Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Coupling of VOF with LPT

to improve cavitation modeling

Aurelia Vallier 1
Johan Revstedt 1
Hakan Nilsson 2
1 Fluid Mechanics/Energy Sciences, LTH Lund University, Sweden
2 Applied Mechanics/Fluid Dynamics, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden

2011-06-15

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 1 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Experiments

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 2 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Experiments

Numerical simulations

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 2 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Experiments

Numerical simulations

Improvement
Model the small bubbles which are present after the
breakup of the attached cavity.
Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 2 / 17
 Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Mass transfer cavitation model

based on VOF (Volume Of Fluid)

Bubbles larger than the grid size

High vapor volume fraction
Irregular structures: need to
describe the interface

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 3 / 17
 Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Mass transfer cavitation model Bubble cavitation model based on

based on VOF (Volume Of Fluid) LPT (Lagrangian Particle Tracking)

Bubbles larger than the grid size

Bubbles smaller than the grid size
High vapor volume fraction
Low vapor volume fraction
Irregular structures: need to
Shape can be considered spherical
describe the interface

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 3 / 17
 Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Mass transfer cavitation model Bubble cavitation model based on

based on VOF (Volume Of Fluid) LPT (Lagrangian Particle Tracking)

Bubbles larger than the grid size

Bubbles smaller than the grid size
High vapor volume fraction
Low vapor volume fraction
Irregular structures: need to
Shape can be considered spherical
describe the interface

1 Coupling of Eulerian and Lagrangian models : multi-scale model

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 3 / 17
 Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Mass transfer cavitation model Bubble cavitation model based on

based on VOF (Volume Of Fluid) LPT (Lagrangian Particle Tracking)

Bubbles larger than the grid size

Bubbles smaller than the grid size
High vapor volume fraction
Low vapor volume fraction
Irregular structures: need to
Shape can be considered spherical
describe the interface

1 Coupling of Eulerian and Lagrangian models : multi-scale model

2 Identify the small bubbles suitable for LPT
Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 3 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

VOF for mass transfer cavitation model

Liquid volume fraction [0, 1].

= g + (1 )l ,
= g + (1 )l ,

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 4 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

VOF for mass transfer cavitation model

Liquid volume fraction [0, 1].

= g + (1 )l ,
= g + (1 )l ,
Transport equation for the vapor volume fraction

+ (U) + ((1 )Ur ) = S
t

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 4 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

VOF for mass transfer cavitation model

Liquid volume fraction [0, 1].

= g + (1 )l ,
= g + (1 )l ,
Transport equation for the vapor volume fraction

+ (U) + ((1 )Ur ) = S
t
m
S =
v

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 4 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

VOF for mass transfer cavitation model

Liquid volume fraction [0, 1].

= g + (1 )l ,
= g + (1 )l ,
Transport equation for the vapor volume fraction

+ (U) + ((1 )Ur ) = S
t
m
S =
v
Mass and momentum equations for the mixture
U = 0,
U
+ (U U) = p + 2 U + g Sst + SP .
t

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 4 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

VOF for mass transfer cavitation model

Liquid volume fraction [0, 1].

= g + (1 )l ,
= g + (1 )l ,
Transport equation for the vapor volume fraction

+ (U) + ((1 )Ur ) = S
t
m
S =
v
Mass and momentum equations for the mixture
U = 0,
U
+ (U U) = p + 2 U + g Sst + SP .
t

Sst = st n.
Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 4 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

LPT for bubble cavitation model

Particle P : position xP , diameter DP , velocity UP and density P .

dxP
= UP ,
dt
dUP X
mP = F.
dt

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 5 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

LPT for bubble cavitation model

Particle P : position xP , diameter DP , velocity UP and density P .

dxP
= UP ,
dt
dUP X
mP = F.
dt
Two-way coupling:
1 X
SP = mP ((Up )tout (Up )tin )
Vcell t
P

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 5 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

LPT for bubble cavitation model

Particle P : position xP , diameter DP , velocity UP and density P .

dxP
= UP ,
dt
dUP X
mP = F.
dt
Two-way coupling:
1 X
SP = mP ((Up )tout (Up )tin )
Vcell t
P

Rayleigh-Plesset equation:

d2 R 3 dR 2 4 dR 2st
 
pB p
=R 2 + + + .
dt 2 dt R dt R

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 5 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 6 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Mark the cells with < 0.95

(i.e. at least 5% of gas.)

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 6 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Mark the cells with < 0.95

(i.e. at least 5% of gas.)

Cell Number Bubble ID

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
10 0
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 6 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Mark the cells with < 0.95

(i.e. at least 5% of gas.)

Cell Number Bubble ID

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
10 0
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 11 0
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 6 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Mark the cells with < 0.95

(i.e. at least 5% of gas.)

Cell Number Bubble ID

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
10 0
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 11 0
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 12 0
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 6 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Mark the cells with < 0.95

(i.e. at least 5% of gas.)

Cell Number Bubble ID

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
10 0
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 11 0
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 12 0
15 1
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 6 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Mark the cells with < 0.95

(i.e. at least 5% of gas.)

Cell Number Bubble ID

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
10 0
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 11 0
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 12 0
15 1
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
16 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 19 0
20 0
21 0
22 0
24 1
25 1
29 0
30 0
31 0

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 6 / 17
 Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Mark the cells with < 0.95

(i.e. at least 5% of gas.)

Cell Number Bubble ID

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
10 0
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 11 0
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 12 0
15 1
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
16 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 19 0
20 0
21 0
Z X 22 0
VP = (1 ) d = (1 ) Vcell@ID 24 1
cell@ID 25 1
29 0
30 0
31 0

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 6 / 17
 Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Mark the cells with < 0.95

(i.e. at least 5% of gas.)

Cell Number Bubble ID

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
10 0
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 11 0
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 12 0
15 1
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
16 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 19 0
20 0
21 0
Z X 22 0
VP = (1 ) d = (1 ) Vcell@ID 24 1
cell@ID 25 1
29 0
1 X
xP = (1 ) xcell@ID 30 0
VP
cell@ID 31 0

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 6 / 17
 Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Mark the cells with < 0.95

(i.e. at least 5% of gas.)

Cell Number Bubble ID

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
10 0
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 11 0
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 12 0
15 1
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
16 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 19 0
20 0
21 0
Z X 22 0
VP = (1 ) d = (1 ) Vcell@ID 24 1
cell@ID 25 1
29 0
1 X
xP = (1 ) xcell@ID 30 0
VP
cell@ID 31 0
VP < 10%VLAG ?
Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 6 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Equivalent spherical bubble determined from the irregular vapor

structure
6
DP = ( VP )1/3

Create the point particle P (DP , xP , UP ) for the LPT simulation
Remove the bubble from the VOF simulation : set to 1
Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 7 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Test case 1

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 8 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Test case 1

Figure: VOF simulation

Figure: Andersson R. and Andersson B., Modeling the breakup of particles in

turbulent flows, AIChE Journal 2006.
Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 9 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Test case 1

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 10 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Test case 2

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 11 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Test case 2

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 12 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Test case 3

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 13 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Test case 3

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 14 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Test case 3

Particle size distribution

600
lim=0.9
lim=0.95
lim=0.99

500

400
Pdf

300

200

100

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Particle diameter [m]

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 15 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Test case 3

Mark the cells with < 0.95 0.99

36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 16 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Test case 3

Mark the cells with < 0.95 0.99

Cell Number Bubble ID
0 0
36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 4 1
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 8 2
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

More small bubbles are captured (The

isolated cells with [0.95, 0.99[ are
not neglected anymore)

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 16 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Test case 3

Mark the cells with < 0.95 0.99

Cell Number Bubble ID
0 0
36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 4 1
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 8 2
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 10 3
11 3
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
12 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 14 4
15 4
More small bubbles are captured (The 16 4
isolated cells with [0.95, 0.99[ are 19 3
not neglected anymore) 20 3
21 3
22 3
23

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 16 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Test case 3

Mark the cells with < 0.95 0.99

Cell Number Bubble ID
0 0
36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 4 1
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 8 2
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 10 3
11 3
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
12 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 14 4
/3
15 4
/3
More small bubbles are captured (The 16 4
/3
isolated cells with [0.95, 0.99[ are 19 3
not neglected anymore) 20 3
21 3
22 3
23 3

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 16 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Test case 3

Mark the cells with < 0.95 0.99

Cell Number Bubble ID
0 0
36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 4 1
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 8 2
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 10 3
11 3
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
12 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 14 4
/3
15 4
/3
More small bubbles are captured (The 16 4
/3
isolated cells with [0.95, 0.99[ are 19 3
not neglected anymore) 20 3
Less medium and large bubbles are 21 3
captured (The connecting cells with 22 3
[0.95, 0.99[ merge bubbles and the 23 3
condition VP < 10%VLAG isnt satisfied
anymore)

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 16 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Implementation of a multi-scale model.

VOF model complemented with a two-way coupling LPT model.
Identification of the small bubbles suitable for LPT approach.
Model applied to simple cases of air bubbles breaking up under the
impact of a water jet.
Ability to capture and track the small bubbles which a pure VOF model
fails to describe.
Particles size and distribution depend on the parameters introduced.

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 17 / 17
Introduction Multi-scale model Bubbles identification Results Conclusions

Implementation of a multi-scale model.

VOF model complemented with a two-way coupling LPT model.
Identification of the small bubbles suitable for LPT approach.
Model applied to simple cases of air bubbles breaking up under the
impact of a water jet.
Ability to capture and track the small bubbles which a pure VOF model
fails to describe.
Particles size and distribution depend on the parameters introduced.
Future work : test on a cavitating case.
Include mass transfer with the VOF approach
Include the description of the small bubbles dynamics with the LPT
approach

Aurelia Vallier Coupling of VOF with LPT to improve cavitation modeling 2011-06-15 17 / 17