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1)WhatisSQL?
SQLstandsforstructuredquerylanguage.Itisadatabase
languageusedfordatabasecreation,deletion,fetchingrowsand
modifyingrowsetc.sometimesitispronouncedasseqwell.

2)WhenSQLappeared?
Itappearedin1974.

3)WhataretheusagesofSQL?
Toexecutequeriesagainstadatabase
Toretrievedatafromadatabase
Toinsertsrecordsinadatabase
Toupdatesrecordsinadatabase
Todeleterecordsfromadatabase
Tocreatenewdatabases
Tocreatenewtablesinadatabase
Tocreateviewsinadatabase

4)DoesSQLsupportprogramming?
No,SQLdoesn'thavelooporConditionalstatement.Itisused
likecommandinglanguagetoaccessdatabases.

5)WhatarethesubsetsofSQL?
1.Datadefinitionlanguage(DDL)
2.Datamanipulationlanguage(DML)

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3.Datacontrollanguage(DCL)

6)Whatisdatadefinitionlanguage?
Datadefinitionlanguage(DDL)allowsyoutoCREATE,ALTERand
DELETEdatabaseobjectssuchasschema,tables,view,
sequenceetc.

7)Whatisdatamanipulationlanguage?
Datamanipulationlanguagemakesuserabletoaccessand
manipulatedata.Itisusedtoperformfollowingoperations.

Insertdataintodatabase
Retrievedatafromthedatabase
Updatedatainthedatabase
Deletedatafromthedatabase

8)Whatisdatacontrollanguage?
Datacontrollanguageallowsyoutocontrolaccesstothe
database.ItincludestwocommandsGRANTandREVOKE.

GRANT:tograntspecificusertoperformspecifictask.

REVOKE:tocancelpreviouslydeniedorgrantedpermissions.

9)Whatarethetypeofoperatorsavailablein
SQL?
1.Arithmeticoperators
2.Logicaloperators
3.Comparisonoperator

10)Whatisthedifferencebetweenclustered
andnonclusteredindexinSQL?

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TherearemainlytwotypeofindexesinSQL,Clusteredindex
andnonclusteredindex.Thedifferencesbetweenthesetwo
indexesisveryimportantfromSQLperformanceperspective.

1)Onetablecanhaveonlyoneclusteredindexbutitcanhave
manynonclusteredindex.(approximately250).

2)clusteredindexdetermineshowdataisstoredphysicallyin
table.Actuallyclusteredindexstoresdataincluster,related
dataisstoredtogethersoitmakessimpletoretrievedata.

3)readingfromaclusteredindexismuchfasterthanreading
fromnonclusteredindexfromthesametable.

4)clusteredindexsortandstoredatarowsinthetableorview
basedontheirkeyvalue,whilenonclusterhaveastructure
separatefromthedatarow.

11)WhatistheSQLquerytodisplaycurrent
date?
ThereisabuiltinfunctioninSQLcalledGetDate()whichisused
toreturncurrenttimestamp.

12)WhichtypesofjoinisusedinSQLwidely?
TheknowledgeofJOINisverynecessaryforaninterviewee.
MostlyusedjoinisINNERJOINand(left/right)OUTERJOIN.

13)Whatis"TRIGGER"inSQL?
TriggerallowsyoutoexecuteabatchofSQLcodewhenan
insert,updateordeletecommandisexecutedagainstaspecific
table.

Actuallytriggersarespecialtypeofstoredproceduresthatare
definedtoexecuteautomaticallyinplaceorafterdata
modifications.

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14)Whatisselfjoinandwhatisthe
requirementofselfjoin?
Selfjoinisoftenveryusefultoconvertahierarchicalstructure
toaflatstructure.Itisusedtojoinatabletoitselfaslikeif
thatisthesecondtable.

15)WhataresetoperatorsinSQL?
Union,intersectorminusoperatorsarecalledsetoperators.

16)Whatisaconstraint?Tellmeaboutits
variouslevels.
Constraintsarerepresentatorsofacolumntoenforcedata
entityandconsistency.Therearetwolevels:

1.columnlevelconstraint
2.tablelevelconstraint

17)WriteanSQLquerytofindnamesof
employeestartwith'A'?

1. SELECT*FROMEmployeesWHEREEmpNamelike'A%'

18)WriteanSQLquerytogetthirdmaximum
salaryofanemployeefromatablenamed
employee_table.

1. SELECTTOP1salary
2. FROM(
3. SELECTTOP3salary
4. FROMemployee_table
5. ORDERBYsalaryDESC)ASemp
6. ORDERBYsalaryASC

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19)WhatisthedifferencebetweenDELETE
andTRUNCATEstatementinSQL?
ThemaindifferencesbetweenSQLDELETEandTRUNCATE
statementsaregivenbelow:

No. DELETE TRUNCATE

1) DELETEisaDML TRUNCATEisaDDL
command. command.

2) WecanuseWHERE WecannotuseWHERE
clauseinDELETE clausewithTRUNCATE
command.

3) DELETEstatementis TRUNCATEstatementisused
usedtodeletearow toremovealltherowsfrom
fromatable atable.

4) DELETEisslowerthan TRUNCATEstatementisfaster
TRUNCATEstatement. thanDELETEstatement.

5) Youcanrollbackdata Itisnotpossibletorollback
afterusingDELETE afterusingTRUNCATE
statement. statement.

20)WhatisACIDpropertyindatabase?
ACIDpropertyisusedtoensurethatthedatatransactionsare
processedreliablyinadatabasesystem.

Asinglelogicaloperationofadataiscalledtransaction.

ACIDisanacronymforAtomicity,Consistency,Isolation,
Durability.

Atomicity:itrequiresthateachtransactionisallornothing.It
meansifonepartofthetransactionfails,theentiretransaction
failsandthedatabasestateisleftunchanged.

Consistency:theconsistencypropertyensurethatthedata
mustmeetallvalidationrules.Insimplewordsyoucansaythat
yourtransactionneverleavesyourdatabasewithoutcompleting
itsstate.
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Isolation:thispropertyensurethattheconcurrentpropertyof
executionshouldnotbemet.Themaingoalofproviding
isolationisconcurrencycontrol.

Durability:durabilitysimplymeansthatonceatransactionhas
beencommitted,itwillremainso,comewhatmayevenpower
loss,crashesorerrors.

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