APRIL 2010

1. MORPHOLOGY is a sub-branch of linguistics which deals with the internal structure of words. The elementary unit of
analysis in morphology is a morpheme and the highest in hierarchy is a word. The term 'morphology' derives from the
Greek words morphe meaning 'form' and logia meaning 'reasoning, learning', so morphology would mean: 'the study
of form'. Morphology deals with varying word-forms (covered by the term inflection or accidence, which refer to the
study of changes in the word-form due to different contexts) and also with the processes which produce new words
(the term related to the study of word-forming processes is word-formation). Inflectional and wordforming
processes have a lot in common so that the inflection and word-formation are joined in the discipline of language
study which is called morphology.

2. How does morphology fit into the definition of grammar?

Grammar is the study or use of the rules about how words change their form and combine with other words to make
sentences and morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through
the use of the morpheme construct.

3. Two sandwiches and two teas, please!

morphemes: two, sandwich, es, and, two, tea, s, please
morphs
allomorphs: es, s

4. How does the system of rules in the domain of lexis relate to the system of rules operating in the domain of syntax?
They are related through agreement -the syntactic rules in some constructions require a certain word-form

5. grammatical words: pronouns, articles, auxiliary verbs, prepositions and conjunctions

6. lexical paradigm:
keep, keeper, goalkeeper, wicketkeeper, upkeep, keepings, safe-keeping, keep-fit
make, maker, make-up, make-believe, make-work, makings
take, taker, takeaway, takeout, intake, take-off, takeover, takings, take-up, piss-take, out-take, double take
get, getaway, get-together, get-up, get-up-and-go, get-out, getting

7. inadequacy, infinite, incalculable, incomparable, incompleteness , ingratitude

pseudo-intellectual, pseudo-science

8. worker, maker, singer, driver, teacher, writer, cooker

riverward, leftward, upward, afterward, earthward, windward

9. grammatical paradigm, homonymous word forms

saw past simple of the verb to see boxes - plural from a box
saw present simple, verb to saw boxes 3rd person sing. present tense of the verb to box

10. Come out of there, whoever you are! grammatical (functional, empty) words: pronouns, articles, auxiliary verbs,
prepositions and conjunctions

11. She should have come on time. content (lexical, full) words: nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs

12. Free or bound morphemes

consumer (free) itis (bound) ???, go-between(free, free), down-and-out(free), supernatural(free,free)

13. simple/complex words

unwelcome (2), unreliable (3), cross-refer (2), inaccurate (2) = complex
14. cheeseburger transparent; cafeteria opaque; tumble-drier transparent; wishy-washy transparent

15. bases:
cheese-cutter cut; all-nighter night

16. roots:
nanotechnology technology; hind-clipping hind, clip; goal-keeper goal, keep; pleasing please

17. grammatical categories which are marked by inflectional suffixes

number, tense, case, aspect, degree

18. grammatical categories which are marked by inflectional suffixes together with functional words
number, case

19. In linguistics, conjugation is the creation of derived forms of a verb from its principal parts by inflection (alteration
of form according to rules of grammar). Conjugation may be affected by person, number, gender, tense, aspect, mood,
voice, or other grammatical categories. Typically the principal parts are the root and/or several modifications of it
(stems). All the different forms of the same verb constitute a lexeme, and the canonical form of the verb that is
conventionally used to represent that lexeme is called a lemma.
Conjugation is also the traditional name for a group of verbs that share a similar conjugation pattern in a particular
language (a verb class). A verb that does not follow any of the standard conjugation patterns of the language is said to
be an irregular verb. The system of all conjugated variants of a particular verb or class of verbs is called a verb
paradigm; this may be presented in the form of a conjugation table.

20. Modern English is virtually free from personal inflexions and the survivals of personal distinctions in verbs are the
following: the s in the 3rd person singular of most verbs; in the second person there are forms in t or st with the old
pronoun thou. With full verbs, i.e. all verbs except auxiliaries and modals, it is only the third person that is overtly
marked. The term generic person is used for what can be said to comprise all persons and in English one is used in this
sense. Instead of one which is formal the personal pronouns we or you are used in familiar speech.

21. exponents of past participle

{ed} . In regular verbs, this marker, regularly represented as {ed} is realized in writing as d if preceded by the letter e,
or ed in all other cases. The allomorphs of {ed} are /id/ after /t/ and /d/; /d/ after vowels and voiced consonants; /t/
after voiceless consonants

22. Exponents of definiteness are the definite and indefinite articles. Unmarked members of definiteness paradigm
have zero marker, i.e. zero article. The indefinite article has 2 allomorphs: //, // and so does the definite article the
allomorphs of which are: //, //. Some words in English are inherently marked for definiteness, such as some
kinds of pronouns and determiners (me is definite, oneself indefinite).

23. dual gender: artist, cook, singer, criminal, enemy, fool, foreigner, friend, guest, inhabitant, librarian, musician,
neigbour, novelist, parent, person, professor, servant, speaker, student, teacher, writer

24. Concord refers to the situation when 2 or more lexemes are obligatory marked for the same morphological
categories, e.g. this boy and these boys. Of 2 forms showing concord, the use of one necessitates the use of the other,
e.g. I can be only combined with am; this kind of concord is termed bilateral concord. It can also happen that the
relation between 2 elements is unilateral in the sense that one element can be combined with several other elements,
e.g. are combines with you in sg. and pl., we and they; this kind of concord is called unilateral concord. The term
concord is subsumed under the term agreement so that by concord is meant formal agreement in person, number,
gender or tense (or more than one simultaneously) between 2 or more lexemes or parts of a sentence.

25. Voice is a grammatical category featured through the opposition active-passive and found in transitive verbs.