Characteristics of Living Beings

Define the following

Cell: Cell is the basic structural unit of an organism.
Nutrition: Food and feeding habits of organisms.
Unicellular Organism: An organism made up of only one cell is called an unicellular organism.
Stimulus: A change in the surrounding that 'causes an organism to respond
Multicellular organism: An organism made of many cells.
Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants make their own food is known as
Photosynthesis.

Choose the correct option (S) in each

1. Growth in living beings
(a) is reversible (b) is irreversible
(c) is temporary (d) takes place from outside
2. Animals move because they
(a) have to search for food (b) like to move around
(c) can make their own food (d) are in search of new places
3. The removal of wastes in living beings is known as
(a) respiration (b) excretion
(c) growth (d) response to stimulus
4. Which of the following would best tell you if something is a living being?
(a) It feels soft. (b) It is green.
(c) It produces offspring. (d) It soaks up water.
5. An example of sensitivity in plants is
(a) germination of seeds (b) seed dispersal
(c) bearing flowers (d) phototropism
6. Which of the following is living as well as non-living?
(a) Amoeba (b) Algae
(c) Virus (d) Bacteria

Choose the correct reason (S) for each

1. Leaves of the Mimosa plant fold when touched.
(a) They wither (b) They show response to stimulus.
(c) They need nutrition. (d) They get tired.
2. The single cell performs all the functions necessary for an Amoeba to live.
(a) Amoeba is made of just one cell (b) Amoeba is a multicellular organism
(c) Amoeba does not show all life processes (d) Amoeba is a non-living thing

Change one word to make the sentence true

1. Animals can make their own food. (Plants)
2. Plants show movement towards sound. (light)
3. Animals grow throughout their life. (Plants)
4. It is through the process of photosynthesis that the body finally obtains energy from the
food it takes. (Respiration)
5. Animal Cells have a rigid cell wall outside the cell membrane. (Plants)
Difference Between Living beings and Non-living things

Ser
Living Beings
No
1 The basic structural unit is cell.
2 Growth occurs because of cell division.
3 Movement is observed in living beings.
4 They take in food to get energy.
5 They show response to stimulus.
6 They respire
7 They reproduce more of their own kind
8 They release wastes
9 They have a definite life span
Non-living things
The basic structural unit is atom and
molecule.
It may grow in size because of
accumulation of materials.
Non-living things move only if some
external force is applied on them.
They do not take in food.
They do not show response to
stimulus.
They do not respire
They do not reproduce
They do not release wastes
They do not have a life span

Very Short Answers

Qus 1) What is the basic structural and functional unit of life?
Ans 1) Cell
Qus 2) Name the process by which green plants make their own food?
Ans 2) Photosynthesis
Qus 3) Which process is mainly involved in the growth of an organism?
Ans 3) Cell Division
Qus 4) What makes you withdraw your hand immediately as you touch a hot pot?
Ans 4) Response to stimulus

Short Answers
Qus 1) Define excretion? Does excretion takes place in plants?
Ans 1) The process in which wastes are removed from the body of plants and animals is
called excretion. Yes excretion takes place in plants. Plants wastes are CO 2, water vapour and
gums, resins and white fluid in rubber trees.

Qus 2) Give two reasons for movement of animals?

Ans 2) Animals move from one place to another:-
(a) in search of food (b) in search of shelter and (c ) to escape from
enemies

Qus 3) Name two waste materials released by plants?

Ans 3) The two Waste material produced by plants are Carbon Dioxide and water vapour.
Other waste products are Gums, Resins and white fluid in rubber trees.

Qus 4) Give an example of movement in plants?

Ans 4) Sunflower moves its face towards sunlight.
Qus 5) Why is intake of food considered so important in living beings?
Ans 5) Intake of food is important because it helps a living being to get energy, to grow
and to stay healthy.

Long Answers Questions

Qus 1) Explain response to stimulus in living beings with the help of three examples?
Ans 1) All living beings react to changes around them. A change is called stimulus and the
reaction to the change is the response.
Plants respond to stimulus. The stem of a plant bends towards the light and roots
grow towards the ground. The leaves of the `Touchme-not (Mimosa) plant fold
when they are touched. These are examples of `response to stimulus in plants.
Animals also react to change in environment. We immediately withdraw our hand
as soon as we touch a hot pot.

Qus 2) What is food for plants? If plants do not eat then where do they get their food
from? Explain
Ans 2) Carbon dioxide, water and minerals from soil are food for plant. Green plants
make their own food by the process of photosynthesis from carbon dioxide and water in the
presence of sunlight.

Qus 3) Name the Characteristics of living beings

Ans 3) There are 9 characteristics of living beings. They are:-
(a) Cellular Organisation (b) Respiration (c) Movement
(d) Response to Stimulus (e) Life Span (f) Nutrition
(g) Growth (h) Excretion and (j) Reproduction

1. Human beings exchange gases with the help of lungs, Fish exchange gases through
Gills and Plants exchange gases small pores called stomata.
2. Cells are of two types Animal Cell and Plant cell.
3. Nucleus is the centre of the cell.
4. Animal Cell consists of a cell membrane, cytoplasm and a nucleus
5. The jelly like part of the cell Cytoplasm.
6. Amoeba is a unicellular organism.

Organism Life Span

Bacteria 20 mins
House Fly 1-4 months
Pea 1 year
Mouse 2-3 years
Lion 20-25 years
Tortoise 120-150 years

Animal cell constitutes a cell membrane, cytoplasm and a nucleus. Cytoplasm is a jellylike
part of cell. Nucleus is the centre of the cell. Plants cells are like animal cells but they have a
rigid cell wall outside the cell membrane.
 The Habitat of the Living

Fill in the blanks:-

1. Deserts, grasslands and cold mountainous region constitute terrestrial habitat.
2. Chameleons change colour to communicate with other chameleons and camouflage
themselves against predators.
3. The streamlined body of fishes help them to move in water.
4. Humus found in the soil is formed from dead plants and animals.
5. Scavengers like vultures cleanse the environment by feeding on dead bodies of animals.
6. Camel can store food in its hump.
7. Vulture is a scavenger.
8. Various places on earth where plants and animals are found constitute the Biosphere.
9. Cactus plant has its leaves modified into spines to reduce water loss.
10. The habitats in water are called Aquatic Habitats and those on land are called
Terrestial habitats .
11. Plants growing in the deserts are called xerophytes.
12. __________ is formed from dead plants and animals, and makes the soil fertile.

Correct the following statements:

1. The leaves of the pine tree are modified into spines to allow less water loss due to
transpiration.
Ans) The leaves of cactus are modified into spines to allow less water loss due to
transpiration.
2. Dolphins and whales breathe through their mouth.
Ans) Dolphins and whales breathe through blow holes on the top of their heads.
3. The leaves of lotus and water lily have a waxy covering on the upper surface which helps
them to float on the water surface.
Ans) The leaves of lotus and water lily have a waxy covering on the lower surface which repels
water and thus keeps the stomata open and clear.
4. Decomposers like virus and bacteria break down the remains of plants and animals and
return nutrients to the soil.
Ans) Decomposers like fungi and bacteria break down the remains of plants and animals and
return nutrients to the soil.
5. Water forms about two thirds of our planet earth.
Ans) Water forms about three-fourths of our planet earth.

Match the following:

1. Prawn (a) Biotic component 3
2. Water lettuce (b) Salt water habitat 1
3. Living things (c) Producer 5
4. Temperature (d) Floating plant 2
5. Plant (e) Abiotic component 4
1. crab (a) streamlined body - 5
2. soil (b) salt water - 1
3. pine (c) fleshy stem - 4
4. cactus (d) abiotic component - 2
5. fish (e) pointed leaves - 3
Name the following:
1. Two animals of mountainous regions Yak Polar bear
2. Two submerged plants Anacharis Ludwigia
3. Two adaptations in cactus Green fleshy stem leaves modified to spines
4. Two primary consumers Cow Giraffe
5. Two types of habitats Terrestrial Aquatic
6. Two fresh water plants Lotus waterlily
7. Two marine animals Sharks, Whales, crabs, prawns and starfish
8. Two adaptations in fish Fishes have gills for breathing and fins for movement
9. Two adaptations in lotus Hollow stem and Large circular waxy leaves
10. Two animals that hibernate Frogs Lizards

Choose the correct answer.

1. (Oxygen/ Carbon dioxide) present in the soil helps roots of plants breathe.
2. The (flaccid/hard) stem of pondweed helps it to remain submerged in water.
3. A spotted deer uses it (horn/hide) to camouflage.
4. Mountainous goats have (thin/thick) hooves which allow them to move about in these
regions.
5. (Fins/Scales) on the body of fishes help it to survive in saline water.

Distinguish between.
1. Aerial and aquatic habitats
Ans) The habitats found in air are called aerial while those found in water are called aquatic.

2. Prey and predators

Ans) Animals which are hunted for food are called prey while those that feed on the prey are
called predators.

3. Atmosphere and lithosphere

Ans) Atmosphere is the air surrounding the earth while the solid portion of the earth is
lithosphere.

4. Xerophytes and hydrophytes

Ans) Plants growing in the desert are called xerophytes while plants found in water are called
hydrophytes.

Define.
1. Biosphere
Ans) Various places on the earth where plants and animals are found constitute the biosphere.

2. Food chain
Ans) A chain of organisms inter related by the fact that each organism eats the one below it in
the chain and is eaten in turn by the one above, forms a food chain.

3. Habitat
Ans) The dwelling place of an organism which provide it with suitable conditions to live, breed
and flourish is called its habitat.

4. Ecosystem
Ans) An ecosystem is a unit consisting of plants, animals and microorganisms in an area
functioning together with the non-living physical factors of the environment.

Long answer type questions:

1. Write down a few adaptations of the camel to live in the desert.
Ans) A camel has the following adaptations
(a) It has a hump to store food
(b) It can drink a lot of water at a time.
(c) It gives out dry dung and excretes very little urine so that water is conserved.
(d) It has long eyelashes which protect it from sand during sandstorms.
(e) It has hooves which enable it to walk on the sand smoothly.

2. What is an aerial habitat? Name some animals found in it.

Ans) The habitat in air or aerial parts of the earth is called aerial habitat. Birds, bats and some
insects are found in this habitat.

3. What do you mean by the term adaptation? How is adaptation important for plants and
animals? Explain with the help of an example for each.
Ans) Adaptation is the change that takes place in an organism over generations which enable
it to live successfully in its habitat. Adaptation is necessary for an organism to survive in its
habitat. Otherwise it may become extinct. For example, pine trees have cone shaped tops with
sloping branches and pointed needle like leaves which do not allow snow to settle on them.
Fishes have gills for breathing and fins for movement. Frogs can stay both inside the water and
on land. They have webbed feet for swimming in water. They also have strong back legs that
help them leap and catch their prey in water or on land.

4. What is a food chain? Build your own food chain or food web that may live in your
backyard. Be sure to label all parts of your food chain or web.
Ans) Animals and plants are linked to each other by a food chain. Green plants are called
producers as they make their own food. They are eaten by herbivores like deer, goats, cows and
giraffes which are also called primary consumers. These herbivores are again eaten by
carnivores like lion, tiger and eagle which are also known as secondary consumers. In this
process of eating and being eaten, a chain of organisms is formed which is known as the Food
Chain.

Grass Rabbit Snake Eagle

(Producer) (Herbivore) (Carnivore) (Carnivore)

5. What are the various habitats? Describe any two.

Ans) The habitats on land are called terrestrial and those on water are called aquatic.
Terrestrial habitats include deserts, grasslands and mountainous regions. Aquatic constitute the
water bodies like oceans and seas which have salt in them and rivers, lakes and ponds which
have freshwater in them.

Answer the following questions:

1. Mention two adaptations in pine trees that help them to survive in the mountainous
regions.
Ans) Pine trees have cone-shaped tops with sloping branches and pointed needle like leaves
which do not allow snow to settle on them.
2. Explain with the help of examples how biotic components of the environment are
interdependent on each other.
Ans) The biotic components of the environment plants and animalsare interdependent on
each other.
(a) Bees help in pollinating flowers and in turn feed on the nectar of flowers.
 (b) Animals give out carbon dioxide during respiration which is used by plants during
photosynthesis. The plants, in turn, release oxygen during the process which is used by
animals during respiration.
(c) Scavengers like vultures feed on the dead bodies of animals and thus cleanse the
environment.

3. How does the frog stay both on land and in water?

Ans) Frogs have webbed feet for swimming in water. They also have strong back legs that
help them to leap and catch their prey in water or on land.

Very Short Answer Questions (VSA)

1. What structure in sea fishes help them counter the salinity of water?
Ans) Scales
2. Cows foraging dustbins eat polybags and die. Which part of their body gets blocked and
leads to their death?
Ans) Intestine
3. What adaptations enable a whale to conserve oxygen while underwater?
Ans) two blowholes on top of the head
4. What are organisms that feed on dead matter called?
Ans) scavengers
5. Which plant part is reduced in size in aquatic plants?
Ans) roots
6. Name the adaptation that animals use to hide to deceive their enemies.
Ans) camouflage
7. What adaptation on the body of animals helps them keep warm in cold regions?
Ans) Thick hair on their body to keep them warm
8. What is the non-living component of an ecosystem known as?
Ans) abiotic
9. Give an example of predator-prey relationship.
Ans) Lion and deer
10. How are organisms linked with each other in an ecosystem?
Ans) Food chain

Multiple choice questions:

1. Chameleons have the ability to change colour
(a) to camouflage themselves against predators in their natural habitat
(b) to communicate with other chameleons
(c) to play around
2. Roots in aquatic plants are reduced in size.
(a) They do not have much role to play.
(b) They float.
(c) They repel water.
3. Which one of the following is not an abiotic component?
(a) Air (b) Water (c) Soil (d) Mouse

4. Cactus has green and fleshy stems

(a) to look attractive
(b) to store water and food
(c) to allow less water loss due to transpiration
5. Green plants make their own food, so they are called
(a) consumers (b) producers (c) decomposers (d) predators
6. Which is not a feature of pine trees?
(a) cone-shaped top (b) needle-like leaves
(c) broad, rough leaves (d) sloping branches
7. Bees help plants in
(a) respiration (b) pollination (c) growth (d) making food
8. Desert animals live in deep burrows
(a) to catch their prey
(b) to hide from predators
(c) to keep away from the heat
9. The webbed feet of a frog help it in
(a) swimming (b) jumping
(c) catching prey (d) running away from a predator
10. Water lily has circular and wax-coated leaves which help in
(a) repelling water (b) floating
(c) being submerged (d) drifting with water

Short answer type questions:

1. Which animal is called the ship of the desert? Why?
Ans) Camel is called the ship of the desert because:-
(a) It has hump to store food.
(b) It gives out dry dung and excretes very little urine so that water is conserved.
(c) It can drink a lot of water at one time.
(d) It has long eyelashes which protect it from sand during sandstorms.
(e) It has hooves which enable it to walk on the sand smoothly.

2. Why do pine trees have pointed leaves?

Ans) Pointed leaves do not allow the snow to settle on them.

3. Why does the leaves of lotus have a waxy coating on their leaves?
Ans) The leaves of lotus have a waxy coating which helps them to repel water and keeps the
stomata open and clear.

4. Define ecology.
Ans) The branch of biology which deals with the study of plants and animals and their
surroundings is called ecology.

5) Define the term adaptation. Describe the adaptations seen in a frog.

Ans) Adaptation is the change that takes place in an organism over generations which enable
it to live successfully in its habitat. Frogs can stay both inside the water and on land. They have
webbed feet for swimming in water. They also have strong back legs that help them leap and
catch their prey in water or on land.

6) How do plants living in water get oxygen?

Ans) Oxygen is dissolved in water.

7) What are the two components of Ecosystem?

Ans) Components of ecosystem are of two types:
(a) Abiotic components and (b) Biotic components
 PlantsParts and Functons

Name the following.

1. Roots that store food Turnip, Beetroot, Carrot, radish
2. Shrubs Rose, China rose, henna
3. Plants whose leaves trap insects Pitcher plant sundew
4. Parts of the embryo Radicle plumule
5. Plants with compound leaves Neem, Tamarind, Gulmohar, Touch-me-not
6. Plants with simple leaves Banyan, Peepal
7. Biggest cactus is Saguaro which can grow upto 20 m tall.
8. Largest leaves are of Raffia plant which can grow upto 20 m long.
9. Tap root Plants like bean, mango and pea.
10. Fibrous roots Wheat, maize and millet.

Modifications of
Roots Stems Leaves
Some roots modified to Onion leaves store
Stems in Potato and
store food. They are food and hence they
Ginger modified to store
Storage known as edible roots. ex are thick and fleshy.
food. These stems grow
carrot, radish, turnip and Some leaves can be
under ground.
beetroot eaten.
Banyan trees have roots
from branches to support In plants like cucumber
Leaves of Garden Pea
tree. They are known as the stems are coiled.
are modified into
prop roots. They are called tendrils.
threadlike structure
Support Money-plants have roots The Tendrils coil around
called Tendrils which
which help the plant to a pole, rope or fence and
helps the plant in
climb and hold on to helps the plant to climb
climbing.
support. They are known up.
as climber roots.
Leaves of cactus
Desert plants like cactus plants are modified
Water -------- has thick and fleshy stem into spines to reduce
to store water. loss of water due to
Transpiration
In cactus the leaves are
modified to spines so the
Photosynthesi
-------- stem which is green in --------
s
colour prepares the food
through photosynthesis.
In Pitcher plants and
Sundew Leaves are
modified to trap
insects. The trapped
Trap Insects -------- --------
insects are eaten by
plants. Such plants are
called insectivorous
plants.
State whether the statements are true or false. Correct the false statements.
1. Herbs have hard and thick brown stem.
Ans) False : Trees have hard and thick brown stem
2. The stem of cactus synthesizes food as well as stores water.
Ans) True
3 The leaf blades are divided into leaflets in a simple leaf.
Ans) False : The leaf blades are divided into leaflets in a compound leaf.
4. Potato is a modified root that stores food.
Ans) False : Potato is a modified stem that stores food.
5. The carpel consists of the ovary, style and stigma.
Ans) True

Match the following:

1. Turnip (a) Parallel venation - 5
2. Millet (b) Fibrous root - 2
3. Ginger (c) Root - 1
4. Banyan (d) Stem - 3
5. Grass (e) Simple leaf - 4

Distinguish between.
1. Prop roots and climbing roots
Ans) Prop roots are found in the banyan tree. They grow from the branches and give support
to the tree. Climbing roots are found in money plants and they help the plant in climbing and
holding on to a support.

2. Creeper and climber

Ans) Creepers are plants with weak stems which cannot stand upright and spread on the
ground, e.g. bottle gourd plant. Climbers are plants with weak stem which take support and
climb up with their climbing roots, e.g. money plant.

3. Petiole and pedicel

Ans) Petiole is a small stalk that attaches a leaf to the stem. Pedicel is a small stalk that
attaches the flower to the stem.

4. Node and axil

Ans) The place where a leaf is borne on the stem is known as node. The angle made by a leaf
with the stem is called axil.

Answer the following questions:

1. How can you experimentally demonstrate that the stem transports water?
Ans) Fill a glass tumbler with water till about half its level. Add 1-2 drops of red ink and shake
slowly so that the ink gets evenly diffused in water. Cut a branch of a balsam plant bearing some
leaves and dip it in the coloured water. After sometime streaks of red colour is observed in the
leaves. Cut the stem vertically. Reddish lines are observed in the vertical section. This indicates
that water containing red colour has been transported by the stem upwards.

2. What is the function of the stamen? Name the two parts that make it up.
Ans) Stamen is the male reproductive part of a flower. It consists of a hair like structure called
filament and a a sac like top called anther called anther. The anther has powdery substance
called pollen grains.
3. Discuss the two types of venation found in leaves with examples of each kind.
Ans) Leaf venation is of two types reticulate and parallel.
In reticulate venation, veins in the leaf lamina divide repeatedly forming a network. This
type of venation is seen in a peepal leaf.
In parallel venation, the veins run parallel to each other from the base to the tip. Leaves
of banana show parallel venation.

4. How is the root of a money plant similar to thread-like structures found in a pea plant?
How are they different?
Ans) Both, the roots of the money plant and the thread like structures of the pea plant help the
plant to climb. In the pea plant, thread like structures are modified leaves called tendrils. In the
money plant the roots help the plant to climb.

5. Discuss the two root systems with the help of diagrams. Give one example for a plant
belonging to each of the two systems.
Ans) There are two types of root systems in plants tap root system and fibrous root system.
Tap root system: The main root grows straight, deep into the soil. Thinner roots branch
from the main root. Plants like peas, Bean and Mustard have Tap root system
Fibrous root system: In this root system, a cluster of thin and fibrous roots grow from
the base of the stem. There is no main root. Plants like Onion, Wheat, Rice and grass
and maize have fibrous root.

6. Describe in brief, the changes that take place in a flower after fertilisation.
Ans) After fertilisation, the ovules start growing into seeds and the ovary as a whole becomes
fruit. When the fruit matures the petals wither away. Thus the flower changes into a fruit and the
fruit bears a seed.

7. What is a carpel? What are its different parts?

Ans) Carpel is the female reproductive part of a flower. It consists of stigma, style and ovary.
Stigma is the uppermost part of the pistil that receives pollen grains from other flowers. The long
stalk like structure is called the style. The ovary is a small cavity that contains a ovule, an egg
shaped structure that, when fertilised, eventually becomes a seed The ovary has one or more
ovules inside it.

8. Write down two important functions of the stem.

Ans) (a) The stem bears leaves, flowers and fruits.
(b) It carries water and minerals from the roots to the leaves and prepared food from
the leaves to other parts of the plant.
(c) In most of the plants the stem is the main support and holds the plant straight.
(d) Some stems are modified to store food e.g. Potato, ginger and sugarcane.

9. Write down important functions of the root.

Ans) (a) Anchor The root holds the plant firmly in the soil and prevents it from being
blown away by strong winds.
(b) Absorption It absorbs water and minerals from the soil.
(c) Transportation It carries water and minerals from the soil to the stem.
(d) Storage Some roots are modified to store food in them e.g. Carrot, raddish,
Beetroot, turnip

10. Write down important functions of the leaves?

11. Write down important functions of the Flower?
12. What is the function of stem tendril?
Ans) In some plants like cucumber the stems is coiled. These are known as tendrils. The
tendril coils around the support like the pole, fence and rope and help the plant to climb up.

Fill in the blanks.

1. The cluster of roots growing from the base of the stem is known as fibrous root.
2. The leaves are modified for storage of food in onion.
3. Apical bud is responsible for the growth of the plant.
4. The arrangement of veins in a leaf is called venation.
5. The thread-like modification of the stem of cucumber plant is called tendril.

Choose the correct answer.

1. The long stalk like structure of the carpel is called (filament/style).
2. The tiny buds on the surface of potato are called (stomata/eyes).
3. The flattened part of the leaf is called (midrib/lamina).
4. Leaves are borne on the stem at the (nodes/axil).
5. Taproot system is found in plants like (wheat/bean).

Complete the following.

1. Radish : root : : Potato : stem
2. Mango : tree : : Carrot : herb
3. Pea plant : leaf tendril : : Cucumber : stem tendril Money plant: Root Tendril
4. Anther : pollen grains : : Ovary : ovules
5. Money plant : Climbing roots banyan : Prop roots

Define.
1. Insectivorous plant - In some plants the leaves are modified to trap insects.
These insects are eaten up by the plant. Such plants are known as insectivorous plant. Eg
Pitcher plant and Sundew.
2. Shrub - Herbs are short plants with green and tender stems which may or
may not have branches. Eg Rose, China rose and Henna
3. Midrib - The main vein running through the centre of the leaf is called midrib.
4. Photosynthesis - The process by which the leaves of green plants take in
carbon dioxide and water and prepare food in the presence of sunlight and chlorophyll is known
as photosynthesis.

Qus 1) Why are Leaves green?

Ans 1) Leaves are green in colour due to presence of a pigment called chlorophyll.

Qus 2) Define Photosynthesis?

Ans 2) The process by which plants prepare their own food in presence of sunlight, water
and CO2 is called as photosynthesis.

Qus 3) How does the root of a plant differ from the shoot?
Ans 3) Root is the part of the plant that grows below the ground and shoot is the part that
grows above the ground. Shoot bears stem, branches, buds, leaves and flowers.

Fill in the Blanks:-

1. In plants, flowers help in reproduction.
2. The main parts of a flower are sepals, petals, stamen and pistil.
3. The transfer of pollen grains from the male part of the flower to its female part, is
called pollination.
4. Most plants grow from seeds.
5. A seed has a seed coat, seed leaves or cotyledons and a small baby plant inside it.
6. Germination is the process of conversion of a seed into a seedling.
7. The process of scattering seeds away from the mother plant is called dispersal.

Match the following: -

1. Rose : new plants arise along the edges of the leaf 2
2. Bryophyllum : outer hard covering of seeds 4
3. Pea : grow from root 5
4. Seed coat : grows from buds (eye) 6
5. Carrots and beets : stem cutting 1
6. Potato : explosion 3

Give one word for the following.

1. Baby plant inside the seed embryo
2. Female part of the flower pistil.
3. Growing plants from different parts suchas root,stemorleaf vegetative reproduction.
4. Plants that have two cotyledons dicot plants.

Answer the Following Questions:-

Qus 1) What is pollination?
Ans 1) The transfer of pollen grains from the male part of the flower to its female part is
called pollination.

Qus 2) What are the necessary conditions for seeds to germinate?

Ans 2) The essential conditions required for seeds to germinate are proper amount of
water, air and warmth.

Qus 3) What is the role of cotyledons in the growth of a seedling?

Ans 3) It is the fleshy part of the seed that contains food for the baby plant.

Qus 4) Name different parts of a flower. Support your answer with diagram
Ans 4) 1. Anther It is a sac like top called anther.
2. Filament It is a hair like structure called filament.
3. Stigma It is the uppermost part of the pistil that receives pollen grains
from other flowers.
4. Ovary The ovary is a small cavity that contains a ovule, an egg shaped
structure that, when fertilised, eventually becomes a seed.
5. Style Style is the female part in a flower.
6. Petal Petals are brightly coloured part of a flower. These attract insects
and birds.
7. Sepal They are green in colour. The sepals cover the bud and protect the
inner parts from damage.

Qus 6) What is seed dispersal? Name the agents of seed dispersal?

Ans 6) The process of scattering seeds away from the mother plant is called dispersal.
The agents of seed dispersal are wind, water, men, animals, birds and explosion.

Qus 4) Which of the following plant has tendrils. (Pea/Potato/Radish/Turnip)

 SEPARATION OF SUBSTANCES

Methods of separation of substances:

1. Solid to Solid Mixtures
(i) Winnowing: is the method used to separate Heavier and lighter particles of
mixture by wind or by blowing air.
(ii) Hand-picking:
(iii) Sieving: Method of separating particles of different sizes with the help of Sieve is
called Sieving. Sieving used to separate maida, wheat flour, suji or besan, etc.
(iv) Magnetic separation: Iron pins can be separated from the mixture using
magnetic separation process.
(v) Sublimation: Changing of solids directly into vapour is called sublimations, e.g.,
camphor.
2. Solid to Liquid Mixtures
(vi) Crystallization: When a super saturated solution is cooled and allowed to stand,
crystals of the solute are separating.
(vii) Sedimentation and Decantation: In this method, the insoluble particles are
settled down and separated.
(viii) Filtration: Separated by passing the solutions through filter paper.
(ix) Evaporation: The process of separating the solute from its solvent by heating is
called evaporation.
(x) Distillation: The action of purifying a liquid by a process of heating and cooling.
(xi) Centrifugation: This process is used to separate components of different
densities in a solution.
3. Liquid to Liquid Mixtures (Miscible and Immiscible liquids)
Immiscible liquids are separated by using a separating funnel.
4. Gas-Liquid and Gas-Gas Mixtures.
Gas-Liquid Gas also mixes with liquid to form a mixture. Ex Oxygen is dissolved in
water. Aquatic plants and animals breathe in the dissolved oxygen in water.
Another ex of Liquid to Gas mixture is the aerated drinks. The carbon dioxide is mixed in
water under pressure. When the cap of a soda water bottle is removed the pressure is
released and the gas comes out and we see bubbles.
Gas-Gas Air is a homogenous mixture of many gases. We canot see the different
gases but they can be separated by a process called liquefaction of air.

Lets Answer
1. Winnowing, Hand pickingand sieving are the methods used to separate components
from a solid-solid mixture.
2. Winnowing can be used to remove lighter particles from the heavier ones.
3. A mixture of Sulphur and iron can be separated by using a magnetic separation.
4. A mixture of camphor and sand can be separated by sublimation. Camphor is obtained
as a sublimate.
5. Identify the mixture that can be separated by a tea strainer and those that can be
separated by a filter paper.
Salt and water, chalk powder and water, sugar and milk
chilli powder and water, rice and water
Ans) Tea strainer: rice and water;
filter paper: chalk powder and water, chili powder and water

Hots
1. If we dissolve some sugar in a glass of water will the level of water in the glass increase?
Give reasons.
Ans) No. A liquid has big inter-molecular space between its two molecules. The sugar when
dissolved in the liquid occupies that space. Hence no extra space is taken by the sugar
molecules. So the volume of the solution does not increase and hence the level remains the
same.

2. Name the methods you will use to clean rice which contains small pebbles, husk and
mud.
Ans) Hand picking to separate pebbles from rice; winnowing to separate husk from rice;
Washing with water will separate mud from rice.

3. Shake well before use. Why is this written on medicine bottles? What is the need for
shaking? What kind of mixtures are they? What will happen if it is used without shaking?
Ans) Such medicines are suspensions. When left for a while undisturbed the sediments settle
at the bottom. They need to be shaken to get a uniform mixture.

4. We always talk of pure milk. Is milk a pure substance scientifically? Give reasons for your
answer.
Ans) A pure substance is a substance which is made up of only one kind of particles. A mixture
is made of two or more substances. Milk is not a pure substance. It is a mixture because it is
made up of more than one substance.

Multiple choice questions:

1. Sublimation/ Filtration is the process by which an insoluble solid and a liquid are
separated by passing the mixture through a filter.
2. The solute in a salt solution is the salt/water.
3. You can dry a vegetable curry by the process of
(a) Sedimentation (b) decantation (c) evaporation (d) distillation
4. Solute and solvent mix together to form sediments/ solution.
5. A sieve can be used to separate
(a) tea leaves from tea (b) salt from water
(c) sugar from milk (d) milk from water
6. Threshing separates
(a) sand from dals (b) husk from rice
(c) seeds from stalks (d) butter from cream
7. Vegetable oil, glycerine and water will form
(a) two distinct layers (b) three distinct layers
(c) not form any layer (d) only one distinct layer
8. Distillation is the process of simultaneous
(a) filtration and decantation (b) winnowing and threshing
(c) evaporation and condensation (d) heating and cooling
9. Homogeneous/ Heterogeneous mixtures do not have a uniform composition throughout.
10. The solid that remains in the filter paper in the process of filtration is called the residue/
distillate.
11. Solute and solvent mix together to form
(a) mixture (b) immiscible mixture (c) solution (d) sediment

Very short answer type questions:

12. During which method of separation does the simultaneous process of evaporation and
condensation take place?
Ans) Distillation

13. Name one way to remove insoluble particles from a solid-liquid mixture.
Ans) Sedimentation

14. Which method is used to enhance the process of sedimentation?

Ans) Loading in which alum (aluminium sulphate) is used in the mixture.

15. Which type of mixture is obtained when we mix ink with water?
Ans) Homogeneous mixture
16. Give two examples of each:
a. Miscible liquids - alcohol and water; milk and water
b. Immiscible liquids - oil and water, glycerin and water
c. Soluble Mixture - sugar in water, salt in water
d. Insoluble mixture - sand and water, chalk powder and water
e. Homogenous mixture - oxygen in water, coffee
f. Hetrogenous mixture - sand and water, sand and iron fillings

17. What kind of mixture is an aerated drink?

Ans) Liquid-gas homogeneous mixture

Short answer type questions:

18. Why do we need to separate substances?
Ans) To separate two useful components; to obtain desirable substance; to remove impurities
from a substance.
19. Name the substance used in loading. How does it help?
Ans) Alum (aluminium sulphate). It makes the suspended particles of the mixture heavy, as a
result the particles settle down faster.
20. How are pure substances different from mixtures?
Ans) A pure substance is a substance which is made up of only one kind of particles. A mixture
is made of two or more substances.

21. Define the following terms:

(a) Impurities - An impurity is the substance that needs to be removed in a mixture.
(b) Solute - Solids which dissolve in a liquid are called solutes.
(c) Solvent - The liquid in which the solute dissolves is called a solvent.
(d) Solution - A solid dissolves in a liquid to form a solution.
(e) Saturated solution - A solution which is not capable of dissolving the solute any
further at a given temperature is called a saturated solution.
22. How are elements different from compounds?
Ans) An element is a pure substance made up of only one kind of atoms. When two atoms of
different elements combine in a fixed ratio, they form a compound.

Long answer type questions:

23. If we have a mixture of salt, sand and iron nails, how will you separate them?
Ans) First of all we use magnetic separation method to remove iron nails from the mixture.
Then the salt and sand can be mixed in water. The salt gets dissolved in water but sand does
not. Then we filter the mixture to remove sand from salt and water solution. By evaporation we
can recover salt from the solution.

24. Can three liquids form an immiscible mixture? Explain with an example. How will you
separate them?
Ans) A mixture of oil, glycerin and water is immiscible. They can be separated by using a
separating funnel. A separating funnel is a barrel shaped glass tube with a thin stem at the base
and a stopcock at the bottom to regulate the flow of liquids. The immiscible liquid mixture of oil,
glycerin and water is poured into the funnel from the top and allowed to stand for some time.
The liquids form separate layers. The lighter liquid i.e., oil, forms the upper layer, then the
heavier liquid water forms the second layer. The heaviest one, glycerin forms the third layer. The
liquid at the lowest level, i.e., glycerin, is collected first by carefully opening the stopcock. the
stopcock is closed quickly. The three liquids, thus, are separated one by one this way.

25. Name the apparatus used to cool down the vapour of the solvent in the distillation
process. Explain the process?
Ans) In the process of distillation, a round bottom flask is used in which. the mixture (for
example, sugar solution) is heated. The long stem of the flask is enclosed in a condenser in
which cold water is allowed to flow. The open end of the stem is placed in an empty beaker or
flask. On heating, water (in the solution) boils and the water vapour passes through the
condenser, cools down due to low temperature. The water vapour condenses and flows as
water droplets which are collected in a beaker.

26. Which method of separation could be better than sedimentation or decantation? Give a
reason for your answer.
Ans) Loading enhances the process of sedimentation. In this process alum is dissolved in the
mixture. Alum makes the suspended particles of the mixture heavy, as a result the particles
settle down faster. Then the clear liquid can be decanted. Distillation is better than
sedimentation and decantation as it gives pure liquid after separation

One Word Answer

A pure substance made up of only one kind of atoms Element
The process used to separate brewed tea from tea leaves Strainer
A solid dissolves in a liquid to form this Solution
A device used to separate particle of different sizes Sieve
A device used to separate iron fillings from sand Magnet
It makes the suspended particles of the mixture heavy Alum
The process involved in churning of milk Centrifugation
It vaporises without melting on heating Camphor

Extra Questions
(a) Define saturated and unsaturated solutions with examples.
Ans) Saturated Solution A solution which cannot dissolve the solute any further at a given
temperature.

(b) What are homogeneous and heterogeneous solutions?

Ans)

Multiple choice questions

1. Common salt is prepared from sea water by which process?
a. Decantation b. Evaporation c. Filtration d. Handpicking
2. Which method can be used to separate stone from pulses?
a. Sieving b. Handpicking c. Winnowing d. Threshing
3. A mixture of almonds and raisins kept together in a basket can be separated by:
a. Filtration b. Winnowing c. Handpicking d. Evaporation
4. Which process can be used to separate grains from the stalk?
a. Winnowing b. Handpicking c. Threshing d. Sieving
5. Which process mostly follows sedimentation?
a. Filtration b. Condensation c. Evaporation d. Decantation

Fill in the blanks

6. A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved is called _____________ solution.
7. Pebbles can be separated from sand by _____________.
8. Tea leaves from tea can be separated by _____________.
9. _____________ is used to separate wheat bran from flour.
10. The process of decantation always follows _____________.

True (T) or False (F)

11. Salt is an example of a soluble substance.
12. Heating decreases the solubility of a saturated solution.
13. Sand is soluble in water.
14. A solvent is dissolved in a solute to form solution.
15. Milk is insoluble in water.
16. Sugar can be separated from sugar solution by decantation.
17. Winnowing is used to remove pebbles from grains.

Match the following

18. Column A Column B
1. Separating butter from milk a. Winnowing
2. Cleaning flour b. Evaporation
3. Separation of chaff from grain c. Churning
4. Separating salt from water d. Sieving

Name the following

19. Separation of grains from husk.
20. The substance that remains on the filter paper.
21. Process of separating soluble solid from liquid.
22. Settling solid particles at the bottom of container.
23. The process of separating tea leaves from tea.

Short Answer Questions

24. What kind of mixtures can be separated from handpicking?
Ans)
25. Why there is a need to separate components of mixture?
Ans)
26. What is threshing? How is it done? How threshing is different from winnowing?
Ans)
27. Name the processes that you will use to separate the following:
a. Mud from water -
b. Sawdust from water -
c. Sugar from pulses -
28. Define the following terms:
a. Solution -
b. Saturated solution -
c. Solute and solvent -

Long Answer Questions

29. Explain the process of sedimentation and decantation with the help of an example.
Ans)

30. With the help of a labelled diagram explain the separation of sand and salt mixture in
water.
Ans)

31. Which type of substances can be separated from the process of filtration? Draw a well-
labelled diagram to show the filtration of mixture of chalk powder in water.
Ans)

32. Explain the terms solute and solvent with the help of examples.
Ans)

33. Describe the processes using which insoluble impurities can be separated from liquids.
Ans)

34. Through an activity, explain how a combination of methods can be used to separate
components of a mixture.
Ans)

35. Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated solutions with examples. How can we
increase solubility of a saturated solution?
Ans)
 Qus Papers First Two Chapters

Multiple choice questions:

1. Growth in living beings
(a) is reversible (b) is irreversible (c) is temporary (d) takes place from outside
2. The webbed feet of a frog help it in
(a) swimming (b) jumping (c) catching prey (d) running away from a predator
3. Which is not a feature of pine trees?
(a) cone-shaped top (b) needle-like leaves
(c) broad, rough leaves (d) sloping branches
4. Which one of the following is not an abiotic component?
(a) Air (b) Water (c) Soil (d) Mouse
5. The single cell performs all the functions necessary for an Amoeba to live.
(a) Amoeba is made of just one cell. (b) Amoeba is a multicellular organism.
(c) Amoeba does not show all life processes. (d) Amoeba is a non-living thing.
6. Green plants make their own food, so they are called
(a) consumers (b) producers (c) decomposers (d) predators
7. Which of the following would best tell you if something is a living being?
(a) It feels soft. (b) It is green.
(c) It produces offspring (d) It soaks up water.
8. The removal of wastes in living beings is known as
(a) respiration (b) excretion (c) growth (d) response to stimulus
9. Desert animals live in deep burrows
(a) to catch their prey (b) to hide from predators
(c) to keep away from the heat
10. Which of the following is living as well as non-living?
(a) Amoeba (b) Algae (c) Virus (d) Bacteria
11. Chameleons have the ability to change colour
(a) to camouflage themselves against predators in their natural habitat
(b) to communicate with other chameleons
(c) to play around
12. An example of sensitivity in plants is
(a) germination of seeds (b) seed dispersal
(c) bearing flowers (d) phototropism
13. Animals move because they
(a) have to search for food (b) like to move around
(c) can make their own food (d) are in search of new places
14. Roots in aquatic plants are reduced in size.
(a) They do not have much role to play.
(b) They float (c) They repel water.
15. Leaves of the Mimosa plant fold when touched.
(a) They wither. (b) They show response to stimulus.
(c) They need nutrition. (d) They get tired.
16. Water lily has circular and wax-coated leaves which help in
(a) repelling water (b) floating
(c) being submerged (d) drifting with water
17. Cactus has green and fleshy stems
(a) to look attractive (b) to store water and food
(c) to allow less water loss due to transpiration
18. Bees help plants in
(a) respiration (b) pollination (c) growth (d) making food
Very short answer type questions:
19. Name the process by which green plants make their own food.
20. What makes you withdraw your hand immediately as you touch a hot pot?
21. Name the adaptation that animals use to hide to deceive their enemies.
22. What is the non-living component of an ecosystem known as?
23. Which plant part is reduced in size in aquatic plants?
24. What are organisms that feed on dead matter called?
25. What structure in sea fishes helps them counter the salinity of water?
26. Give an example of predator-prey relationship.
27. What is the basic structural and functional unit of life?
28. Which process is mainly involved in the growth of an organism?
29. What adaptation on the body of animals helps them keep warm in cold regions?
30. How are organisms linked with each other in an ecosystem?
31. What adaptations enable a whale to conserve oxygen while underwater?

Long answer type questions:

32. What are the various habitats? Describe any two.
33. What is a food chain? Build your own food chain or food web that may live in your backyard.
Be sure to label all parts of your food chain or web.
34. What is food for plants? It plants do not eat, then where do they get their food from? Explain.
35. Explain response to stimulus in living beings with the help of three examples.

Short answer type questions:

36. Give two reasons for movement in animals.
37. Define the term adaptation. Describe the adaptations seen in a frog.
38. Why does the leaves of lotus have a waxy coating on their leaves?
39. Give an example of movement in plants.
40. Which animal is called the ship of the desert? Why?
41. How do plants living in water get oxygen?
42. Why is intake of food considered so important in living beings?
43. Why do pine trees have pointed leaves?
44. Define ecology.
45. Name two waste materials released by plants.
46. Define excretion. Does excretion take place in plants?

Fill in the blanks

47. __________ is formed from dead plants and animals, and makes the soil fertile.
48. Cactus plant has its leaves modified into __________ to reduce __________ loss.
49. __________ is a scavenger.
50. The habitats in water are called __________ and those on land are called __________.
51. Various places on earth where plants and animals are found constitute the _________.
52. Plants growing in the __________ are called xerophytes.
53. __________ can store food in its hump.

Match the following:

1. crab (a) streamlined body
2. soil (b) salt water
3. pine (c) fleshy stem
4. cactus (d) abiotic component
5. fish (e) pointed leaves
True (T) or False (F):

54. Plants show movement towards sound

55. Animals can make their own food.
56. Animals grow throughout their life.
57. It is through the process of photosynthesis that the body finally obtains energy from the
food it takes.
58. Animal cells have a rigid cell wall outside the cell membrane.
 Chapter Qus and Answers
Living Organisms and Their Sorrundings

Multiple choice questions

1. The presence of specific features or certain habits, which enable a plant or an animal to
live in its surroundings, is called:
a. Habitat b. Adaptation c. Terrestrial d. Aquatic
2. The surroundings where organisms live is called:
a. Adaptation b. Habitat c. Environment d. Abiotic environment
3. The hooves help the mountain goats:
a. for attacking other animals b. for protecting it from cold
c. for running up the rocky slopes d. for scratching its back
4. Plants are characterised by all except:
a. reproduction b. locomotion c. respiration d. growth
5. Which of these adaptations is not shown by a camel?
a. A hump on its back b. Passes scanty of urine
c. Perspires a lot d. The sole of feet have sort of pads
6. Suppose you accidently sit on a drawing pin, you would jump up quickly. The pricking of
the pin is called the
a. Response b. Paining reaction c. Quick reaction d. Stimulus
7. Fish have fin to:
a. remain in the same place in water b. balance themselves in water
c. change directions in water d. swim in water
8. The habitat of plants and animals that live in water is called:
a. Aquatic b. Terrestrial c. Mountain d. Grassland
9. Lions have eyes in front because:
a. It can see the colour of the object correctly b. It should look in front only
c. It can locate its prey exactly d. It knows the presence of its prey
10. Camels have long legs which help to:
a. run long distances b. keep their body away from the heat of the desert
c. carry a lot of luggage d. be able to run in the sand

Fill in the blanks

11. The process of producing more of their own kind by the living organisms is called
__________.
12. Small changes that take place in the body of living organisms to make them able to
survive in a habitat are called ________________.
13. During breathing, organisms take in _____________ and give out ___________.
14. In the mountain regions, the trees are normally ______________ shaped.
15. Air, soil and water are ______________ components.
16. The stems of aquatic plants are long, ______________ and _____________.
17. _____________ is an example of desert plant.
18. Frogs have ____________feet that help them to swim in water.
19. The surroundings where the organisms live is called _______________.
20. Ponds and lakes are examples of _____________ habitat.

True (T) or False (F)

21. The animals which cannot adapt to changing abiotic factors die out and only adapted
ones survive.
22. Some plants remove their waste products as secretions.
23. Camels excrete large amount of urine and their dung is wet.
24. Animals grow throughout their life.
25. All living beings respond to stimuli.
26. The light brown skin of the lion helps it to become a predator in the grassland.
27. Animals living in mountain regions have thick skin or fur.
28. Several kinds of plants and animals share the same habitat.
29. Plants do not respond to stimuli.
30. Desert animals like snakes and rats come during the day.

Match the following

1. Desert plants a. Streamlined body
2. Hydrophytes b. Thick skin having fat layer
3. Aerial c. Leaves modified to spine
4. Mountains d. Spongy leaves and waxy coating
5. Aquatic e. Bones are hollow

Name the following

32. Four important abiotic factors needed for growth of plants
33. Two terrestrial habitats
34. Breathing organs of fish and earthworms
35. Two aquatic habitats
36. Two plants and two animals of mountain regions

Short Answer Questions

37. Fish have streamlined bodies. What is the significance of this shape?
38. Classify the following as biotic and abiotic components bacteria, dog, humidity, polar
bear, light, air, precipitation, temperature, soil, water
39. How does light brown colour of lion's skin help it to live in forests?
40. Define excretion and reproduction.
41. What are the various components of a habitat?
42. What is the significance of blow-holes in whales?
43. Why are the leaves of pine tree needle-like?
44. Leaves of aquatic plants are narrow, thin and ribbon-like. Why?
45. Mention two stimuli that plants respond to, with examples.
46. Give four examples of terrestrial habitat.
47. How do plants respire?

Long Answer Questions

48. What are the characteristics of living things? Explain with examples.
49. Give three adaptive features of animals living in water.
50. Differentiate between:
a. Breathing and Respiration
b. Photosynthesis and Respiration
51. What are the respiratory organs in:
a. Fish -
b. Earthworm -
c. Frog -
d. Insect -
52. How are mountain trees adapted to live in their habitat?
53. What are the three adaptive features of animals living in mountain regions?
54. How can camel live in desert? Explain in detail.
55. Define:
 a. Habitat -
b. Adaptation -
c. Xerophytes -
d. Hydrophytes -
56. How do desert plants control loss of water?
 Plants Parts and Functions

Multiple choice questions:

1. In plants the taproot is formed from
(a) plumule (b) radicle (c) stem (d) modified stem
2. Which of the following shows the presence of modified leaves?
(a) pitcher plant (b) banyan tree (c) sugarcane (d) rose plant
3. The male reproductive part of a flower is called
(a) pistil (b) stamen (c) sepal (d) petal
4. Backbone is made up of smaller bones arranged in a chain.
(a) This helps in bringing about movement in the body.
(b) This helps in bending of the body.
(c) This helps to give support to the body.
(d) This helps us to sit or stand erect.
5. Joints in the skull are __________ .
(a) immovable or fixed (b) pivot joints (c) ball and socket joints (d) hinge joints
6. In cactus the leaves are reduced to spines
(a) in order to give support to the plant (b) to reduce water loss due to transpiration
(c) to defend the plant from animals (d) to perform photosynthesis
7. Veins are present on which part of the plant body?
(a) roots (b) stem (c) leaf (d) fruit
8. Fishes have a streamlined body shape.
(a) This helps them swim up and down and keep upright.
(b) This helps them to go down and rise in water.
(c) This helps the fish overcome resistance offered by the water and swim easily.
(d) This enhances their beauty.
9. In plants like cucumber, stems are coiled
(a) in order to perform the function of making food
(b) in order to help the plant to climb up
(c) to store water in them
(d) to make it look attractive
10. An earthworm has fine hair-like structures on its ventral surface called _________ .
(a) cilia (b) chaetae (c) flagellum (d) tentacles
11. __________ are attached to bones and bring about a movement.
(a) Cartilages (b) Muscles (c) Bone marrow (d) Tendons
12. You can rotate your arm at the shoulder region but cannot do the same at the elbow
region.
(a) Type of joints at these two places is not the same.
(b) Type of muscles at these two places is not the same.
(c) Type of bones at these two places is not the same.
(d) Type of tissues at these two places is not the same.
13. Climbing roots are seen in
(a) banyan tree (b) rose plant (c) onion (d) money plant
14. Biceps and triceps are a pair of __________ working together.
(a) bones (b) muscles (c) nerves (d) cartilages
15. How does the leaf of a plant help the plant to survive?
(a) Leaves produce the food. (b) Leaves keep the plant from falling over.
(c) Leaves take in water from the soil. (d) Leaves take in nutrients from the soil.
Very short answer type questions:
16. Complete the given analogies.
1. tendrils : climbing :: spine : __________
2. stamen : male :: carpel : __________
3. stem : plumule :: roots : __________
17. From which part of a germinating seed does the root develop?
18. How many pairs of legs do cockroaches have?
19. Where are immovable joints found in the human body?
20. What is the soft tissue that covers the ends of the bones?
21. What type of venation is seen in the leaves of maize?
22. How many bones make up the human skeleton?
23. Which part of the leaves help in transpiration?
24. What is the transfer of pollens from anther to stigma called?
25. What are the last two pairs of ribs that are not attached to the sternum known as?
26. Name the bud responsible for the growth of the plant.
27. Name the flattened part of a leaf.
28. What are those animals that have a backbone known as?
29. Is snail a vertebrate?
30. When you bend the arm at the elbow region and bring your fist close to your shoulder, a
hard lump is noticed in the upper arm. What is this lump?
31. Muscles are attached to the bones by a tissue. Name the tissue.

Long answer type questions:

32. What is the difference between taproot system and fibrous root system?
33. Describe the parts of a leaf with the help of a diagram.
34. What is the function of flowers in plants? Describe each part with the help of a diagram.
35. List the functions of the skeleton in humans.
36. With the help of an activity describe how water and water soluble nutrients reach the
leaves from the roots.
37. Why is pollination necessary in a flower? How is it brought about?
38. How do muscles workby pulling or pushing? Explain.
39. Describe the ribcage in humans.
40. List various types of joints and their functions in humans.

Short answer type questions:

41. What is the role of the following in our body?
(a) Girdles, (b) Vertebral column, (c) Muscles, (d) Joints, (e) Ribcage
42. Why do animals need to move?
43. How does Amoeba move?
44. Explain briefly how an earthworm moves.
45. What is the role of stomata in the leaf of a plant?
46. How does the streamlined body of a fish help in its movement?
47. Differentiate between parallel and reticulate venation.
48. What is an axil?
49. Define the following terms.
(a) Pollination (b) Transpiration (c) Fertilisation (d) Venation (e) Internode
50. How do floating ribs help?
51. What are the functions of leaves in plants?
52. Differentiate between herbs, shrubs and trees.
53. What is the difference between locomotion and movement?
Match the following:
1. Shoulder girdle (a) pelvic girdle
2. Upper limb (b) femur
3. Knee (c) ball-and-socket joint
4. Hip joint (d) hinge joint
5. Hip girdle (e) pectoral girdle
6. Lower limb (f) humerus
7. Gliding joint (g) neck
8. Pivot joint (h) wrist
9. Cartilage (i) no backbone
10. Ribcage (j) external ear
11. Invertebrates (k) protects heart

1. pea (a) support

2. onion (b) tendril
3. stomata (c) fleshy leaves
4. prop roots (d) leaf
5. midrib (e) exchange of gases

Put these in the order of bottom-to-top in a plant 1. stem node root apical bud 2. sepal pedicel
ovule ovary
 Chapter Test
Light, Shadows and Reflections

Multiple choice questions

1. Butter paper is an example of:
a. Translucent object b. Transparent object c. Opaque object d. None of these
2. Which one is an opaque object?
a. Thick glass pan b. Cardboard c. Butter paper d. Thin plastic sheet
3. Which is a natural luminous body?
a. Moon b. Sun c. Burning candle d. Burning lamp
4. Which of the following is not a luminous object?
a. Sun b. Burning gas lantern c. Glow worm d. Unlit candle
5. The shape of shadow depends on the:
a. size of the object b. shape of the object
c. shape of the source of light d. position of the source of light
6. We may see small circular patches of light under a tree because:
a. there are circular gaps between the leaves of the tree
b. gaps between the leaves act as pinholes
c. both (a) and (b) d. none of these
7. Shadow is formed due to:
a. rectilinear propagation of light
b. parallel propagation of light
c. passing of light through an opaque object d. all of these
8. In solar eclipse moon is between:
a. Sun and Earth b. Sun and Venus
c. Earth and Venus d. Earth and stars

Multiple choice questions:

1. A boy is standing at a distance of 6 m from the plane mirror. The distance between the
boy and his image is:
(a) 6 m (b) 12 m (c) 3 m (d) 1 m
2. An object is called translucent when it
(a) allows light to pass through (b) does not allow light to pass through
(c) allows light to pass through it partially (d) is a soft material
3. If a pencil is held above a table and directly below a tube light, a sharp shadow is
obtained when it is:
(a) held parallel to the tube light and far above the table (b) held vertically
(c) held parallel to the tube light and close to the table (d) held near the tube light
4. A device which proves that light travels in a straight line is a
(a) camera (b) pinhole camera (c) prism (d) periscope
5. Velocity of light in water and glass has the following relation:
(a) Velocity in water is less than that in glass and more than that in vacuum.
(b) Velocity in both the media is the same but less in vacuum.
(c) Velocity in water is more than that in glass and less than in vacuum.
(d) Velocity in water is less than that in glass and more than in vacuum.
6. The image formed by the pinhole camera is:
(a) laterally inverted (b) erect (c) inverted (d) virtual
7. The shape, size and nature of a shadow depends on
(a) the angle at which light falls on an object (b) the size of the object
(c) the distance between the object and the source (d) all the above
8. The speed of light is
 (a) slow in air than in water (b) the greatest in vacuum
(c) less than the speed of sound (d) the same everywhere
9. The symmetrical letters are
(a) ABC (b) XYZ (c) HIJ (d) AHX

Fill in the blanks

9. Objects that give out or emit light of their own are called _____________.
10. Light travels in a _____________.
11. _____________ and _____________ are essential for the formation of shadow on a
screen.
12. Images formed by a pinhole camera are __________.
13. Solar and Lunar eclipse are examples of _____________ formation in nature.
14. _____________ is formed when an opaque object comes in the path of light.
15. A _____________ changes the direction of light that falls on it.
16. Moon is a _____________ object.
17. We see _____________ of the object in the mirror.
18. ____________ objects do not caste any shadow.

True (T) or False (F)

19. Colour of shadow depends on colour of the object.
20. We see the moon because it is a luminous body.
21. The image formed by pinhole camera is inverted.
22. Light is a form of energy which cannot be seen.
23. Plane mirror is used in periscope.

Match the following

1. Moon a. Translucent
2. Sun b. Opaque
3. Brick c. Reflecting surface
4. Mirror d. Luminous
5. Tracing paper e. Non-luminous

Name the following

25. An object which has its own light
26. An object that passes all the light falling on it
27. Type of objects that form shadows
28. The principle on which a pinhole camera works

Very short answer type questions:

10. Change one word to make the sentence true. Rainbow is formed due to reflection of light.
11. How does a pinhole camera work?
12. Change one word to make the sentence true. The formation of shadow of an opaque
object is due to the wave nature of light.
13. When does lunar eclipse occur?
14. Change one word to make the sentence true. A solar eclipse takes place only on a full
moon day.
15. How much time does the sunlight take to reach the earths surface?
16. Change one word to make the sentence true. Light travels fastest in air.
17. Change one word to make the sentence true. A total lunar eclipse is seen when the moon
is in the penumbra region of the earths shadow.
18. What is the ratio of the size of the image to the size of the object formed by a plane
mirror?

Long answer type questions:

19. What are the factors on which shape, size and nature of a shadow depend? Explain with
the help of diagrams.
20. Explain with the help of diagrams.
(a) Formation of solar eclipse (b) Image formation in a pinhole camera
(c) Formation of lunar eclipse
21. Explain with the help of diagram why a flying aeroplane does not cast a shadow on the
ground.

Short answer type questions:

22. What kind of a shadow would you expect to see if you place a ball in the path of light
emerging from a torch? Draw a diagram to explain.
23. Can we see our reflection in anything other than a mirror? Name them.
24. Why is your shadow smaller during the day than that in the morning and evening?
25. How are shadows formed?
26. What is reflection of light?
27. What is a luminous object? Give examples.
28. When light falls on an object, it can be absorbed, reflected or allowed to pass through.
What does an opaque object do? How do we see it?

Short Answer Questions

29. Distinguish between:
a. Transparent and translucent objects
b. Luminous and non-luminous objects
30. What is reflection of light? Write it two types.
31. List three conditions that are required for a shadow to be formed.
32. Classify the following as luminous and non-luminous bodies:
Star, Sun, Moon, Tubelight, Mirror, Bulb, Planets, Glass, Polished table top, Plastic
33. What happens when light strikes a transparent body such as glass?
34. What is the difference between the shadow and the image formed by a pinhole camera?
35. How and when does a solar eclipse occur?
36. What type of shadows is formed by transparent, translucent and opaque objects?

Long Answer Questions

37. Describe an activity to show that light travels in a straight line.
38. Suggest an activity to show that light travelling along straight lines will get reflected from
a mirror in a similar way.
39. State the principle behind the working of a pinhole camera. Describe in detail how would
you make a simple pinhole camera at home.