| 0 0 |
||
|| = || = 120
||
=
= =
= = = =
EJERCICIO 1
En un medio no magntico =
= 50(109 8) + 40(109 + 8) [ ]
Solucin
a) El campo corresponde a la superposicin de 2 ondas, una que viaja en + y
otra que viaja en
+
(,
) = 50(109 8) [ ]
+ = 8 |
|=8
0 = 50
0
En un medio material la velocidad de propagacin no es la luz = , = .
109
| =
= | =
| | 8
3 108 24 24
= = = 9 = = ( )2 = ,
1 10 1 10 10
8
De la Ecuacin de Maxwell
0
0 =
=
0 = [ 8 0 0 ] = 400
0 50 0
400 400
=
= =
109 4 107 400
+
(,
(109 8) [ ]
) =
+
(,
) = (109 8) [ ]
En forma alternativa
+ +
(,
) = (109 8) [ ] (,
) = (109 8) [ ]
50
= 8 |
|=8
0 = 40
De la Ecuacin de Maxwell
0
0 =
=
0 = [ 8 0 0 ] = 320
0 0 40
320 320 8
=
= =
109 4 107 400 10
.
=
(,
(109 + 8) [ ]
) =
.
(,
) = (109 + 8) [ ]
Anexamente: Si la onda viaja en y el campo tiene componente + , + debe tener
componente en +
(,
) = (109 + 8) [ ]
||
(,
) = (109 + 8) [ ]
50
.
(
, ) = ( + ) [ ]
Entonces por superposicion
=
++
0.8
(,
) = (109 8) [ ] + (109 + 8) [ ]
(,
) = ( (109 8) [ ] + 0.8 (109 + 8)) [ ]
(,
) = ( (109 8) [ ] + 0.8 (109 + 8)) [ ]
1 8 0.8 8
=
[ ]
1.-Modo fasorial:
= |0
50 8 40 8
|
0.8 8 1 8
0
1 8 0.8 8
= [(50 8 ) ( 40 8 )]
1 8 0.8 8
= [(50 8 )( 40 8 )]
50 8
= [( 8 ) ( 8 8 )]
50
= [( [(109 8)]2 ) ( [(109 + 8)]2 )]
= |0
50(109 8) 40(109 + 8)|
0.8 1
0 (109 + 8) (109 8)
50 32
= [( [(109 8)]2 ) ( [(109 + 8)]2 )]
1
< >= { ()
()}
2
0.8
(,
) = (109 8) + (109 + 8) [ ]
1 8 0.8 8
=
[ ]
1 8 0.8 8
=
+ [ ]
(,
) = 50(109 8) + 40(109 + 8) [ ]
= 50 8 40 8 [ ]
8
= | 0
50 40 8
|
0.8 8 1 8
0
1 0.8 8
= (50 8 8 40 8 )
50 32
= ( )
1 1 50 32
< >= { ()
()} = ( ) [ ]
2 2
9
< >= [ ]
EJERCICIO 2
Encuentre la carga total encerrada en el cilindro si la densidad volumtrica de carga
100
est dada por: = 1 [ ]
( 2 + 2 )4 3
= = = = 10 = . 30 = .
100
= 1 [ ] :
3
( 2 + 2 )4
0.3 0.1
100
= 1
2
00 (() + ( ) )4
2
EJERCICIO 3
2.-Encontrar el flujo de campo elctrico a travs de la superficie cilndrica de radio a y altura h.
)
= 0 ( + + ( )
Solucin:
= =
Sea:
)
= 0 ( + + ( 2 )
= 0 ( + + 2)
= = = =
)
= 0 ( + + 2
= 0 ( + + 2 2 cos )
00
= 0 ( + + 2 2 cos )
0
1 3 1
= 0 ( | + | + 2 2 2 | cos )
2 3 2
1 3
= 0 ( + + 4 cos )
2 3
1 2
3 2 2
= 0 ( + + 4 cos )
2 0 3 0 0
1 3 2 1 4 2
= 0 ( 2 + | cos 2 | )
2 3 0 2 0
1
= 0 ( 2 )
2
= 0 ( )
1
= 2 2
2
() = (1 ) 8 Si el mdulo es complejo:
)
() = (1 + ) +8
() = 50 8 8
b)
() = 50 8 + 8
Recordando que:
( ) =
() = ( )
a)
() = 8
( (
, ) = { ) }
(, ) = {8 }
Demostracin:
(, ) = {(8) }
(, ) = {[cos( ) + ( )]}
(, ) = { cos( ) + ( )]}
(, ) = { cos( ) + ( )]}
(, ) = ( )
() = 8
) (
) = ( )
(, ) = { cos( ) + ( )]}
(, ) = ( )
() = ( )
c)
() = 8
() = ( )
d)
() = 8
EJERCICIO CLAVE
() = cos( 2) ( 2)
() = 2 + 2
En este caso se puede factorizar
(
) = ( + )
= =
= =
() = 0
() = 0
( (
) = )
( (
) = + )
Desarrollo
1) () = 0
2) () = 0
() =
3) () /
4) () = ( + ) ()
Si
() =
() /
() =
() (
: ) =
(
)
2
(
()) 2 () =
()
(
())
2 () =
()
(
( 2 () = ( + ) ()
)) () = 0
:
2 () = ( + ) ()
= ( + )
(
) (
)=
MEDIOS ISOTRPICOS
= 0 +
= 0
+
=
= [ ]
Campo densidad de flujo magntico
=
=
( (
) )=
= ( + )
= ( + ) = +
Entonces:
1
1 2
= [2 (1 + ()2 1) ]
1
1 2
= [2 (1 + ()2 + 1)]
+ = 2 [1 + tan2 ]
+ = 2
= 2
5.2.-Tangente de prdida:
Desarrollo
() = 0
1)
2) () = 0
3) () =
() /
4)
() = ( + ) ()
() = ( + ) ( + ) =
() =
= (1 ) = =
= tan = =
=
CONCEPTOS
1-MEDIOS LINEALES
( + ) = () + () () = ()
2.-MEDIOS HOMOGENEOS
3.-MEDIOS DISPERSIVOS
Son aquellos que no conservan la energa es decir disipan energa a medida que la
onda viaja a travz del material. = () = ()
Respuesta:
1 1 1
= || = || / ( ) ( ) = ||
Para analizar lo que ocurre con la propagacin de una onda plana dentro de un
material dielctrico real (con prdidas) se partir de la ecuacin obtenida en el punto
anterior.
Factorizando jw
= +1 entonces:
1
= ( ) =
1
1
= ( )
1
Sea z un nmero complejo, se define el mdulo de z, y lo notarnos por |z|, como la raz
cuadrada positiva del producto de z por su conjugado, es decir:
|| = +( )1/2
Entonces: = || tan1 ()
Sea = 1
1
|| = | 1 | = +[[1 ][1 + ]] 2 y
|| =
Sea = tan1( ) =
De all que
= 1 = sec ()
,
= || = || 2
1 1
= ( ) = =
1
( 2 )
1 1
= = [ ] =
+ 1
1
[ ]
1 1
= , 0
1
( )
[ ]
1 1
= = = = =
( ) ( ) ()
(0 )
[ ] [ ]
1
= = = : = ||
90
= 1 = 145
2
=
4.3.-BUEN CONDUCTOR 1 > 10
1
1 2
= [2 ( + () ) ]
1
2
1
= [2 (() [ + ] ) ] 1
( ) ( )
1
1 2
= [2 (() [ + ] ) ]
1
1 2
= [2 (() ) ]
1
1 2
= [2 ( ) ]
1
1
2
= ( 2 )
+ 1
1
2
= ( 2 )
BUEN DIELECTRICO
RESUMEN GENERAL 2
H 1 109
Constantes : = 3 108 = 4 107 = 12.566 107 = = = 8,8419 1012
m 0 2 36
: [] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : [] < >: [ ] : [ ] : : : [] :
2 2 2
() = 0
ECUACIONES DE MAXWELL
() = 0
( (
) = )
( (
) = (
) + ) (
= ) = =
=
0
(, ) = ||0 ( )
[ ] (, ) = { ()
} [ ]
||
1 0
< >= 2 { ()
()} = + 0
=
1
2
=
= = [ ( +
1
( ) ) ] ==
2 2 2
1
2 = 45
= 0 = [ ( +
1
( ) + ) ] 2
2
2 2 = 2
2 + 2 = 2 sec
= 0 < < 45
2 = 2 =
1 2
= = = = = = = =
0 0
(, ) = ( ) [ ]
1.1. = = = ( )
1.2.- Medios no vacos = , = =
2
Para 1.1 y 1.2.- = ||
: . Todo lo define =
(, ) = ( ) [ ]
2.1.- buen dielctrico < 0.1
2.2.- cuasiconductor 0.1 < < 10
2.3.-buen conductor > 10
2
Para 2.1 2.2. 2.3 =
Errores comunes
EJERCICIO 4
1.- Suponga que en un medio con ( = ) tiene una impedancia intrnseca de
24030(), El campo elctrico de una onda electromagntica est dado por:
(, ) = 480 ( 10)
[ ]
Determine:
a) La frecuencia ,
b) la constante de atenuacin,
c) la tangente de prdida,
d) la longitud de onda
e) la direccin de propagacin de la onda.
f) El campo elctrico fasorial.
g) El campo magntico fasorial
h) El campo magntico (, ).
= 24030 = 120
2
1
230 = 6030 = 30
2
1
230 = 30
2
1
2 = / ( )2
2
1
4=
2
1 12.566107 1 = 142118.7754
= 4 = 8=
2 8,84191012
4 = = 120
16 = (120)2
= 1.5790 1012
0 0 3 108
= = = = 3183098.855 3.1830 106
1 8882.644
= = = 10 3.1830 106 = 3.1830 107
= .
b) Constante de atenuacin:
2 + 2 = 2 sec
2 = 2 sec 2
2 = [1599.762] 2 102
2 = 3199.524 100 = 55.673
d) la longitud de onda:
= 0.628
2 2
= =
10
(, ) = 480 ( 10)
() = 480 55.673 10
g) Campo Magntico Fasorial
(, ) = ||0 ( + ) = +
0 = + 30 = 30
= 0
0
480
(, ) = ( 10 ) /
240
(, ) = 2 ( 10 ) /
(, ) = 2 ( 10 ) Temporal
() = 2 55 (10+) / Fasorial
EJERCICIO 5
1.- Suponga que en un medio con ( = )
= 16 0.05 (2 108 2) [ ]
Hallar:
a) La constante de propagacin.
b) La longitud de onda.
c) Velocidad de la onda.
d) Profundidad de penetracin.
e) El campo magntico
f) Vector de Poyting
a) La constante de propagacin. = 2 [ ]
2 2
b) La longitud de onda. = = []
2
2108
c) La velocidad de la onda. = = = 108 [ ]
2
1 1
d) La profundidad de penetracin. = = 0.05 = 20
e) El campo magntico H (, ) = ||0 ( )
2 2 = 2
EJERCICIO 6
3.-El campo (, ) de un onda plana (, ) se propaga por un dielctrico y est
dada por:
(, ) = 2 cos (108 ) (108 ) [ ]
3 3
a) Determinar , .
b) Calcular = .
c) Encontrar (, ) =
d) Encontrar < >
Solucin
) Con los datos datos, vemos que se trata de una onda sin constante de
atenuacin y fase, por lo que estamos en un medio dielctrico ideal SIN PERDIDAS ( =
0), = 0 , = 0 .
108
= = = 1.591 107 [ ]
2 2
1 1
= || = [ ]
3 3
2 2
= = || = 1 = 3 2 = 10.88 []
3
b)
EJERCICIO 7
En cierto medio = 0, = 90
= 12 0.1 (108 )
[ ]
Calcular
a) El perodo de onda
b)
c) Campo Elctrico
d) La diferencia de fase entre E y H
Solucin
2 2
a) = = 108 = 2 108 [ ]
2
b) =
2 2 = 2
2 = 2 + 2
2 = 2 + 2
109
2 = (108 )2 4 107 + 0.1
36
2
1016
8 2 8 2
1016 16 2
1016
= (10 ) + 0.1 = (10 ) + 0.1 = 10 + 0.1
9 9 9
1
2 = 2 + 0.1 = 1.196
9
= .
2
= = 5.744
= 12 0.1 (108 )
[ ]
||
|| =
||
2 + 2 = 2 sec
2 + 2
= sec
2
2 + 2 1 2 2 + 2
= cos 2 = cos
2 cos + 2 2
0 0.1
= (108 )
[ ]
||
= 0 0.1 (108 )
|| [ ]
EJERCICIO 8
El campo elctrico complejo est dado por
() = (20 ) (68) [ ]
+ 15
Determinar
a) Determinar , .
b) Calcular = .
c) Encontrar (, ) =
d) Encontrar < >
4 CONDICIONES DE BORDE
1.1.-Coeficiente de transmisin
1.2.-Coeficiente de reflexin.
2.1.-paralelo
1.1.-Coeficiente de transmisin
1.2.-Coeficiente de reflexin.
2.2.-perpendicular
1.1.-Coeficiente de transmisin
1.2.-Coeficiente de reflexin.
Ley de Snell
Primera ley de Snell
1) || =
| | = | |
| | = | |
2) | | = | |
1 1 = 2 2
2 2 = 1 1
Incidencia refraccin
= = = = =
Impedancia intrnseca
= =
4.1.-INCIDENCIA NORMAL
MEDIO 1 1 1 1 1 MEDIO 2 2 2 2 2
() = 0 1 [ ] 0 () = 0 2
[ ]
() = 0 1
[ ] 0 () = 0 2
[ ]
1 2
Campo reflejado
0 () = 0 1
[ ]
0
0 () =
1 [ ]
1
4.1.1VECTOR TANGENCIAL
0 + 0 = 0 (5.1)
Como:
=
tan 2 (vector tangencial)
=
=
0
= = (5.2)
2
(1)/(2)->
Se define coeficiente de reflexin en = 0 dados dos medios 1-2:
2 1
= = (5.3)
2 + 1
(1)+(2)->
+ = ()
1
( ) = ()
1 2
Clase
= =
+
Este caso en particular implica que en = + = = 1
Desarrollo : 1
+ = = 0
0 (cos( 1 )
(cos( + 1 ))
=0
0 [cos( 1 ) cos( + 1 )]
=0
20 sen()sen(k1 z) = 0
Anlisis: ( )
mientras
()(): , .
EJERCICIO 1.-
a) El coeficiente de reflexin
[ ] + () = 0 2
[ ] () = 0 3
[ ]
1 2 3
Desarrollo:
0 1 = 0 + 2
+ 0 +1 + 0 +2
0 0 + 0 0
0 + 0 = 0 + 0
+ = + + (. 1)
0 1 0 +1 0 + 2 0 +2
=
1 1 2 2
0 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 0
=
1 1 2 2
+
0 0 0 0
=
1 1 2 2
+
= (. 2)
0 + 2
+ 0 +2
= 0 3
+ 2 +2 3
0 + 0 = 0 (. 3 )
0 + 2
0 +2
0 3
=
0 + 2 0 +2 0 3
=
+ 2 +2
0 0 0 3
= (. 4 )
(. 3)
Paso 1 (. 1),
(. 4)
(. 3)
2: (. 2)
(. 4)
(. 1)
3: =
(. 2)
*El coeficiente de transmisin se hace efectuando sumas en vez de dividir.
PASO 1:
Vamos a dividir las ecuaciones 3 y 4.
[0 + 2 + 0 +2 ] [0 3 ] (. )
+ =
0 2 0 +2 0 3 (. )
[ ]
[0 + 2 + 0 +2 ] [0 3 ]
=
0 + 2 0 +2 0 3
[0 + 2 + 0 +2 ]
+ 2 +2
=
0 0
[0 + 2 + 0 +2 ] = [ + 2 0 +2 ]
0
+
0 + 2 2 = +2
0 2
0
0 + 2 [1 ] = 0 +2 [1 + ]
+
0 + 2 [ ] = 0 +2 [ ]
0 + 2 [ ] = 0 +2 [ + ]
0 + 2 [ ] [ ] [ ]
+
= 0 0 + 22 = 0 32 =
2 [ + ] [ + ] [ + ]
Obtenemos :
= +
PASO 2:
+ = + + (. 1)
+
= (. 2)
+ = + + + 22 32 (. 1)
+ = + (1 + 22 32 ) (. 1)
+ 0 + 22 32
= (. 2)
+
= ( 22 32 ) (. 2)
PASO 3
Dividimos (. 1)/(. 2)
1 + 22 32 =
22 32 =
( + ) = ( )
Simplificando obtenemos:
[ ]
= =
[ + ]
[ ( + ) ( 22 32 )]
= =
[ ( + 22 32 ) + (1 22 32 )]
Pero vamos a realizar esto sin simplificar las expresin y vamos a llegar al mismo resultado
(No recomendado):
+ (1 + 22 32 ) (. 1)
=
( 22 32 ) (. 2)
+ (1 + 22 32 ) (. 1)
=
( 22 32 ) (. 2)
( + ) ( 22 32 ) = ( )(1 + 22 )
( 22 32 + 22 32 ) = ( + 22 32 22 32 )
( 22 32 + 22 32 ) = ( + 22 32 22 32 )
22 32 22 32 = 22 32 + 22 32
( 22 32 ) ( + 22 32 )= ( + 22 32 ) (1 22 32 )
( 22 32 ) ( + 22 32 )= ( + 22 32 ) (1 22 32 )
[ ( 22 32 ) ( + 22 32 )] = [ ( + 22 32 ) (1 22 32 )]
[ ( 22 32 ) ( + 22 32 )]
=
[ ( + 22 32 ) (1 22 32 )]
[ ( 22 32 ) ( + 22 32 )]
=
[ ( + 22 32 ) + (1 22 32 )]
[ ( + 22 32 ) ( 22 32 )]
= = (. 5)
[ ( + 22 32 ) + (1 22 32 )]
= 22 = 1
[ ( + 32 ) ( 32 )] [ ]
= 32 = :
[ ( + 32 ) + (1 32 )] [ + ]
[3 2 ] [ 2 ]
[2 (1 + ) 1 (1 3 )]
[2 + 3 ] [2 + 3 ]
= =
[ 2 ] [ 2 ]
[2 (1 + 3 ) + 1 (1 3 )]
[2 + 3 ] [2 + 3 ]
2 + 3 + [3 2 ] + 3 [3 2 ]
[2 ( ) 1 ( 2 )]
2 + 3 2 + 3
= =
+ 3 + [3 2 ] + 3 [3 2 ]
[2 ( 2 ) + 1 ( 2 )]
+ 2 3 + 2 3
2 + 3 + 3 2 + + 2
[2 ( ) 1 ( 2 3 + 3 )]
2 + 3 2 3
= = + + 2 + + 2
[2 ( 2 3 + 3 ) + 1 ( 2 3 + 3 )]
2 3 2 3
3 + 3 2 + 2
[2 ( 2 + 3 ) 1 (2 + 3 )]
= = + 3 + 2
[2 ( 3 ) + 1 ( 2 )]
2 + 3 2 + 3
23 22
[2 ( 2 + 3 ) 1 (2 + 3 )]
= = :
23 22
[2 ( + ) + 1 ( + )]
2 3 2 3
1
[( ) ()]
= =
[( ) + ()]
= =
+
[ ( + 22 23 ) ( 22 23 )]
= = (. 5)
[ ( + 22 23 ) + (1 22 23 )]
0
Para que el coeficiente de reflexin = = 0 es decir no haya reflexin.
0
[ ( + 22 32 ) ( 22 32 )]
=0
[ ( + 22 32 ) + (1 22 32 )]
( + 22 32 ) ( 22 32 ) = 0
( + 22 32 ) = ( 22 32 )
+ 22 32 = 22 32
= 22 32 22 32
= 22 ( + )32
= 22 32
( + )
= 22
De all que:
= 22
22 = cos(22 ) (22 )
(22 ) = 0 .
2
22 = 2 = ( )
2
2
2( ) = = 1,2,3 . , 1, .
2
1) =
2) cos() = (1)+1
[ ]
= 22 32 = [ + ]
2 1 [3 2 ]
= 22
(2 + 1 ) [2 + 3 ]
[2 1 ] [3 2 ]
= 22
[2 + 1 ] [2 + 3 ]
[2 1 ][2 + 3 ] = 22 [3 2 ][2 + 1 ]
22 = cos() = (1)+1
Si n es par 2N:
()+ = () = ()
[2 1 ][2 + 3 ] = [3 2 ][2 + 1 ]
2 2 + 2 3 1 2 1 3 = 3 2 + 3 1 2 2 2 1
2 2 + 2 3 1 2 1 3 = 3 2 + 3 1 2 2 2 1
2 2 1 3 = +3 1 2 2
22 2 21 3 = 0
2 2 = 1 3
2 = 1 3
2
=
4
22
=
4
2
= .
2
Si n es impar 2N+1:
()+ = () = ()
[2 1 ][2 + 3 ] = [3 ][2 + 1 ]
[2 1 ][2 + 3 ] = [3 2 ][2 + 1 ]
2 2 + 2 3 1 3 = [3 2 + 3 1 2 2 ]
2 2 + 2 3 1 3 = 3 2 3 1 + 2 2 +
2 3 = 3 2 +
22 3 2 = 0
22 (3 ) = 0 2 = 0
Pero si 3 = 0 3 =
2 (+)
= + = .
4
Campo incidente
= 0 ( cos sen ) 1 ( + )
0
= 1 ( + )
1
Campos reflejado
= 0 ( cos + sen ) 1 ( + )
0 ( )
=
1
1
Campo transmitido
= 0 ( cos
sen ) 2 ( + )
0 ( + )
=
2
2
+ = ()
( + ) = (1)
=
0 0 0
= (2)
(0 0 ) 0
= (2)
(1)
Simplificando dividiendo haciendo (2) (3)
( + ) ()
=
(0 0 ) 0 ( )
+
=
(0 0 )
( + ) = (0 0 )
+ = 0 0
0 = 0
0 ( ) = ( + )
=
( + ) 0
=
( + ) 0
( )
=
( + ) 0
|| = = ()
+
Desarrollo :
( + ) = (1)
+ = ()
(0 0 ) 0
= ()
0
0 0 = ()
0
+ + 0 0 = +
= ( + )
+
=( )/
=
+
|| = =
+
Angulo de Brewster ||
Por la segunda ley de Snell
= (8)
= 1 1 = 2 2 ( , )
Reemplazando en (8):
2 2 = 1 1
1 1
= (8)
2 2
|| = =
+
= 0
= =
1 2 = 1 2 /()2
2 1
2 1
2 1
(1 ) = (1 2 )
2 1
Reemplazando por definicin de Snell: =
2 1
(1 ) = (1 2 )
2 1
2 1 1 1
(1 2 ) = (1 2 )
2 1 2 2
2 1 1 2
( ) 2 = (1 )
2 1 2
1 2 2 1
( ) 2 + = 1
2 2 1
1 2 2 1
2 ( ( ) + 1) = 1
2 2 1
1 21
2 1
2 =
2
1 (1 )
2
1 21
2 1
2 || =
2
1 (1 )
2
Tarea 2:
Medio1
Campo incidente
= 0 1 ( + )
0
=
+ sen ) 1 ( + )
( cos
1
Campos reflejado
= 0 1 ( )
0
=
+ sen ) 1 ( )
( cos
1
Medio2
Campo transmitido
= 0 2 ( + )
0
=
+ sen ) 2 ( + )
( cos
2
+ = ()
+ =
1
(0 0 ) =
0
=
1
(0 0 ) = ()
0
= =
+
2
= =
+
DEMOSTRACION
()
()
()
+
=
1
( )
0 0 0
+
=
(0 0 )
( + ) = (0 0 )
( + ) = (0 0 )
+ = 0 0
0 =
( cos cos )
=
0 cos + cos
cos cos
=
cos + cos
= = ()
+
De aqu:
+ = ()
1
(0 0 ) = (2)
0
0
0 0 = (2)
0
0 0 + + = + 0
0
2 = + 0
0
0 + = + 0
0
2 = + 0
+
=( ) /() 1
0 2
0 2
=
+
2
= =
+
Angulo de Brewster
Por la segunda ley de Snell
= (8)
= 1 1 = 2 2
Reemplazando en (8):
2 2 = 1 1
1 1
=
2 2
= =
+
1 2 = 1 2 /()2
2 1
2 1
2 1 1 1
(1 2 ) = (1 2 ) Reemplazando =
2 1 2 2
1 2 1 1
(1 2 ) = (1 2 )
1 2 2 2
1 2 1 1
(1 2 ) = (1 2 )
1 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
(1 2 ) = ( ) 2
1 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 = ( ) ( ) 2
2
1 2
= (1 ( ) )
1 2 2 1 2 2
1 12
1 2
2 = 2 =
1 (1 ) ( )
2
Ejercicios
1.- Una onda viaja en el aire con un angulo sobre una lmina de vidrio con ndice
de refraccin n espesor . Determie el desplazamiento d que experimenta en funcin
de , .
En la figura
= ( ) =
= ( ) (1)
= ( )
= (2)
( )
= ( )
( )
= [( )( ) cos( ) ( )]
1 2 ( )
= [( )1 2 ( ) cos( ) ( )]
1 2 ( )
2
=
[( ) 1 ( ) cos( ) ( )]
1 2 ( )
2 ( )( )
= [( )1 ( ) ]
2
1 ( )
1
2 (2 )
= [( )1 ( ) 2 ]
2
1 ( )
( )
= ( )
( )
[ ]
= (3
+ 8
4
)cos( 4 3)[ ]
Solucin:
|| = (3 )cos( 4 3)[ ]
4
= (8
)cos( 4 3)[ ]
= || +
= (3 ) cos( 4 3) [ ] + (8
4 )cos( 4 3)[ ]
Anlisis:
= 4 + 3
Entonces el campo E paralelo al plano de incidencia debe tener los ejes x,z:
|| = (3 )cos( 4 3)[ ]
4
Y perpendicular al plano de incidencia en el eje y.
> 0 encontrar:
a) , ,
,
b)
,
c)
a) Vamos a calcular , , :
4
= 4 + 3 tan =
= ,
3
Por la primera ley se Snell
= = ,
1 = 2
1
=
2
1 = 1 2 = 2 2 = 2.5 = 1.58
1 0.8
= = 0.506
1.58
= .
El campo elctrico en el medio es una onda oblicua, por lo tanto tiene una
parte paralela y una perpendicular, y de all que las definiciones
Impedancia intrnseca
1 1
= = 120 = 120 = ,
1 1
2 1
= = 120 2 = 120 = ,
2 2 2.5
|| = =
+
|| = =
+
2 , cos53,17
|| = = = .
, cos 30.39 + , 53,17
= =
+
2
= =
+
, 53,17
= = = .
, cos 53,17 + , 30.39
El signo negativo indica que el campo elctrico apunta en direccin opuesta al que hemos
designado, procedemos a corregir.
= (3 + 8 4 )cos( 4 3)[ ]
= || + = 4
+ 3
|| = (3 )cos( 4 + 3)[ ]
4
= (8 )cos( 4 + 3)[ ]
= (3 ) cos( 4 3) [ ] + (8
4 )cos( 4 3)[ ]
|| , || , , a patir de la
definicin || , || , , .
|| = 1 (3 )cos( 4 + 3)[ ]
4
|| = (3 ) cos( 4 + 3) [ ]
+ 4 !
b) Campos de reflexin || ,
||
|| = = , || = ||| ||| ||| | = || |||| |
||
=
= . = | | o | | = || |
= 4
+ 3
3
= 4
|| = (3
4
) cos( 4 + 3) [ ] || > 0
|| = (3
4
) cos( 4 + 3) [ ] || < 0
Como || = , || < 0 ( . . )
|| = (3
4
) cos( 4 + 3) [ ]
Reemplazando: ||| | = ,
|| = ||| |||
|| = . (3
4
)cos( 4 + 3)[ ]
|| = 0.047(3 )cos( 4 + 3)[ ]
4
|| = 0.047(3 )cos( 4 + 3)[ ]
4
|| = (. ) ( + ) [ ]
.
|| = ||| |( cos
) cos( 4 + 3) [ ]
|| = 0.235 ( cos 53.13
53.13
) cos( 4 + 3) [ ]
Llegamos al mismo resultado
|| = (
.
) ( + ) [ ]
Nota:
Se llega al mismo resultado, con la dificultad de tener en cuenta la direccin del vector
k en el plano de incidencia. As tambin el cuidado del signo de sea menor a cero.
||
|| = = , || = ||| ||| (Medio 1)
||
= = . = | |
Invertir en sentido de la direccin del campo E, donde EL COEFICIENTE DE
REFLEXION ES NEGATIVO:
= 4
+ 3
3
= 4
= (8
) cos( 4 + 3) [ ] > 0
= (8
) cos( 4 + 3) [ ] < 0
Como = ,
Reemplazando:
= | | | | = |, | = . < 0
= . (8
) cos( 4 + 3) [ ]
= .
( + ) [ ]
Por superposicin obtenemos el campo reflejado E total:
= + ||
cos( 4 + 3) + (0.141
= . ) cos( 4 + 3)
188
+ .
= (. + .
) ( + )
Vamos a calcular el campo
3
Calculamos producto cruz = 4
= (4
)
3 = |k | = 5 [ ]
+ .
= (. + .
) ( + )
= | 4 0 3 |
0.141 3.112 0.188
= ([0 (9.336)]
[0.752 (0.423)]
+ [12.448 0]
)
= (9.336
1.175
+ 12.448
)
= 9.336
+ 1.175
12.448
+ 1.175
9.336 12.448
(, ) =
=[ ] cos( 4 + 3) [ ]
1
1 4 10 7
+ 1.175
9.336 12.448
=
=[ ] cos( 4 + 3) [ ]
1 600
= [.
+ . ] ( + ) [ ]
.
C) || ,
Para el campo de transmisin, debemos considerar que el ngulo del vector k, cambia y por
ende se debe obtener el vector .
| |
| | = 1 1 =
1 1
| | = 1 1
| | = | |
Del medio 2:
| |
| | = 2 2 = .
1 1
| |
| | = 2 2
1 1
Obteniendo el vector
| | = 42 + 32 = 25 = 5 1 1 = 1 ()
5
| | = 1 2.5 = 7.90 = 30,39
1
= | |(
+ cos )
+ cos 30,4 )
= 7.90 (30,4
= (4.00
+ 6.818)
= 4
+ 3
3
= 4 = (4.00
+ 6.818)
|| = = . ||| | = || ||| | ( Medio 2)
= = . | | = | |
= 4
+ 3
3
= 4 = (4.00
+ 6.818)
||| | = . 5=3.31
|| = ||| |(cos 6.818) [ ]
) cos( 4.00 || > 0
6.818) [ ]
30,39) cos( 4.00
|| = 3.31(cos 30,39
6.818) [ ]
30,39) cos( 4.00
|| = 3.31(cos 30,39
6.818) [ ]
1.674) cos( 4.00
|| = (2.855
Vamos a calcular el coeficiente de transmisin perpendicular al plano de incidencia.
| | = | | = 30,39 | | = 8
| | = 0.611 8 = 4.888
= | | 6.818)
cos( 4.00 > 0
6.818)
cos( 4.00
= 4.888
6.818) + 4.888
1.674) cos( 4.00
= (2.855 6.818) [ ]
cos( 4.00
+ 4.888
= (2.855 6.818) [ ]
1.674) cos( 4.00
|| = . (3 ) cos( 4.00
4 6.818) [ ]
|| = (1.986 )cos( 4.00
2.648 6.818)[ ]
Vamos a calcular el campo
=
(4.00
+ 6.818) = |k | = 15 108 [ ]
+ 4.888
= (2.855 6.818) [ ]
1.674) cos( 4.00
= | 4
0 6.818 |
2.855 4.888 1.674
= [0 33.326]
[6.696 19.465]
+ [19.552 0]
= 33.326
+ 26.161
+ 19.552
33.326 + 26.161 + 19.552
=
=[ 6.818)[ ]
]cos( 4.00
2 8
15 10 1 4 10 7
+ 26.161
33.326 + 19.552
=
=[ 6.818)[ ]
]cos( 4.00
2 600
= [.
+ .
+ .
]( .
. )[ ]
Donde < >, < > < > corresponde a la densidad de potencia promedio
Desarrollo:
Con las propiedades de un producto punto (Que puede anular componentes cartesianos) =
(0,0,1), de all que solo se consideran las componentes normales a la entrecara.
2
1
< > = |< >| < >=
2 1
2
1
< > = |< >| < >=
2 1
2
1
< > = |< >| < >=
2 2
Puesto que
|| = =
+
|| = || = [ ]
+
= =
+
= = [ ]
+
< > 2
1 2 1
=| |= 2 =( )
< > 2 2
|| = =
+
2
1
|| = ( )
+ 2
2
= =
+
2
1
= ( )
+ 2
5.-Lneas de Transmisin
Modelo de celda
Fig.5.-
Planteando LKV:
(, )
(, ) = (, ) + + ( + , )
(, ) ( + , ) (, )
= (, ) + / lim
0
Recordando que: = =
( + ) ()
= ()
0
(, ) (, )
= (, ) + (. 1)
Planteando LKC
Ver fig.5.-
( + , )
(, ) = ( + , ) + ( + , ) +
(, ) ( + , ) ( + , )
= ( + , ) + / lim
0
(, ) (, )
= (, ) + (. 2)
(, ) (, )
= (, )
(. 2) (. 1):
2 2
+ ( + ) + 2 = 0
Ultimas clases
(, ) (, )
= (, ) + (. )
(, ) (, )
= (, ) + (. )
Solucin armnica
(, ) = { () }
(, ) = { ( ) }
Desarrollo
()
= ( ) + ( )
(, ) = { () }
(, ) = { ( ) }
()
{ } = { ( ) } + { ( ) }
()
{ ( ) ( )} = 0 ,
()
= ( + ) ( )
()
2) = () + () (. 2)
()
= () ()
Vamos a factorizar (Eq.2)
()
= ( + ) ()
Y derivamos la (Eq.1)
()
= ( + ) ( ) /
2 () ()
2
= ( + )
()
Reemplazando
= () ()
2 ()
= ( + )( + )()
2
2 ()
= ( + )( + )()
2
:
= ( + )( + )
2 ()
2 () = 0 ( . 3)
2
() = 0 + + 0 + ( . 4)
z>0 z<0
= .
2 ()
2 () = 0 ( . 5)
2
() = 0 + + 0 + ( . 6)
z>0 z<0
5.1.-Impedancia caracterstica
A partir de (Eq.1) y (Eq.4)
()
= ( ) + ( ) (. 1)
() = 0 + + 0 + ( . 4)
()
= ( + ) ( )
(0 + + 0 + ) = ( + )[0 + + 0 + ]
(0 + + 0 + ) = ( + )[0 + + 0 + ]
Derivando
0 + 0 + = ( + )[0 + + 0 + ]
0 + 0 + = 0 + + 0 + + 0 + + 0 +
Factorizando
(0 + [ + ]0 + ) = + (0 + 0 + 0 )
(0 + [ + ]0 + ) + (0 + 0 + 0 ) = 0
0 + [ + ]0 + = 0 (. )
0 + [ + ]
= = 0
0 +
0 + 0 + 0 = 0 (. )
0 0 +
= ( )
0
0 0 +
= = 0
0
+ 0 + 0
0 = = + =
+ 0 0
5.2.-lneas de transmisin
5.2.1.-Sin prdidas.
= ( + )( + ) = +
= ~ ~
=
2 2
Longitud de onda: = =
1
Velocidad de fase: = =
5.2.1.-Sin distorsin.
= ( + )( + ) = +
= ( + ) ( + ) = +
Condicin para una lnea sin distorsin =
= (1 + ) = +
= = =
1
Velocidad :
+
Impedancia: 0 = + = =
5.3.-Impedancia en la lnea
La impedancia en cualquier puerta z de la lnea esta dada por
() + + +
() = = + (. 7)
() + +
0 + 0
0 = + =
0 0
0 +
0 + =
0
0
0 =
0
( = ) =
0 + + 0 + =
( = ) =
0 + + 0 +
=
0 + + 0 + =
20 + = +
+
0 + =
2
+ +
0 + = = ( + ) +
2 2
0 = = ( )
2 2
+
0 + 2 ( + )
0 + = =
0 0
0 ( )
0
= = 2
0 0
Reemplazando en (Eq.7)
() 0 + + 0 +
() = = + (. 7)
( ) 0 + 0 +
() ( + ) + + 2 ( ) +
() = = 2
( ) ( + ) +
( )
2 2
+ +
0 0
() ( + ) () + ( ) ()
() = =
( ) ( + ) () ( ) ()
0 0
() ( + )() + ( )()
() = =[ ]
() ( + )() ( )()
Sea:
() ( + ) + ( )
() = =[ ]
() ( + ) ( )
+ +
= =
2 2
= =
2 2
() + () +
() = = =
2 2
() ( + ) + ( )
() = =[ ]
( ) ( + ) ( ) 0
() 2 + 2
() = =[ ]
( ) 2 + 2 0
() +
() = =[ ]
() +
5.4.-Impedancia en la carga
No confundir
+
= [ ]
+
= +
+
= [ ]
+
Sabemos que
=
+
2()
() = = = ()
+ 2 cos()
Reemplazando =
+
= [ ]
+ 0
+
= [ ]
+ 0
Analisis
. 2. :
+
= [ ]
+ 0
0 +
= [ ] 0
+ 0
Si 0 < < 2
2
< =
2
< < /
2
0<<
4
> 0
Si 2 < <
2
< <
2
1 2
< < 1 /
2
1 2
< <1 /
2 2
<<
4 2
= 0
Comportamiento capacitivo < 4
Comportamiento inductivo >>4
2
Coeficiente de reflexin
() = + () + ()
() ()
= + =
() + ()
Sabemos:
() = ( 0 )
2
+ () = ( + 0 )
2
Luego
() ( 0 ) ( 0 )
= + = + = 2 =
() ( + 0 )
( + 0 )
2
() ( 0 ) 2() ( )
= = =
+ () ( + 0 ) ( + )
= = 0
( = 0) = =
+
Recordando que
+
= [ ]
+ 0
2
Para = 4 =
2
+ 4 + tan (
) + tan ( 2)
=[ ] = [ 4 ] 0 = [
0 2 ] 0 =
+ 4 + tan ( 4) + tan ( 2)
= =
*nota ( ) =
02
Se explicar como se lleg = con ( ) = :
+ tan ( 2 ) + 0 +
=[ ] 0 = [ ] =
+ tan ( 2 ) + 0 +
0
= +
+ +
2
= 0+ = = =
+ + 0 +
= ( = = )
El transformador 4 posee diversas limitaciones. En la practica los valores de
impedancia caractersticas de una lnea estn determinadas, y no se puede encontrar
un valor especfico.
STUB
Un STUB es una porcin de lnea de transmisin que termina en corto o en circuito abierto
Es decir que los Stubs son realmente elementos reactivos puros a frecuencias
altas.
Para acoplar impedancias en una lnea de transmisin estos elementos se los usa en
paralelo.
1.-STUB Paralelo
+
= [ ]
+ 0
Desarrollo
= //
= +
+
= + ( ) /
0 +
+
= + ( ) /( )1
0 +
+
= + (. 8)
+
+
( ) =
2
(+) +() 2
Sea = + ( ) = = =
2 2
La ecuacin
+
+ = (. 8)
+
a) Consta de una parte real y una parte imaginaria y se cumple si la parte real
e imaginaria es:
+
[ ]=1
+
+
[ ] = + 1
+
+
Es decir si: = +
+
(. 8) .
+ 1 + =
+
( ) =
2
+
[ ]=1
+
+ +
+ ( ) + ( )
+ +
( )=
+ 2
+ 1 + +
( ) = [( )+( )]
+ 2 + +
+ 1 + +
( ) = [( )+( )]
+ 2 + +
Como:
+
( )=1
+
+ 1 + +
( ) = [( )+( )]
+ 2 + +
1 + +
1 = [( )+( )]
2 + +
1 + +
[( )+( )] = 1
2 + +
1 + +
[( )+( )] = 1
2 + +
+ +
( )+( ) =2
+ +
( + )( + ) + ( + )( + )
=2
( + )( + )
( + )( + ) + ( + )( + )
=2
( + )( + )
( + + + ) + ( + + + )
=
+ + +
Simplificando
( + | |2 + ) + ( + 2 | |2 + )
=
+ +
Llegamos a la expresin
2 + + = 0 : 1 1 1 2 2 2
Nota: Un numero imaginario se define como: ( ) = 2
+(+) +() ++
Ejemplo: = + ( ) = = = =
2 2 2
STUB en serie
+
= = [ ]
+
Si + 1 = :
+
+ [ ] =
+
+
+ [ ]=1
+
Como lo vimos anteriormente, esta ecuacin consta de una parte real y una parte
imaginaria, si = :
+ +
[ ]=1 [ ]=1
+ +
+
[ ] = 1
+
+
+ [ ]=1
+
ROE
Razn de onda estacionaria es definida como:
1 + || | |
= =
1 || | |
1<<
|| = 0 = 1
|| = 1 =
LKC Recordemos que: = = ^ = Pero la red est definida
como:
= 2 (, ) = 2 (, )
= +
1 (, ) = (, ) + (, ) (1. )
2 2
De igual forma:
2 (, ) = ( + , ) + ( + , ) (2. )
2 2
NODO 1:
(, ) = + 1 (3. )
Nodo 2:
= ( + , ) + 2 (4)
Reemplazando () en ():
(, ) = + 1
(, ) = ( + , ) + 2 + 1 (5. )
(, ) = ( + , ) + 2 + 1
(, ) = ( + , ) + ( ( + , ) + ( + , ) ) + ( (, ) + (, ))
2 2 2 2
Factorizando:
(, ) ( + , ) = ( ( + , ) + ( + , ) ) + ( (, ) + (, ))
2 2 2 2
(, ) ( + , )
=( + ) ( ( + , ) + (, )) / lim
2 2 0
(, )
=( + ) ( (, ) + (, ))
2 2
(, ) 1
= ( + ) 2 (, )
, 2
(, )
= (, ) + (, )
Aplicando LKV
(, ) = + ( + , )
Pero:
= +
= +
Puesto que conocemos el valor de 1 (. 1) :
= (, ) 1
= (, ) (, ) + (, )
2 2
Reemplanado en
= + = (, ) (, ) + (, )
2 2
= [(, ) 2 (, ) + 2 (, )] + [(, ) 2 (, ) + 2 (, )]
Factorizando:
= ( + ) [(, ) 2 (, ) + 2 (, )]
(, ) = + ( + , )
(, ) ( + , ) =
(, ) ( + , ) = ( + ) [(, ) 2 (, ) + 2 (, )]
(, ) ( + , ) = ( + ) [(, ) (, ) + (, )]
2 2
(, ) ( + , )
= ( + ) [(, ) (, ) + (, )]
2 2
(, ) ( + , )
= ( + ) [(, ) (, ) + (, )] / lim
2 2 0
(, )
= ( + ) [(, ) 0 + 0]
(,) (,)
= ( + ) (, ) = (, ) + (, )
En RESUMEN hay tres casos generales: Sin STUB, STUB paralelo y STUB serie
+
= [ ]
+ 0
2
=
+
= [+ ] 0 = =
= + = +
+
+ =
+
Parte real
+ +
Re { + } = ( ) =
2
( + | |2 + ) + ( + 2 | |2 + )
=
+ +
Parte imaginaria
( ) =
2
+
Im { + } = +
+
+ + [ ]=1
+
Parte real
+
Re { + } = 1
Parte imaginaria
+
Im { + } = ( )
+
+ [ ]=1
+
+
Nos intereza la parte real de esta ecuacin que podemos modificar: que
+
contiene una parte real y una imaginaria. La parte real debe ser igual a 1, ya que 1 es
un real, y su parte imaginaria debe anular al imaginario presente en d.
+
De all que se trabaja con + y usaremos la propiedad de numero real para
encontrar d. = 50 = 25 + 25 1 = 35
1 (1+1+2) () 1 (1+1+2)(2)+(2+)(112)
( ) = 2 ( (2+)
+ ()
)= ( (2+)(2)
) =1
2
1 (1 + 1 + 2)(2 ) + (2 + )(1 1 2)
( ) = 1 ( )
2 (2 + )(2 )
1 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 2 + 4 1 2( 2 + 2)
( ) = = = 1 2 + 2 = 2 4 + 4 4 = 2 =
2 4 4 + 2 2 4 + 4 2 ( 2)( 2)
RESUMEN GENERAL 5
UNIDADES = =
CONDICIONES
+ +
= [ ] = = [ ]
+ +
() ( 0 ) 2() ( )
= + = =
() ( + 0 ) ( + )
1+|| | |
= 1|| = | | = +
lneas de transmisin
STUB PARALELO STUB SERIE
+ +
+ = + [ + ] = 1
+
= =
= =
Sin prdidas.
=
Sin distorsin.
= + = ( + )( + ) = +
=
+ = ( + ) ( + ) = +
= [ ]
+
Condicin para una lnea sin distorsin =
= ( + )( + ) = +
= (1 + ) = +
=
=
= = =
0
= = Velocidad :
1
0
+
Impedancia: 0 = + = =
= ~ ~
=
2 2
Longitud de onda: =
=
1
Velocidad de fase: = =
=
| | = 1 1 = |k |
CONDICIONES DE BORDE
+ = + +
+
=
INCIDENCIA PERPENDICULAR
2 MEDIOS 3 MEDIOS
2 1 1 + 22 32 =
= = 22 32 =
2 + 1
22 ( + ) = ( )
=
2 + 1
[ ]
Primera ley de Snell = =
1) || = [ + ]
| | = | |
[ ( + ) ( 22 32 )]
| | = | | =
=
[ ( + 22 32 ) + (1 22 32 )]
=
= 22 32
Segunda ley de Snell ( + )
2) | | = | | = 22
1 1 = 2 2 22 = cos(22 ) (22 )
2 2 = 1 1 (22 ) = 0 .
= 2
22 = 2 = ( )
2
2
2( ) = = 1,2,3 . , 1, .
2
[2 1 ][2 + 3 ] = 22 [3 2 ][2 + 1 ]
22 = cos() = (1)+1 n=par n=impar
Valores comunes
| | = 1 1 = |k | =
INCIDENCIA OBLICUA
PARALELO PERPENDICULAR
Medio 1 MEDIO 1
Campo incidente Campo incidente
= 0 ( cos sen ) 1 ( + ) = 0 1 ( + )
0 0
= 1 ( + )
= ( cos + sen ) 1 ( + )
1 1
Campos reflejado Campos reflejado
= 0 ( cos + sen ) 1 ( + ) = 0 1 ( )
= 0 1 ( ) = 0 ( cos + sen ) 1 ( )
1 1
Medio 2 Medio 2
Campo transmitido Campo transmitido
= 0 ( cos sen ) 2 ( + ) = 0 2 ( + )
0
= 0
2 ( + ) = + sen ) 2 ( + )
( cos
2 2
Valores comunes
RESUMEN GENERAL 1
H 1 109
Constantes : = 3 108 = 4 107 = 12.566 107 = = = 8,8419 1012
m 0 2 36
: [] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : [] < >: [ ] : [ ] : : : [] :
2 2 2
( ) = 0
0 = 0
() = 0
0 =0
( ) =
() 0 =
() = ( )
0 =
Medios ideales = 0
(, ) = 0 ( [ ]
)
(, ) = { 0 ()
} [ ]
(, ) = ||0 ( )
[ ]
(, ) = { ||0 ()
} [ ]
1 1
< >= (, ) = { ( )
()}
2
Valores comunes
2
= | = 2 = || = = = =
| || 0 0
||
|| = = =
||
Integral de volumen
=
=
RESUMEN GENERAL 2
H 1 109
Constantes : = 3 108 = 4 107 = 12.566 107 = = = 8,8419 1012
m 0 2 36
: [] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : [ ] : [] < >: [ ] : [ ] : : : [] :
2 2 2
() = 0 ECUACIONES DE MAXWELL
() = 0
( (
) = )
( (
) = + ) =
=
=
Medios dispersivos 0
(, ) = 0 ( )
[ ] (, ) = { 0 ()
} [ ]
0
(, ) = ||0 ( )
[ ] (, ) = { ()
} [ ]
||
1 1 0
< >= (, ) = 2 { ()
()} = + 0
= =
1
2
=
= 1
= [ ( +
( ) ) ] ==
2 2 2
1
= 0 1 2 = 45
= [ ( + ( ) + ) ] 2
2
2 2 = 2 | | =
| | = 2
2 + 2 = 2 sec
= 0 < < 45
| | = 2 = 2 =
1 2 ||
Valores comunes = = = = + ||
= | |