Textile Manufacturing Process Textile Manufacturing Process is done some regular processes.

Each
process of textile manufacturing is maintained with pre-defined sequences and the textile engineers
usually follow the flow chart step by step to produce the better textile products according to buyers
requirement. Usually, the whole textile manufacturing process is divided by four sector ;

1. Spinning or Yarn Manufacturing

2. Fabric Manufacturing (weaving or knitting)
3. Dyeing, Printing & Finishing
4. Garments Manufacturing or Clothing.

THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY

Fiber
Fabric
Spinning
Pre-treatment
Finishing
Dyeing or/and Printing

A fiber is a material which is several hundred times as long as its thick.

Textile Fiber

Textile fiber has some characteristics which differ between fiber to Textile fiber. Textile fibber can be
spun into a yarn or made into a fabric by various methods including weaving, knitting, braiding,
felting, and twisting. The essential requirements for fibers to be spun into yarn include a length of at
least 5 millimeters, flexibility, cohesiveness, and sufficient strength. Other important properties
include elasticity, fineness, uniformity, durability, and luster. Banana fiber is one kind of fiber but it is
not a textile fiber. Because it cannot fill up the above properties. So we can say that all fiber are not
textile fiber .

What is Textile Fabric?

The term fabric can be defined as a planner structure produced by interlaced/interloped

yarns or fibers and felts made by interlocking fibers.
It is a manufactured assembly of fibers and/or yarns that has substantial surface area in
relation to its thickness and sufficient mechanical strength to give the assembly inherent
cohesion.

Nonwoven, where yarns are bonded or interlocked using mechanical, chemical, thermal, hydro or
solvent.

Warp
 Weft
Knitting, with one continuous yarn broken into two kinds of knits:
Satin
Twill
Plain
Weaving, layering warp and fill yarns, with three basic types of weaves
Fabric is the material or cloth made from natural or man-made yarns using one of the
following methods:
Fabric Production

Process

The polymer being spun must be converted into a fluid state. If the polymer is a thermoplastic then it
can be simply melted, otherwise it is dissolved in a solvent or chemically treated to form soluble or
thermoplastic derivatives. The molten polymer is then forced through the spinneret, then it cools to a
rubbery state, and then a solidified state. If a polymer solution is used, then the solvent is removed
after being forced through the spinneret.

Spinning is manufacturing process for creating polymer fibers. It is a specialized form of extrusion
that uses a spinneret to form multiple continuous filaments. There are many types of spinning: wet,
dry, dry jet-wet, melt, gel, and electrospinning. Spinning

. Pretreatment process

Natural fibers and synthetic fibers contain primary impurities that are contained naturally, and
secondary impurities that are added during spinning, knitting and weaving processes. Textile pre-
treatment is the series of cleaning operations. All impurities which cause adverse effect during dyeing
and printing are removed in pre-treatment process.

Pre-treatment processes include desiring, scouring , and bleaching, which make subsequent dyeing
and softening processes easy. Uneven desizing, scouring, and bleaching in the pre-treatment processes
might cause drastic deterioration in the qualities of processed products, such as uneven dyeing and
decrease in fastness.

Objective of Pre-treatment:

1- To Convert fabric from hydrophobic to hydrophilic state.

2- To remove dust, dirt etc from the fabric.
3- To achieve the degree of desire whiteness.

Desizing
Sizes are applied to the warp yarns of the woven fabrics to assist the weaving process but must be
removed prior to dyeing or printing. This process of removing the starch from the fabric is called
desizing. Cellulosic and Synthetic fabrics contain sizes to some extent, whereas knitted fabric does
not contain sizes.

Scouring

Scouring is the next process after desizing in which the water insoluble impurities, the natural fats and
waxes present in the fabric are removed. This provides a greater cleaning action to remove the soiling
and staining developed during transportation or storage of the goods. Due to the removal of these
impurities, the absorbency of the fabric increases to the greater extent, which facilitates further
processing functions. There are two methods come into account, which are, alkali scouring and
solvent scouring Normally, alkali scouring is the mostly accepted process and sodium hydroxide
(NaOH) is applied as alkali.

Bleaching

The scouring process of cotton removes waxes, but other majority of impurities leaving behind the
natural coloring matter. In such situation, bleaching completes the purification of fiber by ensuring the
complete decolourisation of coloring matter. A general classification of bleaching agents is shown in:-

Textile Finishing

Textile Finishing is a process used in manufacturing of fiber, fabric, or clothing. In order to impart the
required functional properties to the fiber or fabric, it is customary to subject the material to different
type of physical and chemical treatment.

Types of Finishing process

Mechanical Finishing;

Involving the application of physical principles such as friction, temperature, pressure, tension and
many others.

Chemical Finishing;

The finishes applied by means of chemicals of different origins, a fabric can receive properties
otherwise impossible to obtain with mechanical means.

Enzyme Finishing ;

Bio polishing, also called bio-finishing, is a finishing process applied to cellulosic textiles that
produces permanent effects by the use of enzymes. Bio-finishing removes protruding fires and slobs
from fabrics, significantly reduces pilling, softens fabric hand and provides a smooth fabric
appearance, especially for knit wear and as a pretreatment for printing.

Types of Finishing

Soil Release Finishes

Flame

Retardant

Treatment

Anti Pilling

Crease Resistant

Crease Proofing

Elastomeric Finishes

Peach finish

Non Slip Finish

Stain and Soil Resistant Finishes

Oil and Water Proofing

Water-Repellent Finishes

Absorbent Finishes

Anti Static Finish

Anti Mildew

Mothproofing Finishes

Antimicrobial Finish

Colourfastness

Improving Finish

Self-cleaning

Hydrophilic finishing
Photo-protective agents and antioxidants Biologically protective finishes

Dyeing and Printing

Textiles are usually coloured to make them attractive and beautiful. They would appear extremely dull
in the absence of color. There are two ways of adding color to a textile substrate, printing and dyeing.
Printing is a process in which a multicolor effect is produced on the textile at discrete places where as
dyeing completely covers the substrate with color. The substances used to color the textiles can be
classified as dyes or pigments.Dyeing or /and Printing