The Institution of Engineers (India)

97 years of Relentless Journey towards

Engineering Advancement for Nation Building
All India Seminar
on
Recent Trends in Applied Sciences & Humanities & its Influence on Technological &
Socioeconomic Development (RTASH-17)

7th & 8th March 2017

Organized by
The Institution of Engineers (India)
Durgapur Local Centre
Under the aegis of
Interdisciplinary Coordination Committee, IEI

In association with
Applied Science Department
DIATM
Rahul Foundation

Venue:
Library Hall, DIATM
Rajbandh
 List of members of organizing committee of All India seminar
on Recent trends in Applied Sciences & Humanities and its influence on technological and
socioecononomic development
Dt 7 th and 8 th March 2017

Chief Patron- Mr. R N Majumdar-Chairman Rahul Foundation

Patron- Dr. Raghupati Goswami Advisor Rahul Foundation

National Advisory Committee

Chairman-Mr Navinchandra B Vasoya, FIE, President IE(I)

Co-chairman-Mr A K Saxena, FIE, Chairman ICC
Convener-Mr M N Bandyopadhyay, MIE, Honorary Secretary IEI, Durgapur Local Centre
Co-Convenor-Dr S Sarkar, HOD App Sc, DIATM

Members

Mr S C Rudra, FIE, Vice President IE(I)

Prof (Dr) N Chikkanna, FIE, Member ICC
Mr Vijay Sadashiv Ghoghare, FIE, Member ICC
Mr Mahendra Ratanlal Kothari, FIE, Member ICC
Dr Dilip Prabhakar Mase, FIE, Member ICC
Mr D V Nagabhushan, FIE, Member ICC
Dr M P Sukumaran Nair, FIE, Member ICC
Mr R R Tanwar, FIE, Member ICC
Dr Seeram Satyanarayana, FIE, Member ICC
Dr Arun Kumar Shrivastava, FIE, Member ICC
Mr Tarvinder Pal Singh, FIE, Member ICC
Prof H B Goswami, FIE, Council member
Prof (Dr) N R Bandyopadhyay, FIE, Council Member
Mr A K Mukherjee, FIE, Chairman MRDB

Organising Committee
1. Chairman-Mr R K Roy, Durgapur Local Centre
2. Co-Chairman- Dr. P. K. Sinha, Principal, DIATM
Members, IEI, Durgapur Local Centre
Shri J Konar, Immd Past Chairman, IEI, DLC
Shri S Islam, Shri P K Roy,Shri S K Dey,Shri S K Ghosh, Shri S K Gorai, Shri S K Mondal, ,
Shri R Chakraborty,Shri I Sengupta,,Shri R Mukherjee, Shri T Roy, Shri D P Das, Shri T K
Dutta,Shri M Biswal,Dr S Roy,Dr K C Ghanta
Members,DIATM
Shri Rajib Choudhury, ShriAlok Dutta, Shri Samik Khan, Shri Sikta Nabagopal Bhattacharya,
Shri Jagabandhu Chatterjee, Shri Champak D. Majumdar, Shri Prabuddha J. Chatterjee, Dr
Moumita Mahanti
Technical Committee
Chairman: Dr S Sarkar
Members: Dr D Ghosh, Dr C Koner, Dr S S Roy, Dr K C Ghanta, Dr Shouri Banerjee,
Dr,Amitava Sarkar.
Contents

Messages ii

Plenary Talks 1
Soft Skills Management: A. Basu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Fractional Quantum Hall Effect of Interacting Electrons in Graphene: S. Sahoo . . 9
Progress of Thermoelectric Materials for Device Applications: A. K. Pattanaik . . . 11
Recent Trends in Applied Sciences and Humanities and its influence on technological
and socioeconomic development.: A. K. Pattanaik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Paradigms and its Impact in Todays Business Scenario: A. K. Biswas . . . . . . . 16
Jurassic Park to Armageddon: Introduction to Earth Sciences: A. Chakrabarty . . . 17
A Study of Comparison between Management Concepts TQM, SIX SIGMA & LEAN:
H. B. Goswami . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Oral Presentations 21
The stabilization of gating (Phe103) residue in wild type and mutant human Monoamine
oxidase B through Proline . . . A MD-simulation study: S. Dasgupta, S. Mukher-
jee, & B. P. Mukhopadhyay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Using Underutilized Hydraulic Sources a Re-emphasis on the Role of Hydram: S.
Ghosh, P. K. Sinha, & B. Haldar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Neutron Skin Thickness Within Droplet Model: M. Pal, S. Chakraborty, B. Sahoo &
S. Sahoo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Silicon Nanocrystals Based White Light Emitting Diode: B. Ghosh & N. Shirahata 25
Preparation and Characterization of Nano Silica from Rice Husk: A. Sarkar, D.
Datta & B. Das . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Material Hybridization with Enhanced Biodegradability by Starch Dispersion in LDPE
Matrix: D. Datta & G. Halder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Author Index 32
Messages
RTASH 2017 iii
iv RTASH 2017
RTASH 2017 v

A. K. Saxena
Chairman, Interdisciplinary Co-ordination Committee
The Institution of Engineers (India)

MESSAGE

The world will always need engineers as they translate ideas into reality. They are the people who make
things happen and keep them going. Nearly six decades back there were three basic disciplines namely
civil, mechanical, electrical engineering.

As the world of technology and engineering has been evolving, engineering colleges and universities
have made important steps to fulfill the need of experts in challenging fields like chemical,
environmental, automotive, robotic, manufacturing, bio-medical, etc. each specialised in a certain area.
With the passage of time and needs various Universities worldwide have been continually introducing
engineering undergraduate and post graduate courses. There are plenty of traditional, nontraditional,
and interdisciplinary fields of engineering that might just match up with present day requirements. As an
acoustical engineer, you might develop a state-of-the-art sound studio, or as a sports engineer you
might create equipment that tests the performance of athletes. You might also take into account the
needs in developing products and systems that will make our lives easier.

The Institution of Engineers (India) is the largest Professional Body of Engineers in the country. It serves
15 Disciplines. To meet the requirements and promote Interdisciplinary activities a Interdisciplinary Co-
ordination Committee is also there.

I am happy to learn that The Institution of Engineers (India), Durgapur Local Centre is going to organize
an All India Seminar on Recent trends in Applied Sciences and Humanities and its influence on
technological and socioeconomic development during 7-8 March, 2017.

I am sure that the Seminar will generate the right sparks and intelligence and will come up with
innovative solutions in human factors engineering, that takes human behavior and psychology into
account in developing products and systems and will make our lives easier and more convenient. My
best wishes for the success of the Seminar.

A. K. Saxena
Chairman, Interdisciplinary Co-ordination Committee
The Institution of Engineers (India)
vi RTASH 2017
Plenary Talks
2 Soft Skills Management

Soft Skills Management

Ashim Basu
C. Eng. M. I. Mar. E. (Lond/Cal). MBA (Harvard/Louis Allen-USA)
E mail : basumax@yahoo.co.in

TIME MANAGEMENT

Time Management is one aspect of the management process and is particularly related to self-
management. It is relevant to everyone, not just those who have responsibility for others.
Effective Time Management is part of good practice and no matter where you are in the hierarchy
and regardless of your level of responsibility you can still make sure that you manage your own
time effectively and prevent others imposing bad time management upon you.
Remember TIME is . . .
a resource - our scarcest resource - our most dramatic resource - passes at different speeds.

Why Manage Time?

Assess whether your job is achievable in a normal working week.

Find out which areas of your job you spend the most time on.

Prioritize the functions within your job.

Prioritize on a daily basis.

Assessing your Job

Areas being covered well - Areas being covered partially - Areas not covered at all -:- Parts of
the job that have taken over - Extra Time - Personal development- Family and friends.

Prioritizing
Prioritize within your job - Establishing Priorities - Priorities and tasks. Way of establishing
how to prioritize your work is to use the following criteria.

Immediate Tasks that have reached the deadline stage and will cause severe consequences
if not tackled Immediately.

Short Possibly routine, but there will be a crisis if not dealt with during the next week.

Medium Need to be done within the next few months in relation to the effectiveness of
work in the future.

Long Term Could be postponed indefinitely, but will eventually cause problems.

ABC analysis
Priorities and tasks can be classified as follows:

A. Important and Urgent: Tasks with deadlines need immediate response and should be dealt
with now.
RTASH 2017 3

B. Important but not Urgent: Tasks that are important and need to be done, but could be
scheduled for a later date.

C. Neither urgent nor Important: Tasks from colleagues that they tell you are urgent (because
they want them to be dealt with), but which you discover that they do not in fact need
until the end of the week.

Prioritising is a matter of habit. It is learning not to tackle what is immediately in front of

you but each day deciding what should come first and what can be left for the moment.

Pareto analysis
This is the idea that 80% of tasks can be completed in 20% of the disposable time. The remaining
20% of tasks will take up 80% of the time. This principle is used to sort tasks into two parts.
According to this form of Pareto analysis it is recommended that tasks that full into the first
category be assigned a higher priority. The 80-20-rule can also be applied to increase productivity:
it is assumed that 80% of the productivity can be achieved by doing 20% of the tasks. Similarly,
80% of results can be attributed to 20% of activity. If productivity is the aim of time management,
then these tasks should be prioritized higher.

Time Stealers
Identify where time is wasted by both you and colleagues.

Assess your most critical time wasters.

Devise an action plan for dealing with them.

How time is wasted - Personal Time Wasters.

Telephone interruptions (Be brief)

Lack of Priorities (Follow ABC or Pareto Analysis as shown in the previous page)

Lack of Priorities (Follow ABC or Pareto Analysis as shown in the previous page)

Lack of Priorities (Follow ABC or Pareto Analysis as shown in the previous page)

Indecision and Procrastination (Decision-making should be prompt and not delayed. Pro-
crastination means habit of keeping the job pending which must be avoided at all cost)

Lack of self-discipline (Self discipline must be practised religiously)

Too Much Reading (Reading should practically be done outside the office hours)

Poor Delegation (Delegation must be done to the people experienced in the job)

Crisis Management (If you follow ABC analysis of Prirotising, this thing can be avoided)

Inability to say No (You must have courage/confidence to say No If the job/assignment

is not possible to done, for whatever is the reason)

Drop-in Visitors (Be brief in discussion with these type of visits. Appointment must be
done in case the matter to be discussed is important)
4 Soft Skills Management

Too much Paper work (With computer being widely used in the industry we should look
forward for paperless desk job)
Electronic Mail (Delegate somebody to look after this operation)
Voice Mail (Delegate somebody to look after this operation)
Personal Disorganization (This is first and foremost to tackle assignments)
Dealing with -
Personal time wasters
External time wasters
Team time wasters

Planning
Assess why planning is so important
Be clear about the stages involved in planning
Identify different ways of planning in a range of situations
Meetings
Assess why many meetings are ineffective
Plan meetings, make clear decisions and record meetings
Chair meetings both fairly and effectively
Avoiding Crises
Identify some of the common causes of the crises and ways dealing with them.
Avoid overload
Communicate effectively to avoid crises
Deal with procrastination
Good Practice
Keep on top of your workload by organizing your day and assessing how tasks should be
approached with set time limits.
Learn how to say No and be realistic about what you can do.
Deal with the telephone.
Delegate effectively.
Personal Organization
Deal with paperwork and filing
Organize a system to keep on top of tasks
Organize your desk and workspace
RTASH 2017 5

The Diary
Using the diary as a working tool
Using daily task lists
Diary systems
Now, we SUMMARIZE the activities, which you can work them to your advantage for efficient
TIME MANAGEMENT
You are clear about your priorities and goals
You keep on top of your workload
You plan automatically
You communicate effectively
You learn to say No
You avoid time wasters
You use the diary as a working tool
You have time to read
Your desk is uncluttered
You reduce your levels of stress

COMMUNICATION - An Organizational Skill

Communication is the activity of conveying information through the exchange of thoughts, mes-
sages, or information, as by speech, visuals, signals, written, or behavior. It is the meaningful
exchange of information between two or more living creatures. Communication plays such a vital
role in business that its value is difficult to overstate. Whether it is an advertising manager, a
performance appraisal given by a boss to a subordinate, a mission statement, communication
occurs only when there is a transfer of information between or among people that produces com-
mon understanding. Consider your company; can you imagine the disorder that would result
from individual employees running in different directions? The company would collapse Your role
as manager is equally dependent upon communication. For you to be effective, your employees
must have a common understanding of their jobs, of their relationships with each other, and of
your expectations for them. Lets review briefly the components of the communication process.

What
Communication is a two-way flow of information. The two-way characteristic calls for both saying
something and listening to something. A good manager always exchanges. Better management
calls for the better communication, which is sought to be participative. One definition of com-
munication is any act by which one person gives to or receives from another person information
about that persons needs, desires, perceptions, knowledge, or affective states. Communication
may be intentional or unintentional, may involve conventional or unconventional signals, may
take linguistic or non-linguistic forms, and may occur through spoken or other modes.
Communication requires a sender, a message, and a recipient, although the receiver does not have
6 Soft Skills Management

to be present or aware of the senders intent to communicate at the time of communication; thus
communication can occur across vast distances in time and space. Communication requires that
the communicating parties share an area of communicative commonality. The communication
process is complete once the receiver understands the senders message.

Why
Communication takes place for one of the three purposes to inform, to direct, or to request.
Unclear communication will misinform and misdirect. Everybody suffers. If the wrong request
is made, or the request is unclear, the chances of getting the desired results are weak at best.
Clear communication precedes obtaining the desired result.

How
The most common methods are, of course, oral and written communication. But there are some
important complements to these two forms. Your one of voice carries a message equal to or
greater than, the words you speak. Your actions express the values that truly govern your be-
haviour: one act(of temper or patience, of panic or calm under pressure, of defensiveness or self
- confidence)is worth more than a thousand words. And it should not surprise you to know that
communication occurs without a single word: when the boss closes the door, communication
occurs.

There are a variety of verbal and non-verbal forms of communication. These include body
language, contact, sign language, haptic communication, and chronemics. Other examples are
media content such as pictures, graphics, sound, and writing. The Convention on the Rights of
Persons with Disabilities also defines the communication to include the display of text, Braille,
tactile communication, large print, accessible multimedia, as well as written and plain language,
human-reader, augmentative and alternative modes, means and formats of communication, in-
cluding accessible information and communication technology. Feedback is a critical component
of effective communication. These characteristics are straightforward. Understanding them is
easy.

Nonhuman communication
Every information exchange between living organisms - i.e. transmission of signals that involve
a living sender and receiver can be considered a form of communication; and even primitive
creatures such as corals are competent to communicate. Nonhuman communication also include
cell signaling, cellular communication, and chemical transmissions between primitive organisms
like bacteria and within the plant and fungal kingdoms.

Animal communication
The broad field of animal communication encompasses most of the issues in ethology. Animal
communication can be defined as any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future
behavior of another animal. Animal communication, and indeed the understanding of the animal
world in general, is a rapidly growing field, and even in the 21st century so far, a great share of
prior understanding related to diverse fields such as personal symbolic name use, animal emo-
tions, animal culture and learning, and even sexual conduct, long thought to be well understood,
RTASH 2017 7

has been revolutionized.

Plants and fungi

Communication is observed within the plant organism, i.e. within plant cells and between plant
cells, between plants of the same or related species, and between plants and non-plant organisms,
especially in the root zone. Plant roots communicate in parallel with rhizome bacteria, with fungi
and with insects in the soil.

Bacteria quorum sensing

Communication is not a tool used only by humans, plants and animals, but it is also used by
microorganisms like bacteria. The process is called quorum sensing. Through quorum sensing,
bacteria are able to sense the density of cells, and regulate gene expression accordingly.

Getting it across
Communication is usually described along a few major dimensions: Message (what type of things
are communicated), source/emisor/sender/encoder (by whom), from (in which form), channel
(through which medium), destination/receiver/target/decoder (to whom) and Receiver.
Barriers to effective human communication

Physical barriers (Filtration of matter)

System design

Attitude barriers (Emotions, etc.)

Ambiguity of words/phrases

Individual linguistic ability

Physiological barriers

Here are the statements, which you need to follow religiously.

1. I recognize that effective communication is hard work.

2. I know that needs to be said before I speak or write.

3. I think about my audience - who they are, what their level of interest is likely to be, and
what their level of understanding is.

4. I choose the right words for the subject and the audience.

5. I try to be interesting.

6. I am aware of the environment (office or social setting, open or closed door, morale, boss
preoccupied etc) when I communicate.

7. I look for feedback.

8 Soft Skills Management

8. I listen with the same level of interest I want to given to me.

9. I seek common understanding.
10. I look for clarity.

All of this, of course, is singly to make you an effective communicator. In a study of several
major companies, the chief executive officer made the point this way: When asked which skill
(from a list including technical, interpersonal, analytical and the like) was most important for
success in management, the CEOs responded with COMMUNICATION skill. This skill is most
critical to your success as a manager. If you write and speak well, you will get more out of your
efforts to inform, direct, and request. If you listen well, you will learn and accomplish more.

The same is true from a company perspective. Effective communication provides a common
understanding. The staff at large pulls the oars in the same direction. Work efforts are focused,
purposeful, and rewarding. Good communication benefits everybody. To summarize, Manage-
ment communication is a four - way process: Asking, Telling, Listening and understanding.
RTASH 2017 9

Fractional Quantum Hall Effect of Interacting Electrons in Graphene

S. Sahoo
Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology,
Durgapur - 713209, West Bengal, India.
E mail : sukadevsahoo@yahoo.com

Abstract

Graphene is a monolayer of carbon atoms packed into a dense honeycomb crystal structure.
Graphene sheets are one-atom thick, two-dimensional (2D) layers of sp2 -bonded carbon. In
graphene, carbon atoms are arranged in planar and hexagonal form. Graphene has two atoms per
unit cell. The carbon-carbon bond length in graphene is approximately 1.42, 1 (angstrom)
= 0.1 nanometer or 1010 meters. Electrons in graphene obey a linear dispersion relation i.e.
E = ~kvF = pvF , where p = ~k is momentum and vF is the velocity of electrons in graphene,
known as Fermi velocity ( vF c/300 = 106 ms ).pThese particles are called Dirac fermions
and obey the relativistic physics. Here, E p = p2 + 0 implies the effective rest mass is
zero [Since, the energy
p of a particle having rest mass m0 and moving with a velocity u in a
medium is E = p2 u2 + m20 u4 ]. Thus, the charge carriers in graphene have zero effective
mass and move at a constant velocity. Electrons in graphene are not actually massless. The
effective mass is a parameter that describes how an electron at particular wave vectors responds
to applied forces. Since the velocity of electrons confined on graphene remain constant that
indicates that the parameter (effective mass) vanishes. Graphene is the building block for carbon
materials of all other dimensions therefore it is known as the mother of all graphitic materials.
Graphite is obtained by the stacking of graphene layers. Diamond can be obtained from graphene
under extreme pressure and temperatures by transforming the 2-dimensional sp2 bonds into 3-
dimensional sp3 bonds. Carbon nanotubes are synthesized from rolled up graphene. Fullerenes
can also be obtained from graphene by modifying the hexagons into pentagons and heptagons in
a systematic way. Recent studies of graphene reveal that the linear electronic band dispersion
near the Brillouin zone corners give rise to electrons and holes that propagate as if they are
massless fermions and anomalous quantum transport is observed experimentally.
The study of quantum Hall effect (QHE) is an important aspect of graphene physics. In
recent experiments, the quantum Hall
 effect is observed in graphene. It is found that the Hall
2 1
conductivity xy = 4e /h n + , where n is the Landau level index and the factor 4
2
accounts for graphenes double spin and double band degeneracy. It is characterized as half-
integer quantum Hall effect or anomalous quantum Hall effect. The first plateau occurs at 2e2 /h
. This anomalous QHE is the direct evidence for Dirac fermions in graphene. Many scientists
expect that electrons in graphene are strongly interacting and hence exhibit FQHE. The integer
quantum Hall effect (IQHE) can be understood solely in terms of individual behaviour of electrons
in a magnetic field whereas the FQHE can be understood by studying the collective behaviour
of all the electrons. The FQHE requires lower temperature, higher magnetic field and higher
mobility compared with the IQHE. FQHE involves strong Coulomb interactions and correlations
among the electrons, which leads to quasiparticles with fractional elementary charge. We have
studied the FQHE in graphene theoretically. The FQHE reflects new physics arising from the
collective behaviour of all the electrons and the FQHE of electrons can be considered as an IQHE
of the composite particles. In this talk, after presenting a short introduction on classical Hall
effect and quantum Hall effect (both IQHE and FQHE), I shall discuss the IQHE in graphene
briefly. Then I shall discuss the FQHE in graphene. I shall discuss our theoretical results
for quantized Hall conductivity in FQHE in graphene and compare with experimental results
reported in the literature.
10 Fractional Quantum Hall Effect of Interacting Electrons in Graphene

References

1. K. S. Novoselov, et al., Science, 306, (2004) 666.

2. A. K. Geim, Science, 324,(2009) 1530.
3. S. Das Sarma, S. Adam and E. Rossi, Rev. Mod. Phys. 83, (2011) 407.
4. P. Ajayan, P. Kim and K. Banerjee, Phys. Today 69(9) (2016) 38.
5. D. K. Das, P. K. Swain and S. Sahoo, Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 30 (2016) 1650262.
6. D. K. Das, S. Roy and S. Sahoo, Mod. Phys. Lett. B, 30 (2016) 1650366.
7. K. S. Novoselov et al., Nature, 438 (2005) 197.
8. Y. Zhang, Y. W. Tan, H. L. Stormer and P. Kim, Nature, 438 (2005) 201.
9. S. Sahoo and S. Das, Indian J. Pure & Appl. Phys. 47 (2009) 658.
10. S. Sahoo, Indian J. Pure & Appl. Phys., 49 (2011) 367.
11. X. Du, I. Skachko, F. Duerr & E. Y. Andrei, Nature, 462 (2009) 192.
12. C. R. Dean et al., Nature Phys. 7 (2011) 693.
13. A. C. Balram, C. Toke, A. Wojs and J. K. Jain, Phys. Rev. B 92 (2015) 075410.
14. X. Z. Yan and C. S. Ting, Phys. Rev. B, 95 (2017) 075107.
RTASH 2017 11

Progress of Thermoelectric Materials for Device Applications

A. K. Pattanaik
Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology,
Burla, Sambalpur, Odisha-768018
E mail : akhyaya@yahoo.com

Abstract
Thermoelectric materials are becoming more important as an alternate energy source, and ap-
plications for these materials are increasing. The thermoelectric effect involves generation of
electrical energy from a heat source or removal of heat when an electric current is passed through
the material. Thermoelectric devices are used for power generation and cooling. They are be-
ing developed for power generation from waste heat sources (automobiles, heavy trucks, indus-
trial processes, chemical processes, steel industry for example), space power, remote low-voltage
power sources, personnel cooling, automobile cooling, cooling of electronics, and refrigeration.
This technology is based on the Seebeck effect, which relates the voltage (power) generated in
the material when a temperature difference is applied across it (heat flux). The most common
thermoelectric materials today are alloys of chalcogenides. Specifically these materials are either
based on bismuth telluride (Bi2 Te3 ) or lead telluride (PbTe). Bi2 Te3 can be alloyed with Bi2 Te3
to form n-type Bi2 Te3x Sex and with Sb2 Te3 to form p-type Bix Sb2x Te3 . PbTe can be alloyed
with PbSe to form p-type PbTe1x Sex and with SnTe to form n-type Pb1x Snx Te. PbTe has been
used successfully by NASA as radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) but it has not been
rejected by all current power generation projects because of the weak mechanical properties dur-
ing thermal cycling from variable temperature gradient. New classes of materials which include
skutterudites, clathrates, Half-Heuslers, silicides, tetrahedrites, oxides such as cobaltites and per-
ovskites are primarily considered for their use with higher temperature heat sources with better
efficiency and relatively low cost. These materials can be competitive with fluid-based systems,
such as two-phase air-conditioning compressors or heat pumps, or used in smaller-scale applica-
tions such as in automobile seats, night-vision systems, and electrical-enclosure cooling. More
widespread use of thermoelectrics requires not only improving the intrinsic energy-conversion
efficiency of the materials but also implementing recent advancements in system architecture. In
this talk, progress of thermoelectric materials, basic knowledge of the thermoelectric devices will
be discussed.

References

1. X. Zhang, Li-Dong Zhao, Jour of Materomics,2015, 1, 92.

2. A. P. Goncalves, C. Godart, Eur. Phys. J. B 2014, 87, 42.
3. A. D. LaLonde, Y. Pei, H. Wang & G. Jeffrey Snyder, Mater. Today, 2011, 14, 526.
4. G. J. Snyder and E. S. Toberer, Nat. Mater., 2008, 7, 105.
5. L. E. Bell, Science, 2008, 321, 1457.
12 Recent Trends in Applied Sciences and Humanities and its influence on technological and socioeconomic development.

Recent Trends in Applied Sciences and Humanities and its influence

on technological and socioeconomic development.
S. K. Dey
M. tech., FIE (IEI)
Sr. Mgr., Coal India Ltd
E mail : sekhardey@yahoo.co.in

Abstract
In the past two centuries , science has been used mainly as a tool for economic expansion and
military power for the wealthier segments of the human race. The World War ended with the
complete devastation of Hiroshima & Nagasaki of Japan by nuclear bombing. The very per-
ception of mankind towards the science became full of horror. All the good deeds achieved by
science were instantly washed away from the memory of the mankind. Thereafter several decades
it took to change the very image of science as friend of mankind. Todays modern life cannot be
comprehended without the use of science in every step. But yet people are quite scary to think
the side effect of such day-to-day use of modern gadgets and amenities rising serious issues like
global warming and finding of new diseases etc almost every day on some or other parts of the
world. Thus it is now clear that the current consumption of natural resources and increasing
stresses on the regional and local environment cannot continue indefinitely without breakdown
of the natural support systems that make present civilization possible. Science which helped to
bring about this situation, now has an over-riding responsibility to help societies make a tran-
sition from an obsession with growth to achievement of a dynamically stable and sustainable
ecological and economic system. In this transition, an alliance between modern technical science
and the holistic wisdom from indigenous societies and philosophers from all cultures can be very
important.

So far, scientific and institutional activities were focused more on harnessing the science to
increase the space of growth, production, productivity, profitability .e., purely in terms of eco-
nomics rather than sustainable development. While these approaches & perspective of science
have built up a considerable base of knowledge & led to vast portfolio of useful technologies,
especially in the 20th century, many of the problems facing mankind can be solved only if we
approach science more holistically. Greater effort is needed to understand integrated natural
systems in multidisciplinary mode on long-term, large scale or integrated problems/ issues.

The human face of science is the need of the hour. It is imperative to keep in mind that
the science is the friend of mankind for today & years & generations to come. No growth or
development is worth if it serves the best today but affects the tomorrow worst.

In 2014, a writing software called Quill was developed by an American company; it could con-
vert numerical data into a written story, accomplishing within seconds what it took experienced
analysts week of synthesis & analysis of huge volumes of financial data. In 21th century, cogni-
tive & non-routine jobs are being automated at an increasing space, with exponential progress in
developing robots that can learn by themselves. The future world will be one in which machines
can perform all types of works at a fraction of cost of human labour. It is creating the specter
of a jobless growth for our youths. In 2013 study on the impact of computerization upon jobs,
Oxford scholars Carl Frey & Michel Osborne found that algorithms for big data had started
to penetrate higher cognitive domains like pattern recognition & to substitute labour in a wide
range of non-routine cognitive tasks. The e-commerce giant Amazon now has 30,000 fulfillment
RTASH 2017 13

robots working in the warehouses worldwide; it expects to replace all employees who perform
repetitive tasks with machines in not-too-distant future.

Google, Uber, Tesla and some Indian companies too are all working on self-driven vehicles,
and once operational, it will immediately make millions of drivers and other additional people
out of employment. NHAI has a massive programme of expansion of making existing 4-lane
NH2 to 6-lane. The target of completing the same at the rate of more than 100 km per day,
which calls for huge financial investment but if we see on the ongoing job then we find that
more number of heavy machineries are pressed into service than the men, to achieve their target.
So every engine of growth use more machineries than men, reducing the job opportunities further.

The side effects of such high tech machine either replacing the use of men or shrinking further
opportunity for employment in one hand and rate of increasing rate of unemployed population
on the other hand, which will spiral into social unrest which is already aggravated by the ill
effects of modernization causing serious health hazard in terms of pollution, man-made-disasters
etc.

Its a challenge to include the large population in the march of machine driven growth. In
order to do so, its imperative that the horizon of science encompasses the ambit of social science,
humanities. Though Social Science & ethics have been incorporated long ego in the curricula of
Engineering, yet it has not been imparted same emphasis. Thus it should be a study of Science-
Technology-Social(STS).

As long as science will be made to remain our servant than master, the balancing act between
science and society will ensure the holistic growth. Science is a tool of the ideology currently
driving the world economy, namely that of the free market system, continual growth and pursuit
of personal wealth. On the other hand, science is increasingly being called on to produce knowl-
edge and technology that promote environmentally sustainable, people-oriented development and
long-term management of resources. Coexistence is necessary for both to maintain the space of
science and social harmony.

The direction of science to be, citizen-friendly rather than class-centric. Accordingly policy
framework by the lawmakers and structuring the institution and academic community required
to be done. Its a challenge for all the stake holders and they must face it for the survival of hu-
mankind in a manner to make this planet a better place to live for millennium to come. Private
participation is also essential for funding this giant task.

There will be the states and countries whose resource is too meager to uphold and practice
these noble objectives like achieving carbon reduction in the environment etc. The reach of
scientific development should be shared with them along with the resources to make the efforts
in this direction effective.

Whether its the government elected by the citizens or otherwise, focus on certain key areas
like energy development, decisions must not be based on political expediency - such as economic
benefit and job creation alone by undermining the long term social development. Fossil fuel like
coal is the cheapest of all but other non-conventional sources of energy have to be harnessed in a
time bound manner. Govt of India has taken suitable steps to promote the use of solar energy by
14 Recent Trends in Applied Sciences and Humanities and its influence on technological and socioeconomic development.

giving lot of incentives to the people besides use of wind, nuclear energy. Public debate should
be encouraged on the dangers of life-style of consumerism. While we live for today, our shared
responsibility should be for the generation next also.

An international code of ethical conduct for scientists to ensure that science is directed for
public good. Proper accountability and auditing of the same to be made mandatory for all
financial grants and also to evaluate, intervene with necessary mid-course correction whenever
needed and feedback from all the stake holders specially the target-group. On 23 February
2017, ministers, policy makers and experts from 26 countries took part in the opening of the
European Regional Consultation on Open Educational Resources (OER), held in Malta from
23 to 24 February 2017. In her keynote address, H.E. Dr. Maja Makovec Brencic, Minister for
Education, Science and Sport of Slovenia, highlighted that OER have a central role to play in
the Education 2030 Agenda and particularly in the framework of SDG4 (Inclusive and Quality
Education). Slovenia recognizes that governments have a key fundamental responsibility for suc-
cessfully implementing the 2030 Agenda. She noted that the Education 2030 Agenda reaffirms
a political commitment to establish legal and policy frameworks. It entrusts UNESCO to lead
and coordinate the 2030 Education Agenda by undertaking advocacy to sustain political com-
mitment, facilitating policy dialogue, knowledge sharing and standard setting.

The President of India H.E. Pranab Mukherjee while presenting the 9th Biennial Grassroots
Innovation Awards held on 4th March, 2017 at New Delhi, has emphasized that the Gandhian
model of decentralized and diversified innovation-based enterprises is perhaps the best way to
solve problems of jobless industrial growth even in emerging economies. He observed that the
emergence of an inclusive innovation eco-system uniquely suited to India requires several more
steps than what has already been taken by the government and civil society. He further advises
that the innovation clubs encourage students to search, spread and celebrate innovations and
sense the unmet social needs. He concludes, If the inventory of unmet social and technological
needs of 6.5 lakh villages and small towns of India can act as a stimulus for research and project
work, nothing can stop India from becoming a world leader in inclusive innovations. In this
process Institutions of higher learning need to have an interface with grassroots innovators and
the academia has to closely study and understand how creative minds among the common man
can solve local problems without much help from outside. If they can get support from formal
institutions, they can do much more, he said.

The Digital India programme is one of the flagship programme of the Government of India
with a vision to transform India into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy with
emphasis on citizen-centric services. The Digital India programme is centred on three key vision
areas :
-Digital Infrastructure as a utility to Every citizen
-Governance & Services on Demand
-Digital Empowerment of Citizens
The ultimate objective was to make all government services accessible to common man in his
locality, through common service delivery outlets, and ensure efficiency, and reliability of such
services at affordable cost to realize the basic needs of the common man. There are now 44 Mis-
sion Mode Programmes (MMP) covering a wide range of domains, viz, agriculture, land records,
health, education, passport, courts, municipalities, commercial taxes, treasuries etc.

Efforts are made to harness the Human Resources by Skill India, and Make In India pro-
RTASH 2017 15

gramme in order to make use the pool of manpower to face the challenges by the use of high tech
machines in the march of growth. At present, globally, the percentage of unemployed youth grad-
ually nearing its highest at 12.6 per cent, which equates to nearly 74 million young people who
might be without jobs. There has been significant contraction of labour. The fourth Industrial
revolution, marked by artificial Intelligence, nanotechnology and Biochemistry will aggravate the
problem of unemployment.

Therefore the inclusiveness of science and its innovations should be focused to serve the citizen
with due care to eco-system in order to sustain development, rather than profit maximization
for a minority percentage of population. Hence the applied science and humanity should march
together as a single entity for a greater cause, serving each other.

References
1. World Conference on Science conducted by World Academy of Arts & Science held on March
4 - 4, 2013
2. The Statesman, 23 February 2017, editorial by Govind Bhattacharjee, End of Jobs
3. Website of Govt of India.
16 Paradigms and its Impact in Todays Business Scenario

Paradigms and its Impact in Todays Business Scenario

Amit Kumar Biswas
Former GM, SAIL, DSP

Today the entire business scenario has become very competitive. There has been a high de-
gree of uncertainty and turmoil. This is mainly because a series of changes are taking place -
technological, social, governmental, and environmental. The most important point to be noted
here is that the rate of change is very fast and it has become extremely difficult for business
to foresee the changes and adapt to these changes quickly. As a result, business environment is
finding it extremely difficult to survive and grow. The latest jargon in todays business circle is to
have a sustainable and inclusive growth through capacity utilization, innovation, and continual
improvement in all three aspects of a business - Technological, Economical, Social and Environ-
mental. Those days are gone when organisations could survive and Grow through quantum jump
in technology alone because technology up-gradation is going very fast and is getting adapted
elsewhere in the world or in the same country in no time by other organisations.
In order to achieve this in a comprehensive manner, it is very important to excel in all gamuts
of activities in an organisation. And to do so, it has become imperative to focus on the most
important asset in any business i.e, PEOPLE ( employees, customers, partners, vendors and
society at large).
This gigantic job of modernization of the MIND of the PEOPLE is a difficult and challenging
Task for todays managers. The challenge is to see the future and help and facilitate people to
adapt to these rapid changes fast. The problem here lies with the inherent mentality of human
beings to RESIST Changes - what to talk about adapting it fast and implementing it.

Why this resistance? It has all got to do with PARADIGM.

Todays discussion in my lecture will be about Paradigm in human being and business and how
to manage change, the shift in the paradigm and the role of leadership in an organisation.
PARADIGM in todays business environment is the most talked about buzz word, but it is less
understood, frequently misinterpreted, and often neglected in an organisation. Many organisa-
tions in the world have gone into extinction because of Paradigm Paralysis and those which have
withstood the adverse situations and survived, could see the Future and act accordingly taking
their employees along with them as a TEAM through Paradigm Flexibility.

Today good organizations not only need to see the future, but create a future for sustainability.
It requires a sincere effort to tap the potential of the existing technology, small innovations from
grass root level, effective road map for cost reduction and waste reduction, looking into the
societal results and care for the Environment multifaceted activities in contrast to Production,
Productivity & Profit oriented activities a couple of decades ago. The session will deal with the
following aspects :
What is paradigm all about?
What does the shift in Paradigm Mean?
How to manage changes?
Role of mangers and leadership few traits for todays young managers
My experience in a PSU as manger on personal & professional fronts
RTASH 2017 17

Jurassic Park to Armageddon: Introduction to Earth Sciences

Aniket Chakrabarty
Department of Civil Engineering
Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College, Jalpaiguri - 735102
E mail : alkalinerks@gmail.com

Abstract

Earth Science is the study of the Earth and when we include other planets we use the terminol-
ogy Earth and Planetary Sciences. Likewise there can be Earth and Climate/Environmental
Sciences, Earth and Ocean Sciences becomes popular and such specialized courses are devised to
study the interaction between different portions of the earth. It is an exciting science with many
interesting and practical applications. Some Earth scientists use their knowledge of the Earth
to locate and develop energy and mineral resources. Others study the impact of human activity
on Earths environment, and design methods to protect the planet. Some use their knowledge
about Earth processes such as volcanoes, earthquakes, and hurricanes to plan communities that
will not expose people to these disastrous events and obviously mitigation is the ultimate goal
to prevent natural calamities.
The four basic branches of Earth Science are: Geology (solid earth), Meteorology (atmosphere -
air), Oceanography (oceans), and Astronomy (physics). Geology is the mother of all other Earth
Science branches. Geology deals with the composition of Earth materials, Earth structures, and
Earth processes. It is also concerned with the organisms of the planet earth and how this planet
changed over the time. Geologists search for fuels and minerals, study natural hazards, and work
to protect Earths environment.
Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and how processes in the atmosphere determine
Earths weather and climate. Meteorology is a very practical science because everyone is con-
cerned about the weather. How climate changes over time in response to the actions of people is
a topic of urgent worldwide concern. The study of meteorology is of critical importance in pro-
tecting Earths environment. Oceanography is the study of Earths oceans - their composition,
movement, organisms and processes. The oceans cover most of our planet and are important
resources for food and other commodities. They are increasingly being used as an energy source.
The oceans also have a major influence on the weather, and changes in the oceans can drive or
moderate climate change. Oceanographers work to develop the ocean as a resource and protect it
from human impact. The goal is to utilize the oceans while minimizing the effects of our actions.
Astronomy is the study of the universe. Here are some examples of why studying space beyond
Earth is important: the moon drives the oceans tidal system, asteroid impacts have repeatedly
devastated Earths inhabitants, and energy from the sun drives our weather and climates. A
knowledge of astronomy is essential to understanding the Earth. Astronomers can also use a
knowledge of Earth materials, processes and history to understand other planets - even those
outside of our own solar system.
If we closely look into the aforesaid aspects of Earth Sciences, it is clear that all of these branches
are interconnected e.g. you cannot avoid solid earth without considering the atmosphere sur-
rounding the planet earth and the biosphere where life grows. As we know majority of the earth
surface is covered by water so it is mandatory to study oceans and riverine systems. So, in general
it is better to describe Earth Science as interdisciplinary science where we have to understand
the processes involving the planet earth and its surroundings.
Today we live in a time when the Earth and its inhabitants face many challenges. Our climate
is changing, and that change is being caused by human activity. Earth scientists recognized this
18 Jurassic Park to Armageddon: Introduction to Earth Sciences

problem and will play a key role in efforts to resolve it. We are also challenged to: develop new
sources of energy that will have minimal impact on climate; locate new sources of metals and
other mineral resources as known sources are depleted; and, determine how Earths increasing
population can live and avoid serious threats such as volcanic activity, earthquakes, landslides,
floods and more. These are just a few of the problems where solutions depend upon a deep
understanding of Earth Science.
RTASH 2017 19

A Study of Comparison between Management Concepts TQM, SIX

SIGMA & LEAN

Prof. H. B. Goswami
Department of Electrical Engineering, DIATM, Durgapur
E mail : hbgoswami@gmail.com

Abstract

Last few years, different quality management concepts, including total quality management
(TQM), six sigma and lean, have been applied by many different organizations in India and
abroad.Lot of important work has been documented regarding TQM, six sigma and lean but
question remain unanswered concerning the applicability of these concepts in various organi-
sations and contexts.Tthe purpose of this paper is to describe the similarities and differences
between the concepts,including an evaluation and criticism of each concept.
After study it was found that while TQM, six sigma and lean have many similarities, especially
concerning origin,methodologies, tools and effects, they differ in some areas, in particular con-
cerning the main theory, approach and the main criticism. The lean concept is slightly different
from TQM and six sigma. Huge gain will be occurred if organisations are able to combine these
three concepts, as they are complementary. Six sigma and lean are excellent road-maps, which
could be used one by one or combined, together with the values in TQM.
The paper provides guidance to organisations regarding the applicability and properties of qual-
ity concepts. Organisations need to work continuously with customer-orientated activities in
order to survive; irrespective of how these activities are labelled. The paper will also serves a
basis for further research in this area, focusing on practical experience of these concepts.

A comparison table is given below to have glance

Concepts TQM Lean Six Sigma

Origin The quality The quality evolution in Japan The quality evolution in Japan
evolution in and Toyota and Motorola
Japan
Theory & Customer Waste removal Zero focus
main focus satisfaction
is main
focus
Process Improve & Flow in process Reduction in variation of
View & im- uniform process parameters
provement process
areas
Approach Commit- Project management Project management
ment from
all
Methodol- PDCA cycle DMAIC cycle Customer value and value
ogy stream analysis
Tools Analytical, Analytical Analytical,statistical
statistical (Advanced)
Effect Increase in Reduction of inventory,increase in Business goal achieving with
Customer productivity and customer improve financial performance
trust satisfaction with removal of and also customer satisfaction
congestion
20 A Study of Comparison between Management Concepts TQM, SIX SIGMA & LEAN

There are many similarities and differences,methodology,advantages,and barriers to imple-

ment TQM, Six sigma & lean.Quality concepts TQM & SIX SIGMA have many similarities but
lean concept is slightly different than these two. It is found that lean concept and six sigma are
complementary and can be used singly or combinedly to give a strength to TQM. It is found
that if an organization use these three concepts combinedly then over all operational excellence
can be achieved.

Keywords: Quality management, Six sigma, Total quality management, Lean production, Quality
improvement.
Oral Presentations
22 The stabilization of gating (Phe103) residue in wild type and mutant human Monoamine oxidase B . . .

The stabilization of gating (Phe103) residue in wild type and mutant

human Monoamine oxidase B through Proline and
interaction: A MD-simulation study
Subrata Dasgupta1 , Soumita Mukherjee2 , B.P. Mukhopadhyay3
1. PhD. Scholar, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, dasguptasubrata02@gmail.com, +91-9609694172
2. PhD. Scholar, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, soumitamk44@gmail.com, +91-9775632082,
3. Professor, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology,bpmk2@yahoo.com, +91-9434788031.

Abstract

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an important flavoenzyme, catalyzes the deamination of biogenic

monoamine neurotransmitters and regulates their concentration in the living cells. MAO plays a
vital role in the inactivation of neurotransmitters so its dysfunction is thought to be responsible
for a number of psychiatric and neurological disorders. High or low levels of monoamines have
been associated with schizophrenia and depression which makes the enzyme an important drug
target. The hMAO B contains a dipartite cavity with substrate cavity ( 400 3 ) and entrance
cavity of ( 290 3 ) separated by the side chains of Ile199 and Tyr326 residues. The entry
of ligand/inhibitor molecules into this protein is permitted by open and close conformations of
Phe103 which is situated on the protein loop that guards the access to entrance cavity. The
Phe103 attains close conformation due to steric repulsion of Ile199 side chain which exists
in open conformation and vice versa. The Gln206 residue belongs to the Imidazoline binding
domain (IBD) and believed to take part in substrate processing. Analysis of the X-ray (1OJA
and 1OJ9) and MD- simulated (wild type and mutant) structures showed that in when Phe103
gate is open the -ring is stabilized by Pro102 through Proline interaction while Trp119
stabilizes the closed gate through T-shaped interaction. In Q206N mutant structure the
Phe103 gate loses the dynamics character and always remain in closed conformation, stabilized
by Pro104 and Trp119 residues through Pro104 and interactions. These interactions
seem to be interesting and conforms the role of Gln206 in substrate/inhibitor processing and its
importance in gating function.
RTASH 2017 23

Using Underutilized Hydraulic Sources a Re-emphasis on the Role of

Hydram
Souma Ghosh1 , , Prasanta K. Sinha2 , Biswajit Haldar3
1. Asst. Professor, Durgapur Institute of Advanced Technology & Mangt, Durgapur 713 212
2. Professor & Principal, Durgapur Institute of Advanced Technology & Mangt, Durgapur 713 212
3. Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur 700098
E mail : pksinha1959@gmail.com, T el + 919434538755, F ax. + 91 343 2520881

Abstract

Electrical pumps are requirements in almost every location on the plant as water is to be pumped
to higher locations for its use in various activities. In places where there is no electricity, gen-
erators are installed to power the pumps. There is a continuous consumption of coasty energy
in such a practice. The aim of the project was to construct and design a pump that practically
no running coast and needs minimum maintenance, was simple in construction and fulfilled the
required specifications. This was to provide isolated village with water and as a replacement
to generator driven pumps that are used by farmers to water their lands. To achieve this goal,
various alternative pump designs were studied keeping in view the good and bad in each design.
In the end a selection was made on the basis of figure of merits of each pump design. The selected
design was then studied thoroughly and elaborated. After elaborating the design, dimensioning
and calculations were done and the final design was constructed with careful selection of mate-
rials and parts. The model was tested and checked thoroughly for its working. All aspects were
kept in view, efficiencies plotted and optimization was done. The design was then improved, all
possible improvements were made, leakage eliminated through powerful glue and pipe bending
was avoided and the pump was tested again. All the improvements and modifications resulted
in a better performance of the pump. Finally the efficiencies were plotted, optimum values were
highlighted and the pump.

Based on the topographical constrains on hilly terrains (Sources of water, energy and cost),
turn down the application of an irrigation system for sustainable crop planning, the present study
revealed that the selected Hydraulic ram pump (1-1/4 inch) is feasible for feeding discharge (15 ft
above the ground level) and Efficiency 11.2% to address the issue of water supply and irrigation
and energy.
24 Neutron Skin Thickness Within Droplet Model

Neutron Skin Thickness Within Droplet Model

M. Pal1 , S. Chakraborty2 , B. Sahoo3 , S. Sahoo4
1. Department of Physics, S.M.H. Govt. College for Women, W.B, mpal.phy100@gmail.com,
2. Department of Physics, M.M.M. College, Durgapur, W. B, banerjee.suparna@hotmail.com,
3. Departmentof Physics, T.D.B. College, Raniganj, W.B. : patrab abita@redif f mail.com,
4. Departmentof Physics, N.I. T, Durgapur, W. B, sukadevsahoo@yahoo.com

The neutron skin thickness S is defined as the difference between the q

r.m.s radii for the density
p
distributions of the neutrons and protons in the nucleus S = rn2 rp2 (1) Some insight
about possible co-relations between the neutron skin thickness and different observables related
to the symmetry energy
v "is provided by the droplet model#(DM) [1]. within this model the NST
u
u3 e2 z 5

is expressed as S = t t + b2n b2p (2)
5 70Esym (0 ) 2R

where the symbols have their usual meaning. The quantity t in the above expression
represents the distance between the neutron and proton mean surface location. In the standard
version of droplet model it is assumed that bn= bp= 1 fm [1, 2], which implies a vanishing
surface width correction to the neutron skin thickness. In DM, the bulk contribution t
3r0 Esym (0 )/Q
to the NST can be written t = (I Ic ) (3)
2 1 + xA A1/3

0.30
0.28
0.26 l
Eex=5Eex/3
0.24
0.22
l
0.20 Eex=3Eex/2
NL3
0.18
0.16 SKM
l
0.14
Eex=Eex/2
l
0.12 Eex=Eex/3
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

Esym/Q

Esym (0 )
Thus the DM suggests a correlation between NST S and in heavy nuclei. In this
Q
work the calculations are carried out with Yukawa form of exchange interaction having the same
range but with the different strengths for interaction between pair of like and unlike nucleon [3].
Esym (0 )
NST S 208 P b is plotted as a function of l
for different splitting of Eex ul
and Eex as well
Q
as for NL3 and SKM forces in Fig. The graph shows a linear correlation between the value of
Esym (0 )
S and .
Q

References

1. W. D. Myers and W. J. Swiatecki, Nucl. Phys. A 336,267 (1980)

2. W. Myers and W. Swiatecki, Ann. of Phys 84, 186 (1974), ISSN 0003-4916.
3. S. Chakraborty, B.Sahoo and S. Sahoo, Nucl. Phys. A 912, 31 (2013).
RTASH 2017 25

Silicon Nanocrystals Based White Light Emitting Diode

Batu Ghosh1 , Naoto Shirahata2
1. T.D.B College Raniganj, West Bengal India
2. NIMS, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan

Abstract

Recently silicon quantum dot (Si-QDs) based light emitting devices for future displays and light-
ing technological applications catches attention to the scientific community due to the number of
advantages over the much explored cadmium or lead based QDs. The advantages are: (i) silicon
is non toxic and environment friendly (ii) second earth abundant element, (iii) huge market of
silicon microelectronics. Some recent reports on electroluminescence (EL) of Si-QD based LEDs
are mostly in the orange red region1,2. On the other hand in response to the demands of
energy and concern of global warming environment friendly white light emitting diode is consid-
ered to be the most promising and suitable light source.

In this work the design and fabrication of solution processed white light-emitting diodes
(LEDs) containing a bilayer of non toxic Si-Qds and polymer in the device active region is pre-
sented. White electroluminescence is obtained in the LEDs by mixing the red emission of Si-QDs
and the blue-green emission of poly-TPD. Due to inability in energy transfer from poly TPD to
Si-QDs, both contribute in EL ,producing white light.

Figure 1. Band diagram and schematic device structure

Figure 2: (a) EL spectrum (b) device photograph

We fabricated white LED device using environment friendly non toxic Si-QDs and organic
polymer poly TPD. We use poly TPD not only as a hole transporting material but also we used
its green-blue EL to produce white light by combining with broad red EL emission from Si
QD. Due to no possibility of energy transfer from poly TPD to Si QD, both Si-QD and poly
TPD contributed in EL resulting white electroluminescence. ZnO was used as good inorganic
stable n type electron injecting layer which also acted as a good hole blocker. El spectrum and
26 Silicon Nanocrystals Based White Light Emitting Diode

the device photograph emitting white LED is shown in figure 2a, 2b. The work presented here
discloses first time a white LED using earth abundant non toxic environment friendly Si QD
LED avoiding the toxic Cd, Pb based structure and a simple fabrication process along with
a systematic analysis of the device operation. Further improvement in performance is needed
to be competitive in comparison with existing QD based white light emission display or light-
ing technologies and research. Although the device efficiency is is 0.03% with a turn on voltage
4 V which is comparatively low compare to the recent reports in other semiconductor based LED.

References

1. M. L. Mastronardi, E. J. Henderson, D. P. Puzzo, G. A. Ozin, Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 5890.

2. R. J. Anthony, D. J. Rowe, M. Stein, J. H. Yang, U. Kortshagen, Adv. Funct. Mater. 2011,
21, 4042
RTASH 2017 27

Preparation and Characterization of Nano Silica from Rice Husk

Arnab Sarkar1 , Deepshikha Datta2 , Bimal Das3

1. M.Tech, Chemical Engg. Dept., National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, arnabsarkar53@gmail.com, 9051074360.
2. Assistant Professor, Chemical Engg. Dept., Durgapur Institute of Advanced Technology and Management,
deepa.datta81@gmail.com, 8170950035.
3. Assistant Professor, Chemical Engg. Dept., National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, bimal3 0@yahoo.com, 9434789023.

Abstract

Nano-materials, defined as particles with diameters of less than 100 nm, have revolutionized
various industries, including the electronics, textile, cosmetics, agriculture, medicine and food in-
dustries, due to their physiochemical properties and tunable characteristics. Silica nanoparticles
have received attention for a variety of applications, such as in catalysis, thin-film substrates,
thermal insulators, pesticides, food additives, drug delivery, gene therapy, molecular imaging,
pigments and additives in plastics. Silica (SiO2 ) is a basic raw material that is widely used
in electronics, ceramic, and polymer material industries. Moreover, silicon is an essential con-
tributor to bone health, as silicon deficiency is associated with poor skeletal development. For
example, a new emulsion-type paint can be prepared by utilizing a nano-composite emulsion
(NCE), which contained nano-size particles consisting of silica and polyacrylate (organic shell),
as wall paint. By applying NCE for the wall paint, about 35 wt.% of the organic content in the
paint could be reduced in comparison with the commodity emulsion-type paint, which is highly
effective to save the petroleum resources and also improves the antipollution property and the
high flame resistance. Nano silica can also used in the application of biopolymer to increase its
strength, stability etc.
Rice husk is an agricultural byproduct whose major constituents are organic materials and hy-
drated silicon. Rice husk is an abundantly available agricultural waste material in rice-producing
countries like India. Rice husks are removed during the refining of rice and these husks have
no commercial interest. The annual world rice production is approximately 400 million metric
tons of which more than 10% is husk. The major constituents of rice husk are cellulose, lignin
and ash varying with the variety, climate and also geographic location of growth. The white ash
obtained from the combustion of this rice husk at moderate temperature contains 87-97% silica
in an amorphous form and some amount of metallic impurities. The chemical composition of raw
rice husk has been reported to contain both organic (74%) and inorganic constituents (26%)[1].
The organic constituents include cellulose, hemi cellulose, lignin, L-arabinose, Methylglucuronic
acid, D-galactose and some proteins and vitamins that can be removed from rich husk during the
burning process[2]. The inorganic constituents includes SiO2 (99.50%), Al2 O3 (0.04%), Fe2 O3
(0.04%), CaO (0.09%), MgO (0.08%), K2 O (0.17%)[3] .
Because of their small-diameter particles, ultrafine silica powders have many technological ap-
plications, such as thixotropic agents, thermal insulators, composite fillers, etc. Rice husk is
an agricultural byproduct whose major constituents are organic materials and hydrated silicon.
Because the silicon atoms in the rice husk have been naturally and uniformly dispersed by molec-
ular units, very fine particle size, with very high purity and surface area silica powder can be
prepared under controlled conditions. The chemical composition of rice husk ash (RHA) can also
vary accordingly with the geographical and climatic conditions, type of soils, fertilizers and the
paddy [2]. Nano structured SiO2 can be synthesized from rice husk ash through chemical means
(acid/alkali leaching and post heat treatment) [2], fluidized bed [1], carbonization and combus-
tion [4], pressurized hot-water [5], microwave hydrothermal [6], and precipitation [7]. Nanosilica
has high porosity and surface area, and can be widely used in materials such as fillers [2], phar-
maceuticals [8], catalysts [9] and chromatography [10]. In the present study nano-silica has been
28 Preparation and Characterization of Nano Silica from Rice Husk

90

60

30

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

A

Fig. 1: FTIR Analysis of prepared nanosilica Fig. 2: XRD analysis of prepared nanosilica

Fig. 3: TEM micrograph and diffraction pattern of prepared nano silica

prepared by precipitation method from rice husk and analyzed its characteristics by using dif-
ferent techniques like- FTIR (fig. 1), XRD (fig. 2), TEM (fig. 3). The diffraction pattern of the
particles showed a diffuse pattern which indicative of amorphous phase and supported by XRD
pattern.
Keywords: nanoparticles, silica, rice husk, precipitation

References

1. S. Huang, S.Jing, J.Wang, Z.Wang, Y.Jin, Silica white obtained from rice husk in a fluidized
bed, Powder Technol. 117(2001) 232-238.
2. N.Yalin, V.Sevin, Studies on silica obtained from rice husk, Ceram. Int. 27(2001)219224.
3. S.Kurama, H.Kurama, The reaction kinetics of rice husk based cordierite ceramics, Ceramics
International 34 (2008) 269-272.
4. T. H. Liou, Evolution of chemistry and morphology during the carbonization and combustion
of rice husk, Carbon 42(2004)785-794.
5. K. Mochidzuki, A.Sakoda, M.Suzuki, J.Izumi, N.Tomonaga, Structural behavior of rice husk
silica in pressurized hot-water treatment processes, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 40(2001)5705-5709.
6. A. B. Corradi, F. Bondioli, A. M. Ferrari, B. Focher, C. Leonelli, Synthesis of silica nanopar-
ticles in a continuous-flow microwave reactor, Powder Technol. 167(2006)45-48.
7. P. K. Jal, M. Sudarshan, A. Saha, S. Patel, B. K. Mishra, Synthesis and characterization of
nanosilica prepared by precipitation method, Colloids Surf. A:Physicochem.Eng.Asp. 240(2004)
173-178.
8. R.Conradt, P.Pimkhaokham, U.Leela-Adisorn, Nano structured silica from rice husk, Journal
RTASH 2017 29

of Non-Crystalline Solids 145 (1992) 75-79.

9. S.Sankar, Sanjeev K.Sharma, Narinder Kaur, Byoungho Lee, Deuk Young Kim, Sejoon Lee,
Hyun Jung Bio-generated silica nanoparticles synthesized from sticky, red, and brown rice husk
ashes by a chemical method, Ceramics International 42(2016)4875-4885.
10. T.B. Ghosh, K.C. Nandi, H.N. Acharya, D. Mukherjee, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic
analysis of amorphous silica - A comparative study, Materials Letters 12 (1991) 175-178.
30 Material Hybridization with Enhanced Biodegradability by Starch Dispersion in LDPE Matrix

Material Hybridization with Enhanced Biodegradability by Starch

Dispersion in LDPE Matrix

Deepshikha Datta1 , Gopinath Halder2

1. Assistant Professor, Chemical Engg. Dept., Durgapur Institute of Advanced Technology and Management,
deepa.datta81@gmail.com, 8170950035.
2. Associate Professor, Chemical Engg. Dept., National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, gopinathhalder@gmail.com,
9434789189.

Abstract

Most widely used polymeric materials developed in the past 50-60 years are durable and inert
in the presence of microbes thus leading to a long term performance [1]. However, in view of
the current emphasis on environmental pollution problems and in conjunction with the land
shortage problems for solid waste management and pending legislation, the need for environ-
mentally degradable and environmental friendly polymers has arisen. So considering this fact,
this present work highlights the degradation rate of different plastics packaging films like LDPE,
LLDPE and HMHDPE which are thrown as wastes after use. They were placed in different
associated environmental conditions like under soil, water, vegetable wastes and in open air for
a period of 20, 45 and 80 days. Chemical degradation of the samples in 0.1N HCl and 0.1N
NaOH solution was also analyzed by calculating the elongation at break at different loading.
The above study emphasizes the effect of different media on the biodegradation rate of different
synthetic polymers in comparison with PLA and synthesized biofilm.The weight loss percentage
revealed that synthesized biofilm had the maximum weight loss of 96.7% in just 45 days whereas
HMHDPE showed only 0.67% weight loss in 80 days under soil burial condition. Thus biopoly-

Figure 1: Weight loss percent of different of (a) non-biodegradable (b) biodegradable polymeric
films under soil

mer produced by the incorporation of starch shows a considerable reduction in its mechanical
properties with increase in hydrophilicity [2-4].This reduction in the properties is high likely to
reduce the application range of the developed biopolymer composite in its actual range of visibil-
ity thereby such type of synthesized biodegradable polymer cannot act as a substitute to replace
the highly demanding packaging material. Blending has acquired importance in improving the
performance of polymeric materials. It has become an economical and versatile route to obtain
polymers with a wide range of desirable properties. In order to ensure homogeneity in blends at
microscopic level, it is necessary to reduce the interfacial tension, so that the characteristics of
blend components are improved or at least retained [5].
Thus the present investigation emphasizes the synthesis and characterization of an extruded
RTASH 2017 31

105
105
100
100 20% starch
95 30% starch
95
32% starch
90
90 35% starch
85
85
80
80

75
75

70
70

65 35% starch content 65

32% starch content
60 60
30% starch content
55 20% starch content 55

50 50
0 2 4 0 2 4

Duration of soil burial (months) Soil burial (months)

Figure 2: Decrease in tensile strength and elongation at break of the synthesized biodegradable
film under soil burial condition

biopolymer film developed by dispersion of corn starch in Low density polyethylene (LDPE)
matrix to potentially mitigate the alarming threat resulting from the plastic disposal to the en-
vironment. The effect of detergent solution, mustard oil, petroleum oil and saline water on the
mechanical properties of the film was investigated as per ASTMD 543-67 to assess the accept-
ability and durability of the film. The developed biopolymer film of composition 60:30:10 by
weight of LDPE: starch: additive was found to have an ultimate tensile strength of 16.2 MPa
and elongation at break of 140%. Comparative study with the virgin LDPE film indicates that
only 10-12% loss of tensile strength and 15% loss in impact strength is observed by incorporating
30% starch in the biodegradable film composition, whereas the burst strength has increased by
16% which makes it to be extensively applicable for packaging applications. Biodegradability of
the film by soil burial method was tested by adopting the determination of changes in tensile
strength and elongation at break which decreased significantly by 8% and 2% respectively by
the addition of just 10% starch. Hence, the developed biopolymer film could be a promising and
environmentally benign packaging material to meet the thrust of present scenario.

References

1. I. Arvanitoyannisa, C.G. Biliaderis, H. Ogawab, N. Kawasakib, Biodegradable films made

from low-density polyethylene (LDPE), rice starch and potato starch for food packaging appli-
cations: Part 1, Carbohydrate Polymers, 36 (1998), 89 - 104.
2. Y.S. Lu, L. Tighzerta, P. Dole, D. Erre, Preparation and Properties of starch thermoplastics
modified with waterborne polyurethane from renewable resources. Polymer, 46 (2005), 9863 -
9870
3. U. Funke, W. Bergthaller, M.G. Lindhauer, Processing and Characterization of biodegradable
products based on starch, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 59 (1998), 293 - 296.
4. S.H.D. Hulleman, F.H.P. Janssen, H. Fiel, The role of water during plasticization of native
starches. Polymer, 39 (1998), 2043 - 2048.
5. I.M.Thakore, S. Desai, Studies on biodegradability, morphology and thermomechanical prop-
erties of LDPE/modified starch blends, European Polymer Journal, 37 (2001), 151-160.
Author Index

Plenary Talks
Basu, A., 2
Biswas, A. K., 16
Chakrabarty, A., 17
Dey, S. K., 12
Goswami, H. B., 19
Pattanaik, A. K., 11
Sahoo, S., 9

Oral Presentations
Datta, D., 30
Ghosh, B., 25
Ghosh, S., 23
Mukherjee, B. P., 22
Pal M., 24
Sarkar, A., 27