Introduction

The design and operation of many different type of high temperature engineering plants are
frequently concerned with the possibility of failures airising from fatigue. The imposition of cyclic
loads arising from temperature cycles and purely mechanical sources is virtually unavoid able in gas
and steam turbines, nuclear reactors and certain chemical plants and a major problem is to design
critical components to have acceptable fatigue lives

Fatigue test conducted at room temperature under vacuum have long been used to reduced the
corrosive contribution to an enduranced curve but it was not until the early 1960 that elevated
temperature in vestigations were begun. At the time of a previous review (cook and skelton, 1974)
most of these test had been of the traditional high frequency type (>5 Hz), only one or two workers
having reported results in high strain fatigue (HSF) under a vacuum or inert atmosphere. Crack
propagation data under such enviromental HSF conditions were just beginning to emerge

2. Why test in a vacuum chamber?

In view of the difficulties mentioned in the last section we now state reasons why investigation
undertake time-consuming test in vacuum.

a. General cleanliness in chamber

b. Inert gas environment
c. Crack propagation rates
d. Identification of crack grow steps
e. Striation measurements

In fundamentals research studies, vacuum test offer the following advantages:

f. In view of the enchanced oxidation contribution to cracrk growth in the tip region which
occurs in air , they provide baseline data, cylic crack growth by purely mechanical means.
g. Under a given testing frequency they help estabilish the conditions for a transition from
intergranular cracking (air) to transgranular cracking in vakum.
h. In total endurance test with dwell, they assist in resolving the creep, fatigue and oxidation
components
2. Mengapa tes di ruang vakum?
Mengingat kesulitan yang disebutkan dalam bagian terakhir kita sekarang menyatakan
alasan mengapa investigasi melakukan tes memakan waktu dalam ruang hampa.
Sebuah. Kebersihan umum di ruang
b. Lingkungan gas inert
c. Retak tarif propagasi
d. Identifikasi retak tumbuh langkah
e. pengukuran pergoresan
Dalam studi penelitian fundamental, uji vakum menawarkan keuntungan sebagai berikut:
f. Mengingat kontribusi oksidasi enchanced untuk cracrk pertumbuhan di wilayah ujung yang
terjadi di udara, mereka menyediakan data dasar, pertumbuhan retak cyclic dengan cara
mekanis murni.
g. Di bawah frekuensi pengujian diberikan mereka membantu estabilish kondisi untuk
 transisi dari intergranular cracking (udara) ke transgranular retak di vakum.
h. Total uji ketahanan dengan diam, mereka membantu dalam menyelesaikan creep,
kelelahan dan oksidasi komponen

3. type of vacuum pumping system

The properties of the various system may be summerised as follows :

a. Diffusion pumps are unselective

b. Titanium sublimation pumps depend on chemical action
c. Turbomolecular pumps are mass selective
d. Ion pumps, like (b) will not remove inert gasses

3. jenis sistem pompa vakum

Sifat dari berbagai sistem dapat diringkas sebagai berikut:
Sebuah. Pompa difusi non selektif
b. Pompa titanium sublimasi tergantung pada tindakan kimia
c. Pompa turbomolecular adalah massa selektif
d. Ion pompa, seperti (b) tidak akan menghapus gas lembam

4. type of vacuum chamber for fatigue test

a. the chief requirements in the vacuum testing rig is a fatigue machine , usually in the range 100 to
200kN, with high stiffness and lateral resistance.

It is convenient to describe each system under the heading of investigating laboratory, in

approximately chronological order.

4. jenis ruang vakum untuk uji kelelahan

Sebuah. persyaratan utama dalam rig pengujian vakum adalah mesin kelelahan, biasanya di kisaran
100 sampai 200kn, dengan kekakuan tinggi dan tahan lateral.
Hal ini mudah untuk menggambarkan setiap sistem di bawah judul menyelidiki laboratorium, untuk
sekitar kronologis

4.1 english electric company now (now GEC), UK

4.2 Oak Ridge National Laboratory, USA (1)

4,3 general Electric, USA

4,4 TRW Inc, USA

4,5 National Researching institute for metals and University of tokyo , Japan

4,6 Argonne National Laboratory, USA

4,7 Oak ridge national laboratory, Usa (2)

4,8 Laboratory per la Technologia dei Materiali, Italy

4.9 Joint Research Centre , Petten, The netherlands

4.10 Springfields Nuclear Power and Development Laboratory, UK

4.11 Ecole des Mines, France

4.12 Risley Nuclear Power and Development Laboratory, UK

4.13 University of Bristol, UK

4.14 Central Electricity Research Laboratories, UK

4.15 University Of Cambridge, UK

5. Strain measurement and control

In most of the vacuum system reviewed, strains extensometers are attached directly onto the
specimen gauge and the output is almost always used to control the fatogue machine.

5.1 remote attchment

Another remotely attached system which has been described recently is the electro-optical
extensometer (Fuhring, 1979), but this must be considered as a direct method since readings are
taken from the specimen it self.

5. pengukuran Saring dan kontrol

Dalam sebagian besar sistem vakum Ulasan, strain extensometers yang melekat langsung ke
gauge spesimen dan output hampir selalu digunakan untuk mengontrol mesin fatogue.
5.1 terpencil attchment
Lain sistem jarak jauh terpasang yang telah dijelaskan baru-baru adalah elektro-optik
extensometer (Fuhring, 1979), tetapi ini harus dianggap sebagai metode langsung karena
bacaan yang diambil dari spesimen itu sendiri.

5.2. Direct Attachment

An electrical method use to by the author cause the 12mm diameter smooth specimento act as its
own strain gauge by ecploiting the 20 A d.c. normally employed i crack growth work. Two probes are
spot welded where each shoulder blends into the gauge length and changes in potential.

Fig.13 typica; hysteresis loop obttained from electrical method 1/2CrMoV steel at 550 C in vacuum
(compression, tension )

Ratio and p is the resistivy. However, although an allowance can be made for the variation of v with
elasto-plastic strain, eqn (2) cannot be used intrinsically beacuse the variation of p with stress or
strain is not known

5.2. Lampiran langsung

Penggunaan metode listrik oleh penulis menyebabkan 12mm diameter halus specimento
bertindak sebagai strain gauge sendiri oleh ecploiting 20 A dc biasanya digunakan i retak
pekerjaan pertumbuhan. Dua probe tempat dilas di mana masing-masing bahu memadukan ke
panjang gauge dan perubahan potensial.
Gbr.13 typica; hysteresis loop obttained dari metode listrik 1 / 2CrMoV baja pada 550 C di
vakum (kompresi, ketegangan)
Rasio dan p adalah resistivy tersebut. Namun, meskipun uang saku dapat dibuat untuk variasi
v dengan elasto-plastik regangan, eqn (2) tidak dapat digunakan secara intrinsik beacuse
variasi p dengan stres atau ketegangan tidak diketahui

6. Conclusion

This chaper has indicated that several ingenious techniques are available for conducting q low cycle
fatigue test under vacuum. Some of the system discussed have been home-built but equally,
othershave either been manufactured to customers specification or are available commercially. It
has been shon that a flexible coupling is possible with a vacuum chamber an that significantly
different result may be obtained compared with the equivalent high temperature air test

6. Kesimpulan
Bab ini telah menunjukkan bahwa beberapa teknik cerdik yang tersedia untuk melakukan uji
kelelahan q siklus rendah di bawah vakum. Beberapa sistem yang dibahas telah rumah-
dibangun tetapi sama-sama, orang lain telah baik telah dibuat untuk spesifikasi pelanggan
atau tersedia secara komersial. Sudah Shon bahwa kopling fleksibel mungkin dengan ruang
vakum hasil yang berbeda secara signifikan dapat diperoleh dibandingkan dengan setara uji
suhu udara tinggi