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Total maxillectomy
Amy L. Pittman, MD,a Chad A. Zender, MDb
From the aDepartment of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois;
and the
b
Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals-Case Western Reserve Medical Center,
Cleveland, Ohio.
KEYWORDS Tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are uncommon and represent both malignant and
Maxillectomy; benign pathology. These neoplasms often present as locally advanced lesions. Depending on the extent
Maxillary sinus of the disease, a total maxillectomy has been traditionally used for eradication of disease successfully.
tumors; Although radiation therapy may be an option, patients treated with surgical excision benefit from
Paranasal sinus preservation of adjacent vital structures. Free tissue transfer provides many reconstructive options for
tumors; the head and neck surgeon and is reliable for restoring near-normal functional recovery.
Orbital exenteration 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Introduction and indications treated with a medial maxillectomy removing the lateral
nasal wall, medial orbital wall, and medial wall of the
Tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses are infre- maxilla, preserving the hard palate. Another example is
quent in incidence, making up less than 10% of lesions in when treating tumors of the alveolus (eg, squamous cell
the head and neck region. Most of these tumors are epithe- carcinoma). An inferior maxillectomy removing the inferior
lial in origin, with squamous cell carcinoma being the most portion of the maxilla and floor of the nose can be per-
common pathologic diagnosis. Tumors may also originate formed, preserving the orbital floor and medial components
in the bone, salivary glands, or odontogenic apparatus. Un- of the maxilla and nose. When tumors involve the orbital
fortunately, malignant lesions of the region tend to mimic contents (orbital fat or ocular muscle involvement), an or-
benign disease, thus delaying diagnosis until the tumor bital exoneration can be performed in conjunction with the
becomes problematic and evident at an advanced stage. maxillectomy. This article will describe a traditional max-
Surgical excision is often a component of, if not the primary illectomy with orbital preservation.
modality in, treatment. This is related to the close proximity
of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses to important struc-
tures such as the orbit and brain. Exceptions to this rule
would include lymphoma or other lesions that are respon- Patient selection
sive to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Benign lesions usu-
Advanced tumors may be unresectable when they begin to
ally require excision alone, whereas malignant neoplasms
involve the lateral sphenoid sinus (cavernous sinus), intra-
are often treated with adjuvant therapy.
cranial contents, or carotid artery. Ohngrens line is an
When dealing with both benign and malignant lesions,
imaginary line drawn from the angle of the mandible to the
the operation can be tailored to the tumor type and location.
medial canthus on the ipsilateral side (Figure 1). The line
Inverted papillomas are an example of a benign tumor with
divides the midface into an anteroinferior and posterosupe-
the potential for malignant transformation. They can be
rior quadrant, with the latter being typically more challeng-
ing to treat and carrying a poorer prognosis.
Address reprint requests and correspondence: Chad A. Zender,
MD, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UH Case The extent of the tumor dictates the extent of the max-
Medical Center, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44106. illectomy necessary for adequate resection. For example, an
E-mail address: Chad.Zender@UHhospitals.org. inferior or partial maxillectomy may be sufficient for neo-
1043-1810/$ -see front matter 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.otot.2010.07.005
Pittman and Zender Total Maxillectomy 167
Surgical technique
The procedure is completed under general anesthetic. A
preoperative dose of a broad spectrum antibiotic is admin-
istered to cover normal flora of the oral and nasal cavities.
In addition, the author typically administers a 10-mg dose of
Decadron, unless otherwise contraindicated. Tarsorrhaphy
is used to protect the globe during the procedure and is
removed immediately post procedure. Traditionally, the sur-
gical approach used for a complete maxillectomy includes a
lateral rhinotomy or a modified WeberFerguson incision.
When not designed appropriately, these incisions can lead to
unsightly scars; however, maintaining the incision within
Figure 1 Ohngrens line. the borders of the facial subunits can minimize both distor-
tion and functional impact. Although the initial incision for
a complete maxillectomy is similar to that used for a partial
plasms confined to the inferior sinus or palate. Conversely, maxillectomy or medial maxillectomy, a much wider expo-
if there is extension into the skull base, pterygomaxillary sure is essential. Supraciliary or subciliary incisions may be
fossa, or infratemporal fossa, then a combination of surgical made if orbital exenteration is planned. Please illustrate (Dis-
approaches may be necessary. A total or complete maxil- cuss why and when supraciliary and when subciliary). The lip
lectomy is indicated for tumors that involve the floor of the splitting incision runs along the ipsilateral philtrum to respect
orbit, inferior rim, or posterior maxillary wall. the subunits of the upper lip. The incision is carried through the
The extent of therapeutic surgical intervention is dictated skin, subcutaneous tissue, and musculature of the upper lip and
by the general well being of the patient, with careful con- cheek (Figure 2).
sideration of comorbid conditions, prognosis, and patients A cheek flap is then elevated at the level of the perios-
preference. teum of the anterior maxilla. An upper gingivolabial sulcus
incision is also made intraorally to facilitate in flap elevation
(Figure 3). The infraorbital nerve is encountered just infe-
Preoperative preparation rior to the infraorbital rim and is divided. Elevation of the
cheek flap extends to approximately 1 cm lateral to the
History and physical examination, with emphasis placed on lateral canthus. The orbicularis oris muscle is retracted ce-
intraoral and intranasal anatomy, are essential. This in- phalic to expose the orbital rim. A freer elevator is used to
volves assessment of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx with lift the periosteum posteriorly along the floor of the orbit.
an endoscope. The integrity of the infraorbital nerve and After the periorbita has been lifted inferiorly and medially,
malar soft tissue can reveal extension outside of the max- the lacrimal fossa, lamina papyracea, and lacrimal sac are
illary sinus. Preoperative biopsies of the tumor should be identified. The sac and duct are transected, and the sac is
obtained for histologic confirmation of disease. All patients marsupialized. Medial elevation must be carried above the
should be evaluated with a CT, MRI, or possibly both. CT frontoethmoid suture line, which can be identified by the
will show bony anatomy, but may overestimate the margins anterior and posterior ethmoid arteries. These arteries can be
of the tumor. MRI is superior in distinguishing tumor from clipped or bipolared, but care must be used when manipu-
surrounding soft tissue. lating the posterior ethmoid artery because of it close prox-
A dental evaluation should be completed preoperatively imity to the optic nerve (35 mm). The orbital plate of the
to extract grossly infected teeth but also to take necessary maxilla should be exposed. The orbit is inspected for ex-
impressions so that a surgical obturator can be made if soft tension of tumor, and, if involved, an exenteration is per-
tissue reconstruction is not planned. The device is inserted formed. Attention is then turned to the zygoma, where the
following excision with the intent of retaining operative attachments of the masseter are transected using electrocau-
168 Operative Techniques in Otolaryngology, Vol 21, No 3, September 2010
loss of orbital support can be prevented or minimized with quate ablation via total maxillectomy can achieve cure in
appropriate reconstructive techniques. even locally advanced tumors. The difficulty lies in giv-
ing the patient an oncologically sound resection while
preserving important adjacent structures, without causing
Discussion cosmetic deformity. Multiple free tissue transfer possi-
bilities exist for reconstructing midface defects left by a
Surgery for tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal complete maxillectomy and have been used successfully
sinuses can be technically challenging. However, ade- in the experience of this author as well as in the literature.