Polyflow BMTF WS03 Plug Assisted

Chapter 3: Plug-Assisted Thermoforming of a Blister
3.1. Prerequisites
This tutorial assumes that you are familiar with the menu structure in Polydata and Workbench and
that you have solved or read 2.5D Axisymmetric Extrusion (p. ?). Some steps in the setup procedure
will not be shown explicitly.
3.2. Problem Description

This tutorial simulates plug-assisted thermoforming for a blister. Figure 3.1: Plug-Assisted Thermoforming
of a Blister: Plug (Orange), Sheet (Blue), and Mold (Green) in the Initial Configuration (p. 2) shows a
sketch of the process in the initial configuration.
Release 15.0 - SAS IP, Inc. All rights reserved. - Contains proprietary and confidential information
of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates. 1
Plug-Assisted Thermoforming of a Blister
Figure 3.1: Plug-Assisted Thermoforming of a Blister: Plug (Orange), Sheet (Blue), and Mold (Green)
in the Initial Configuration
To reduce the computational run time, and utilizing the symmetric nature of the blister, only one quarter
of the blister/plug/mold is modeled, Figure 3.1: Plug-Assisted Thermoforming of a Blister: Plug (Orange),
Sheet (Blue), and Mold (Green) in the Initial Configuration (p. 2). From a geometric point of view, the
initial (1/4) film has the following dimensions:
length = 15 mm
width = 5 mm
initial thickness = 0.35 mm
Dimensions are intentionally given in millimeters due to the small size of the object. The simulation will be
built around the system of units consisting of millimeters, grams and seconds.
2 of ANSYS, Inc. and its subsidiaries and affiliates.
Problem Description
The thickness compared to the length/width of the blister is rather small. This allows the use of the
membrane (shell) element, which is suited for the analysis of 3D blow molding and thermoforming
simulations. The use of the membrane element is presently restricted to time-dependant flows and is
combined with Lagrangian representation. In other words, each mesh node is a material point.
The finite element mesh and the boundary conditions are displayed in Figure 3.2: Finite Element Mesh,
Subdomains and Boundary Sets (p. 3). As shown, a full 3D finite element is built for the mold, the plug
and the film. Only a surface mesh is required for the three subdomains, but the most important aspect
remains the proper description of the inner mold surfaces which will shape the blister.
The film has the following material properties:
model: shell model, Gen. Newtonian isothermal
viscosity = 105
density = 10-3 g/mm3
inertial terms taken into account
initial thickness = 0.35 mm
Figure 3.2: Finite Element Mesh, Subdomains and Boundary Sets
As seen in Figure 3.2: Finite Element Mesh, Subdomains and Boundary Sets (p. 3), the mesh topology
involves three subdomains:
Subdomain 1 = film
Subdomain 2 = mold
Subdomain 3 = plug
and four boundary sets:
boundary 1: will be a fixed (clamped) boundary
boundary 2: will be a fixed (clamped) boundary
boundary 3: symmetry boundary condition with respect to the x-axis
boundary 4: symmetry boundary condition with respect to the y-axis
The inflation pressure will be defined on the subdomain representing the film (Subdomain 1).
An important new concept is introduced in this tutorial: plug-assisted contact with a mold. The film
acquires the mold velocity then the plug guides the film into the mold. Once inside the mold, the film
is inflated according to a certain rate where it eventually comes into contact with the mold, finally ac-
quiring its shape.
3.3. Preparation
To prepare for running this tutorial:
1. Prepare a working folder for your simulation.
2. Go to the ANSYS Customer Portal, https://support.ansys.com/training.
Note
If you do not have a User Name and Password, you can register by clicking Customer
Registration on the Log In page.
3. Enter the name of this tutorial into the search bar.
4. Narrow the results by using the filter on the left side of the page.
a. Click ANSYS Polyflow under Product.
b. Click 15.0 under Version.
5. Select this tutorial from the list.
6. Click Files to download the input and solution files.
7. Unzip the Plug-Thermo-Blister_R150.zip file you have downloaded to your working folder.
Step 2: Model the Mold
The mesh file plugblister.msh can be found in the unzipped folder.
8. Start Workbench from Start All Programs ANSYS 15.0 Workbench 15.0.
3.4. Step 1: Project and Mesh

1. Create a Fluid Flow - Blow Molding (Polyflow) analysis system by drag and drop in Workbench.
2. Save the ANSYS Workbench project using File Save, entering Blister-plug-assist as the name
of the project.
3. Import the mesh file (plugblister.msh).
4. Double-click the Setup cell to start Polydata.
When Polydata starts, the Create a new task menu item is highlighted, and the geometry for the
problem is displayed in the Graphics Display window.
3.5. Step 2: Model the Mold

In this step, define the task representing the mold.
1. Create a task for the model.
Create a new task
a. Select the following options:
F.E.M. task
Time-dependent problem(s)
2D shell geometry
b. Click Accept the current setup.
2. Define the molds.
Define molds
a. Create the new mold.
Create a new mold
b. Click Adiabatic mold.
A panel opens, asking for the title of the mold.
c. Click OK to accept the default name, Mold 1.
The Domain of the mold menu item is highlighted.
3. Define the domain where the mold applies.
Domain of the mold
a. Select Subdomain 1 and click Remove.
b. Select Subdomain 3 and click Remove.
c. Click Upper level menu at the top of the Domain of the mold menu.
4. Define the contact boundary conditions.
Contact conditions
a. Select No contact along Subdomain 2 and click Modify.
b. Select Contact and click Upper level menu twice.
5. Define the motion of the mold.
Mold motion
a. Click Mold motion type : fixed mold.
A small panel opens, asking you to specify the type of mold motion.
Enter 1 as the New value, to impose a translation velocity, and click OK.
b. Click the EVOL button at the top of the Polydata menu to enable evolution inputs.
c. Set the mold translation velocity.
Modify translation velocity
Polydata prompts for velocity-x.
i. Specify the x-velocity.
Click OK to accept the default value of 0 for the New value of velocity-x.
Polydata asks you to the specify the time dependence of the x-velocity. Click Upper level
menu, as there is no velocity in the x-direction.
ii. Specify the y-velocity.
iii. Specify the z-velocity.
Click OK to accept the default value of 0 for the New value of velocity-y, and click Upper
level menu, as there is no velocity in the y-direction.
Enter 10 mm/s for the New value of velocity-z and click OK.
iv. Specify the time dependence of the z-velocity.
Select f(t) = Ramp function.
v. Define the coordinate pairs (a,b) and (c,d) for the points that define the ramp function.
Click Modify the value of a.
Enter 0.097 as the New value and click OK.
vi. In a similar manner, set the values for b, c, and d to 1.0, 0.103, and 0, respectively.
Figure 3.3: Ramp Function for Mold Velocity (p. 9) shows the ramp function you just defined.
Figure 3.3: Ramp Function for Mold Velocity
Click Upper level menu to return the Mold motion menu.
vii. Click the EVOL button at the top of the menu to disable evolution inputs.
viii. Click Upper level menu two times to return to the Define molds menu.
3.6. Step 3: Model the Plug

In this step, define the task representing the plug.
1. Create the new mold.
Create a new mold
A panel opens, asking if you want to copy the data of an existing mold.
Click No.
a. Click Adiabatic mold.
b. Enter plug as the New value and click OK.
The Domain of the mold menu item is highlighted.
2. Define the domain where the mold applies.
Domain of the mold
c. Click Upper level menu at the top of the Domain of the mold menu.
3. Define the contact boundary conditions.
Contact conditions
a. Select No contact along Subdomain 3 and click Modify.
b. Select Contact and click Upper level menu twice.
4. Define the motion of the plug.
Mold motion
Step 3: Model the Plug
a. Click Mold motion type : fixed mold.
A small panel opens, asking you to specify the type of mold motion.
Enter 1 as the New value, to impose a translation velocity, and click OK.
b. Click the EVOL button at the top of the Polydata menu to enable evolution inputs.
c. Set the mold translation velocity.
Modify translation velocity
Polydata prompts for velocity-x.
i. Specify the x-velocity.
Click OK to accept the default value of 0 for the New value of velocity-x.
Polydata asks you to the specify the time dependence of the x-velocity. Click Upper level
menu, as there is no velocity in the x-direction.
ii. Specify the y-velocity.
Click OK to accept the default value of 0 for the New value of velocity-y, and click Upper
level menu, as there is no velocity in the y-direction.
iii. Specify the z-velocity.
Enter -500 mm/s for the New value of velocity-z and click OK.
iv. Specify the time dependence of the z-velocity.
Select f(t) = Multi-ramp function.
v. Define the four pairs that define the multi-ramp function.
Click Define new pairs ( time, f(time) ).
Polydata asks for the points of the pair sequentially.
Enter 0.11 as the New value for time( 1) and click OK.
Retain the default, 0 as the New value for f(time)( 1) and click OK.
vi. Click Insert new pair, and in a similar manner, define the following three pairs: (0.12, 1),
(0.13, 1), and (0.14, 0).
Figure 3.4: Multi-Ramp Function for Plug Velocity (p. 13) shows the multi-ramp function you
just defined.
Step 4: Definition of the Blister Sub-task
Figure 3.4: Multi-Ramp Function for Plug Velocity
Click Upper level menu three times to return the Mold motion menu.
vii. Click the EVOL button at the top of the menu to disable evolution inputs.
viii. Click Upper level menu three times to return to the F.E.M. Task 1 menu.
The Create a sub-task menu item is highlighted.
3.7. Step 4: Definition of the Blister Sub-task

In this step, define the nature of the flow problem, identify the domain of definition, set the relevant material
properties for the fluid, and define boundary conditions along its boundaries.
1. Create a sub-task for the fluid.
Create a sub-task
a. Select Shell model : Gen. Newtonian isothermal.
A small panel opens, asking for the title of the problem.
b. Enter Blister as the New value and click OK.
The Domain of the sub-task menu item is highlighted.
2. Define the domain where the sub-task applies.
Domain of the sub-task
c. Click Upper level menu button at the top of the Domain of the sub-task menu.
The Flow boundary conditions menu item is highlighted.
3. Specify the flow boundary conditions.
Flow boundary conditions
a. Retain the default settings for Boundary 1 and Boundary 2.
b. Select Zero wall velocity (vn=vs=0) along Boundary 3 and click Modify.
i. Click Plane of symmetry ( fs=0, vn=0 ).
ii. Select normal direction along X axis.
iii. Click Upper level menu to continue specifying flow boundary conditions.
c. Select Zero wall velocity (vn=vs=0) along Boundary 4 and click Modify.
i. Click Plane of symmetry ( fs=0, vn=0 ).
ii. Select normal direction along Y axis.
iii. Click Upper level menu to return to the Flow boundary conditions menu.
d. Click Inflation pressure imposed at the bottom of the Flow boundary conditions menu.
e. Click Constant for the inflation pressure.
A panel opens, asking for the new value of the constant.
Enter 100000 as the New value and click OK.
f. Click the EVOL button at the top of the Polydata menu to enable evolution inputs.
g. Click Upper level menu.
Polydata directs you to the Time dependence of inflation pressure menu.
i. Select f(t) = Ramp function.
ii. Click Modify the value of a, and enter 0.14 as the New value.
iii. In a similar manner, set constants b, c, and d to 0, 0.15, and 1.0 respectively.
Figure 3.5: Ramp Function for Pressure (p. 15) shows the ramp function you just defined.
Figure 3.5: Ramp Function for Pressure
h. Click Upper level menu.
Click the EVOL button at the top of the Polydata menu to disable evolution inputs.
i. Click Upper level menu to return to the Blister menu.
4. Define the contact of the mold.
Define contacts
a. Click Create a new contact problem.
The Modification of a contact problem menu will open with the Select a contact wall menu
item highlighted.
b. Define the contact wall.
i. Click Select a contact wall.
ii. Select Mold 1 : Contact along Subdomain 2 and click Select.
c. Specify the coefficients and accuracy.
i. Click Modify the slipping coefficient.
Retain the default of 1e+09 and click OK.
ii. Click Modify the penalty coefficient.
iii. Click Modify the penetration accuracy.
d. Define the orientation of the mold.
i. Increase the size of the darts that will be used to display the orientation, to ensure that they
are visible.
Graphical window Sizing Darts Size up
ii. Rotate the view to an oblique angle and zoom in on the mold.
iii. Click Specify mold side / cavity side.
Darts will be displayed in the Graphics Display window, as shown in the following figure.
iv. Click No in the panel that opens, to specify that the darts are not pointing towards the mold
body.
If the direction of the darts is not clear to you, you can close the panel, rotate the view and/or
change the magnification, click Specify mold side / cavity side again, and then answer
the question appropriately.
v. Click Upper level menu to return to the Define contacts menu.
5. Define the contact of the plug.
Create a new contact problem
The Modification of a contact problem menu will open with the Select a contact wall menu item
highlighted.
a. Define the contact wall.
i. Click Select a contact wall.
ii. Select plug : Contact along Subdomain 3 and click Select.
b. Activate contact release and specify the coefficients and accuracy.
i. Click Modify the adhesion force density.
Click Yes in the panel that asks if you want to activate contact release.
Enter 10 as the New value for adhesion force density.
ii. Click Modify the slipping coefficient.
iii. Click Modify the penalty coefficient.
iv. Click Modify the penetration accuracy.
c. Define the orientation of the plug.
i. Rotate the view and change the magnification so that you can see the plug.
ii. Click Specify mold side / cavity side.
Darts will be displayed in the Graphics Display window, as shown in the following figure.
iii. Click Yes in the panel that opens, to verify that the darts are pointing toward the plug body
(away from contact with the film).
If the direction of the darts is not clear to you, you can close the panel, rotate the view and/or
change the magnification, click Specify mold side / cavity side again, and then answer
the question appropriately.
iv. Click Upper level menu to return to the Define contacts menu.
d. Click Upper level menu to return to the Blister menu.
e. Click OK in the warning box that opens, saying that velocity prediction must be disabled.
6. Define the layers of the blister.
Define layers
a. Click Create a new layer.
Enter blister as the New value in the panel that opens and click OK.
The blister menu will open with the Material data menu item highlighted.
b. Specify the material data for the blister.
Material Data
i. Click Shear-rate dependence of viscosity.
ii. Click Constant viscosity.
iii. Click Modify fac.
iv. Click Upper level menu twice to continue with material data specification.
v. Click Density.
vi. Click Modification of density.
vii. Click Upper level menu to continue with the material data specification.
Step 5: Specify the Numerical Parameters
viii. Click Inertia terms.
ix. Select Inertia will be taken into account.
x. Click Upper level menu twice to return to the blister menu.
c. Specify the initial thickness.
Initial thickness
i. Click Constant.
ii. Click Upper level menu four times to return to the F.E.M. Task 1 menu.
3.8. Step 5: Specify the Numerical Parameters
Numerical parameters
1. Click Modify the transient iterative parameters.
2. Click Modify the initial time value.
Retain the default of 0.0 s and click OK.
3. Click Modify the upper time limit.
Retain the default of 1.0 s and click OK.
4. Click Modify the initial value of the time-step.
Enter 0.0001 s as the New value and click OK.
5. Click Modify the min value of the time-step.
Enter 1e-05 s as the New value and click OK.
6. Click Modify the max value of the time-step.
Enter 0.01 s as the New value and click OK.
7. Click Modify the tolerance.
Retain the default of 0.01 and click OK.
8. Click Modify the max number of successful steps.
9. Click Upper level menu to return to the Numerical Parameters menu.
10. Click Modify numerical parameters for iterations.
11. Click Modify the convergence test.
Enter 0.0001 as the New value.
It is recommended that you specify a convergence criterion of 0.0001 or lower when contact release is
activated.
12. Click Upper level menu three times to return to the top-level Polydata menu.
3.9. Step 6: Outputs
Outputs
1. Set the system of units to output to CFD-Post.
Set units for CFD-Post, Ansys Mapper or Iges
2. Modify the current system of units.
Modify system of Units
3. Specify the new system of units.
Set to metric_mm/g/s/mA+Celsius
4. Click Upper level menu three times to return to the top-level Polydata menu.
3.10. Step 7: Save the Data and Exit Polydata
Save and exit
After defining your model in Polydata, save the data file. In the next step, you will use the Polyflow solver to
calculate a solution for this data file.
1. Click Accept.
2. Click Continue.
This accepts the default names for the graphical output files (cfx.res) that are to be saved for post-
processing, and the Polyflow format results file (res).
3.11. Step 8: Solution

Run Polyflow to calculate a solution for the model you just defined using Polydata.
1. Run Polyflow by right-clicking the Solution cell of the simulation and selecting Update.
This executes Polyflow using the data file as standard input, and writes information about the problem
description, calculations, and convergence to a listing file (polyflow.lst).
2. Check for convergence in the listing file.
Step 9: Postprocessing
a. Right-click the Solution cell and select Listing Viewer....
Workbench opens the View listing file panel, which displays the listing file.
b. It is a common practice to confirm that the solution proceeded as expected by looking for the
following printed at the bottom of the listing file:
The computation succeeded.
3.12. Step 9: Postprocessing

Use CFD-Post to view the results of the Polyflow simulation.
1. Double-click the Results cell in the Workbench analysis system.
CFD-Post reads the solution fields that were saved to the results file.
2. Align the view as shown in the following figure.
3. Display contours of thickness in the fluid region (Subdomain 1).
a. Click the Insert menu and select Contour or click the button.
b. In the box that opens, click OK to accept the default name (Contour 1) and display the details
view below the Outline tree.
c. Perform the following steps in the Geometry tab:
i. Select Subdomain_1_surf from the Locations drop-down list.
ii. Select THICKNESS from the Variable drop-down list, or click the ellipsis button ( ) on the
right and select THICKNESS.
iii. Select User Specified from the Range drop-down list.
iv. Enter 0.1 mm for Min and 0.35 mm for Max.
v. Click Apply.
Figure 3.6: Contours of Thickness 1/4 Geometry
4. Show the contours of thickness on the full mold.
a. Double-click Default Transform in the Outline tree tab, under User Locations and Plots (or right-
click Default Transform and select Edit).
The details view of Default Transform will be displayed below the Outline tab.
b. Perform the following steps in the Definition tab of the details view.
i. Disable the Instancing Info From Domain option.
ii. Increase the Number of Graphical Instances to 2.
iii. Select Value from the Determine Angle From drop-down list in the Instance Definition
group box.
iv. Enter 180 for Angle.
v. Enable Apply Reflection, and select ZX Plane from the Method drop-down list.
vi. Retain the default value of 0.0 m for Y.
vii. Click Apply.
c. Rotate the view and change the magnification, as shown in Figure 3.7: Contours of Thickness on
the Whole Thermoformed Blister (p. 28).
Figure 3.7: Contours of Thickness on the Whole Thermoformed Blister
5. Display contours of thickness at various time steps.
Polydata exported a total of 166 time steps to CFD-Post.
a. Click the Timestep Selector icon ( ).
b. Scroll up in the Timestep Selector dialog box and select Step 1.
c. Click Apply.
Figure 3.8: Thickness of the Film at Time = 0.0001 s
d. Repeat steps 5. a.c. for timesteps 40, 60, and 166.
Figure 3.9: Contours of Thickness at Time = 0.1208 s
6. Create an animation for the contour plot.
a. Click the animation icon ( ).
b. Ensure Quick Animation is selected in the Animation dialog box.
c. Select Timesteps.
d. To save the animation, expand the dialog box by clicking the button at the lower-right.
i. Enable Save Movie.
ii. Click the file icon to the right and enter the path where you would like to save the animation.
Enter Thickness.wmv for the name of the file and click Save to close the Save Movie
dialog box.
wmv and mpg are the recommended formats.
iii. Disable to save only one cycle of animations.
iv. Click the play button, to play the animation and save it as a file.
3.13. Summary
This tutorial introduced the concept of a plug-assisted blow molding problem. The mold moved into
contact with the film, where a plug guided the film into the mold, and a constant pressure was applied
to the film. This blew the film into the mold where it assumed the shape of the mold.
You represented the film by a shell geometry under the valid assumption that the thickness of the film
was much smaller than the other two dimensions. Polyflow linearly interpolated the process vari-
Appendix
ablesthickness, velocity and position. By reporting the individual time steps to CFD-Post you were
able to view the thickness of the product as a function of time.
3.14. Appendix
The appendix covers the following topics:
3.14.1. Contact Boundary Conditions
3.14.2. Remark on the Penalty Coefficient
3.14.3. Remeshing
3.14.1. Contact Boundary Conditions

As seen, the subdomain that describes the fluid will eventually come in contact with the mold and the
plug. Besides its usual material parameters, it also receives some process parameters: inflation pressure
and the contact with the (moving) molds. In all forming applications (blow molding and thermoforming
for example), the definition of the contact is an important aspect, as it will eventually lead to the desired
shape. The contact involves a "what" and a "how". The "what" describes the geometry of the film/sheet
and the mold surface it may get in contact with (contact problem). The "how" refers to other process
parameters such as a moving mold. In this case, a velocity (that is possibly time dependant) must be
specified for both the molds. In some cases, the material may slip along the contact wall, which can
also be taken into account.
Next to these operating attributes, some numerical parameters have to be specified. A geometrical al-
gorithm is applied for detecting the occurrence of contact, while a penalty formation is used for the
treatment of contact. A penalty coefficient makes sure that a geometrical contact is detected. It should
not be too small. A coefficient is also to be specified in the tangential direction. If the fluid sticks along
the wall, this tangential coefficient should preferably receive the same value as the penalty coefficient.
Two additional coefficients are also needed; a tolerance on penetration accuracy and an element
dilatation.
Presently, the penalty coefficient has been set to 109, while the same value has been selected for the
coefficient along the tangential direction (slipping coefficient). The tolerance on penetration and element
dilatation equal 0.05 and 0.05 mm respectively.
3.14.2. Remark on the Penalty Coefficient

The large value of the penalty coefficient can never guarantee an exactly vanishing normal velocity at
the contact. Instead, a residual normal velocity will remain even after mold contact. The amplitude of
this residual velocity will depend on the penalty coefficient. In most cases, the residual velocity is as
low as 10-310-6.
In classical thermoforming applications, such residual velocity will not produce any significant numerical
penetration of the fluid film/sheet through the mold in view of the short times involved (physically, the
thermoforming process is very fast). However, some situations may involve longer time scales such as
in the glass industry.
The question that is now raised concerns the best evaluation of the penalty coefficient. The penalty
formulation mainly establishes a balance between a force (for example, the inflation pressure, ) and
a penalty force because of contact. The penalty force is simply the product of the penalty coefficient,
, and the residual velocity of the film/sheet upon contact. The other elements of the momentum
equation can be ignored for the present consideration. Assuming a typical time scale (for example,
the simulation time), and a maximum penetration depth , a good penalty coefficient can be selected
as:
3.14.3. Remeshing
No remeshing needs to be specified for this case. In the context of the membrane element, a Lagrangian
representation is applied where all mesh nodes are considered material points.

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Chapter 3: Plug-Assisted Thermoforming of a Blister

3.2. Problem Description

initial thickness = 0.35 mm

The film has the following material properties:

model: shell model, Gen. Newtonian isothermal

density = 10-3 g/mm3

inertial terms taken into account

initial thickness = 0.35 mm

Figure 3.2: Finite Element Mesh, Subdomains and Boundary Sets

and four boundary sets:

boundary 1: will be a fixed (clamped) boundary

boundary 2: will be a fixed (clamped) boundary

boundary 3: symmetry boundary condition with respect to the x-axis

boundary 4: symmetry boundary condition with respect to the y-axis

1. Prepare a working folder for your simulation.

2. Go to the ANSYS Customer Portal, https://support.ansys.com/training.

3. Enter the name of this tutorial into the search bar.

a. Click ANSYS Polyflow under Product.

b. Click 15.0 under Version.

5. Select this tutorial from the list.

6. Click Files to download the input and solution files.

The mesh file plugblister.msh can be found in the unzipped folder.

3.4. Step 1: Project and Mesh

3. Import the mesh file (plugblister.msh).

4. Double-click the Setup cell to start Polydata.

3.5. Step 2: Model the Mold

1. Create a task for the model.

Create a new task

a. Select the following options:

b. Click Accept the current setup.

2. Define the molds.

a. Create the new mold.

Create a new mold

b. Click Adiabatic mold.

A panel opens, asking for the title of the mold.

c. Click OK to accept the default name, Mold 1.

The Domain of the mold menu item is highlighted.

3. Define the domain where the mold applies.

Domain of the mold

a. Select Subdomain 1 and click Remove.

b. Select Subdomain 3 and click Remove.

4. Define the contact boundary conditions.

a. Select No contact along Subdomain 2 and click Modify.

b. Select Contact and click Upper level menu twice.

5. Define the motion of the mold.

a. Click Mold motion type : fixed mold.

c. Set the mold translation velocity.

Modify translation velocity

Polydata prompts for velocity-x.

i. Specify the x-velocity.

ii. Specify the y-velocity.

iii. Specify the z-velocity.

iv. Specify the time dependence of the z-velocity.

Select f(t) = Ramp function.

Click Modify the value of a.

Enter 0.097 as the New value and click OK.

Figure 3.3: Ramp Function for Mold Velocity

Click Upper level menu to return the Mold motion menu.

3.6. Step 3: Model the Plug

1. Create the new mold.

Create a new mold

a. Click Adiabatic mold.

b. Enter plug as the New value and click OK.

The Domain of the mold menu item is highlighted.