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1. Describa la importancia biolgica del proceso de la glucolisis.
Dado que un sustrato es una molcula sobre la que acta una enzima para dar a
cabo una reaccin, tenemos que el sustrato inicial del proceso de la glucolisis es
precisamente la molcula de la glucosa de 6 carbonos y a lo largo de todo el
desarrollo de la glucolisis encontramos nueve sustratos ms, los cuales son Glucosa
6 fosfato, Fructosa 6 fosfato, Fructosa 1,6 bifosfato, Dihidroxiacetona fosfato y
Gliceraldheido 3 Fosfato, 1,3 Difosfoglicerato, 3, Fosfoglicerato, 2, Fosfoglicerato,
Fosfoenol piruvato y finalmente piruvato.
12. En qu pasos de la gluclisis se consume ATP, y en qu pasos se
genera ATP?
El metabolismo del eritrocito es limitado puesto que carece de ncleo, por lo que no
pueden llevar a cabo procesos de obtencin de energa como el ciclo de Krebs,
obteniendo su energa mediante la gluclisis anaerobia, este proceso, es igual que
la glucolisis aerobia hasta el punto en el que se llega al piruvato, puesto que este
para continuar se convierte en lactato, gracias a la enzima piruvato-deshidrogenasa,
mientras los procesos van de la mano, es decir mientras no llega a piruvato (son
iguales) los eritrocitos aprovechan del 1-3 bifosfoglicerato como indica la grfica a
continuacin:
La 2,3-BPG se pega a la HB hacindola menos afn con el O2 con el fin de que al
tejido llegue ms o de una mejor manera el oxgeno. Continua el proceso normal,
es decir que se reintegra al proceso de glucolisis como 3-fosfoglocerato y podramos
decir que donde vuelve a aprovechar este proceso es la obtencin del piruvato, para
convertirlo en lactato y utilizando las molculas que le son necesarias para
continuar con la gluclisis anaerobia.
17. Cmo consigue el msculo energa en actividad anaerbica?
Ingles
2. consisting glycolysis
The word glycolysis comes from gluco etymologically meaning "sweet or
Sugar "and lysis meaning" break. "Conceptually can be defined as" the metabolic
conversion of sugars into simpler compounds ", in this case pyruvic acid or pyruvate.
Remember that all carbohydrates consumed are transformed into glucose, which is
stored in animals as glycogen. Importantly, this process applies only to
carbohydrates, not proteins and lipids.
4. What is the ultimate fate of pyruvate under anaerobic and aerobic conditions.
The process of glycolysis pyruvate does not end, but continues under two
Modalities, an aerobic pathway (ie with the presence of oxygen) and anaerobic
pathway (in the absence of oxygen). Depending on this conditional, a specific
product will be obtained.
In the case of the formation of ATP as a final product of the number of process
Which is part of glycolysis, we are interested in the "aerobically".
Oxygen plays the role of "final reducer" of biochemical processes, mainly by
reducing NADH and FADH formed, to enable them again in his presentation oxidized
NAD and FAD.
During aerobic pathway, pyruvate containing a carboxyl group (-COOH) liberates
Carbon and oxygen to form CO2. Thus pyruvate becomes
Acetaldehyde, which undergoes an oxidation process by releasing electrons and
board
With the HS-CoA group (Coenzyme A) to form acetyl CoA.
5. Few molecules of pyruvate catabolism be obtained from four
It is one of the two main mechanisms of humans and many other animals used to
maintain levels drop too low (hypoglycemia) blood glucose. Other means of
maintaining blood glucose levels are through glycogen breakdown (Glycogenolysis).
Gluconeogenesis is a ubiquitous process, present in plants, animals, fungi, bacteria
and other microorganisms. In animals, it is carried out mainly gluconeogenesis in the
liver and to a lesser extent in the kidney cortex. This process occurs during periods
of fasting, starvation, low carbohydrate diets or intense exercise and is highly
endergonic.
7. Let's see the enzymes are playing by the process of glycolysis, they are
The participation of various enzymes in the process such as hexokinase, the
Phosphoglucoisomerase and phosphofructokinase.
This phosphopyruvate releases its P energized to convert a molecule of ADP
ATP via pyruvate kinase enzyme.
The final product of this reaction is Pyruvate.
Phosphoenolpyruvate phosphate is transferred from one to another protein of a
system
Phosphotransferase transport, and ultimately will phosphate to a glucose molecule
which is taken from outside the cell and released as G6P inside the cell. It is therefore
engaging the first and last reaction of this pathway and use surplus energy to perform
a type of
Transport through membrane translocation called group.
The purpose has dual control in relation to the homeostatic balance.
Keep in mind that the potential differences are not to be electromagnetic, pressure
differences may occur, densities, humidities, etc. For example, glucose, when there
is excess (hyperglycemia) or a deficit (hypoglycemia), the solution in the first case
of insulin secretion, and in the second, glucagon secretion all through the pancreas,
and getting blood sugar level.
The term glycolysis can be easily broken down into its roots, to understand as the
degradation of the glucose molecule, which is metabolized with the ultimate aim of
producing pyruvate, ATP and NADH. This is a process by which energy is produced,
which is the primary pathway for the metabolism of glucose, fructose, galactose and
other carbohydrates derived from the diet.
Glycolysis plays a major role in cellular respiration and can operate anaerobic or
aerobic, depending on the availability of oxygen and sequentially from the electron
transport chain, as is the structure that requires metabolic energy as fuel. It is of
utmost importance for performing biochemical processes as protein synthesis,
regeneration and cell division and finally to fulfill all vital cell functions that directly
affect the proper functioning of our body.
Glycolysis, unlike other processes responsible for cellular respiration, occurs in the
cytoplasm of the cell because in this place are the enzymes that catalyze different
reactions that occur in the process and in these reactions it generates new products
do not have the ability to cross the cell membrane and to continue the development
phase for obtaining energy in form of ATP.
Since in the process of glycolysis two major phases, the first of energy expenditure
and second energy benefit, the net result of this process is divided into two
molecules of NADH, four molecules of ATP are carried out which because of the
expense energy produced in the first phase in which two are used, eventually final
product are counted as two molecules of ATP and two of pyruvate, which
subsequently and depending on environmental conditions may vary between
different metabolic pathways.
12. What steps of glycolysis ATP is consumed, and what steps ATP is generated?
Steps of glycolysis that ATP is consumed.
The fourth step is the breakdown of fructose bisphosphate 1-6 two molecules
dihidroxiacetona- phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (3C), reaction
catalyzed by the enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (aldolase). In the fifth step
transformation dihydroxyacetone phosphate it is presented, since this is isomerisa
in glyceraldehyde -3- phosphate (3c) which is the glycolysis can continue with this
catalysis is presented by the enzyme triose phosphate isomerase.
14. What steps of glycolysis NADH is generated and where these NADH going?
The metabolism of erythrocyte is limited since it has no core, so it can not carry out
processes for obtaining energy as the Krebs cycle, obtaining energy through
anaerobic glycolysis, this process is like aerobic glycolysis to point is reached
pyruvate, since this to continue becomes lactate, through the enzyme pyruvate
dehydrogenase, while the processes go hand in hand, that is until it comes to
pyruvate (are the same) erythrocytes advantage of 1-3 bisphosphoglycerate as
shown in the graph below:
2, 3-BPG is bonded to the HB making it less affine with O2 in order that the tissue
reaches a more or better oxygen. Continuing the normal process, ie that is returned
to the process of glycolysis as 3-fosfoglocerato and could say where it returns to
take advantage of this process it is the production of pyruvate, to make lactate and
using molecules that are necessary to continue the anaerobic glycolysis.
Glycolysis can occur in a medium with oxygen or oxygen, however the process that
takes place in an anaerobic environment generates fewer molecules of ATP
comparison which occurs in aerobic environment, because it is necessary to
metabolize greater amount of glucose. It is then this capacity glycolysis which allows
the visceral striated muscle have the ability to generate a high degree of working
with an insufficient amount of oxygen to degrade glucose was reserved having as
lactic acid product and the respective energy with to face intense and prolonged
efforts generally.