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in the inspection of
QSmax- and PQR-values
in accordance with
EN 13555
as exemplified
by PTFE-based
Gaskets
2
EN 13555
EN 13555 In the past years, the company If one compares the maximun
Gasket factors and testing Klinger Dichtungstechnik has looked surface stress in compliance with
procedures for applying the rules into this new standard intensively EN 13555 to BO according to
for designing flange connections and has performed a large number of DIN 28090-1, it is simple to identify
with round flanges and gaskets tests on a wide range of gasket the different testing concepts used for
has been valid since February materials in its in-house test lab. both standards.
2005. An interim balance of our initial In the definition according to
findings shows that testing the gasket DIN 28090-1, non-permitted relaxa-
It replaced the standard factor QSmax (maximum surface stress) tion of the gasket connection due to
DIN 28090-1 leads to reasonable results for many structural damage or gasket creeping
Static sealings for flange fibre-reinforced gaskets, but that for are taken into account and the highest
connections part 1: Gasket the results for PTFE gaskets doubt permitted, relative change in thickness
factors and test procedures" needs to be applied to the purpose- in the compression test for gasket
of Sept. 1995. fulness of the test results. materials is clearly limited.
The failure criterion defined in the This concept leads to defined va-
standard is not clearly defined, and, lues for the maximum permitted sur-
depending on how the test results are face stress of the gasket material in the
interpreted, one can arrive at com- operating state and differs basically to
pletely different results for the corres- the QSmax value determined in accor-
ponding gasket factors. dance with EN 13555.
The note provided in the
standard, that determining QSmax on In the following, the terms
sheet materials can lead to an over- according to EN 13555 and the
valuation of the functionality of determination of the gasket
gaskets, and hence all values for QSmax factors QSmax and PQR are
need to be confirmed by determining cited from the standard.
PQR at the same temperature and
surface stress, is also not very helpful, Test results and photos of
since the interpretation of the failure the gaskets tested in accor-
criterion for QSmax provides different dance with EN 13555 show that
values for QSmax. the definition and determination
The interpretation of QSmax by the of the gasket factors QSmax and
engineer could lead to an overestima- PQR for gaskets based on PTFE
tion of the load bearing capacity of the need to be reviewed, so that the
gasket, since the standard does not user can determine easily and
provide any note on the final state of without doubt, which gasket
the gasket after the test. material will function perfectly
under the given operating
conditions.
3
Gasket Parameters
Notations according
EN 13555
Gasket factor QSmax Generation of QSmax The gasket is initially loaded at
(EN 13555 5.1/8.1) (EN 13555 8.4.4) the appropriate rate of increase, see
6.5, to 20 N/mm 2 based upon the
Maximum gasket surface pressure The test procedure consists of raising original area of the gasket at ambient
that may be imposed on the gasket at the temperature of the gasket to the temperature and there is then a dwell
the indicated temperatures without required value under an initial surface period of 5 minutes. The temperature
collapse or compressive failure of the pressure and then carrying out cyclic is the raised at the rate specified in
gasket. compression / recovery loadings on 6.6 until the required temperature is
The determination of QSmax may the gasket at progressively higher reached after which there is a dwell
for sheet material result in an over- surface pressures until the gasket for 15 minutes.
estimation of the capability of the collapses or the maximum load of the After this dwell the load on the
sheet and it is important that all values test machine or the maximum surface gasket is decreased to one third of the
of QSmax for sheets are verified by pressure specified by the manufac- previous value at the appropriate rate,
conducting a test for PQR at the same turer is reached. For each loading see 6.5, based upon the original area
temperature and surface pressure as cycle the thickness decrement per unit of the gasket and held there for a
for the QSmax value. of surface pressure increase is re- dwell period of 5 minutes.
corded. It is then increased at the appro-
The surface pressure of the loa- priate rate, see 6.5, based upon the
ding cycle prior to collapse is taken to original area of the gasket, until a
be the QSmax value for that tempera- higher gasket surface pressure, based
ture. The parameter QSmax for sheet upon the original area of the gasket,
materials is very thickness dependent is attained (see below for the exact
and the values determined are only re- value).
levant for the thicknesses of gaskets Then, after a dwell period of
tested. 5 minutes, this cyclic procedure is
In the context of the above the repeated until the gasket surface
term collapse is defined as when the pressure reaches the value of the
thickness decrement per unit of sur- maximum load of the test machine or
face pressure increase rises sharply the maximum surface pressure
above the trend set by the previous specified by the manufacturer is
values to the extent that it cannot be reached or the gasket is seen to have
considered to be just a consequence collapsed.
of the inherent variation around the The thickness decrement per unit
trend. of surface pressure increase relative
The test procedure is illustrated to the previous thickness at the end of
in Figure 1a and gaskets as specified each cycle is plotted as shown in
in 7.4 should be used. the standard in figure 1b.
The test can be carried out either at The value of QSmax being taken at
ambient or any required elevated that gasket surface pressure value
temperature. used before the successive thickness
It is recommended that a minimum of change exhibited an increase.
three temperatures be used, ambient
and one at the top end of the possible
temperature range shall always be
used.
4
Gasket Parameters
Notations according
EN 13555
Gasket factor PQR Generation of PQR Validity of the test results
(EN 13555 5.5) (EN 13555 8.6.4) (EN 13555 8.4.5)
A factor to allow for the effect on the The factor PQR is the ratio of the resi- For some gasket materials within the
imposed load of the relaxation of the dual and the original load from a re- scope of this document the value of
gasket between the completion of bolt laxation test in a compression press QSmax will be overestimated by this
up and after long term experience of used in the displacement controlled test procedure.
the service temperature. mode with a known stiffness. The value of QSmax shall be
A stiffness of 500 kN/mm is confirmed as satisfactory by con-
typical for a PN designated flange and ducting a PQR test at that surface
1.500 kN/mm for a Class designated pressure, as well as lower ones, and
flange. For this test the stiffness of temperature (see 8.6.4).
the rig shall be 500, 1.000 or
1.500 kN/mm.
The test procedure consists of
loading the test gasket at the defined
rate (see 6.5) until the required
loading and surface pressure is rea-
ched.
The loading is then held for
5 minutes after which the temperature
of the test rig is raised at the rate
specified in section 6.6 until the re-
quired temperature is reached. Then
the temperature is held constant for a
period of 4 hours.
After the 4 hours period the
remaining load being imposed by the
press is noted and PQR, the ratio of the
residual load to the original load, is
calculated.
For all gasket types, the PQR tests
carried out must include tests at the
values of QSmax determined from the
cyclic loading test of 8.4.4.
In general a value for PQR shall be
determined at three levels of stress at
each of three temperatures within the
temperature range and stress range
encompassing the likely service
conditions and at each of the levels of
stiffness specified above.
5
Determination of QSmax
(EN 13555 8.4.4)
0 .7
Deformation at
different surface stresses 0 .6
Temperature = 100C 0 .5
Deformation [mm]
QSmax = 160 N/mm 2 0 .4
Gasket dimensions 0 .3
6
Determination of PQR
(EN 13555 8.6.4)
160
500 kN/mm
107 N/mm 2 20
7
Determination of QSmax
(EN 13555 8.4.4)
Deformation at 0 .4
Deformation [mm]
0 .2 5
0 .2
Gasket dimensions
0 .1 5
before testing after testing
0 .1
Outer diameter 90 mm 105 mm
0 .0 5
Inner diameter 50 mm 30 mm
Gasket thickness *) 2 mm 0.45 mm 0
20 30 40 50 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
*) measured at ambient temperature in dismantled stage Surface pressure [N/mm 2]
8
Determination of PQR
(EN 13555 8.6.4)
KLINGER top-chem 2003 D iagram 4 Deformation of KLINGER top-chem 2003 during the PQR-test
35
30 Surface pressure
Stiffness of the test rig:
500 kN/mm 25
(= ratio of residual surface pressure 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Distance [mm]
to initial surface pressure)
End thickness of the gasket We see that the PQR factor of With this additional infor-
after testing: 1.65 mm 0.65 at T = 100 C alone still fails mation, an essentially better
to confirm the QSmax of 30 N/mm 2. evaluation of whether the gasket
On visual evaluation, it was pos- material selected is suitable or
sible to determine that the gasket not for this load, would be
material does hardly extrude out- possible.
wards and inwards and that no un- A high PQR value does not
usual thickness decrease occurs. exclude failure of the gasket and
In our opinion, a correct can in no way replace a visual
interpretation of the PQR value is evaluation of the gasket tested.
only feasible after this additional As during the testing of QSmax,
information has been provided. it was confirmed here that a
visual evaluation of the tested
The specification of the end gasket represents an indispen-
thickness, a visual evaluation as sable, additional criterion for
well as the indication of the the estimation of the significance
gasket deformation according to of the result of the PQR-test.
which the initial surface stress
was achieved, would also com-
prise useful information which
unfortunately are not sceduled in
the standard.
9
Determination of QSmax
(EN 13555 8.4.4)
Deformation at
different surface stresses 1
Temperature = 100C
0 .8
QSmax = 200 N/mm 2
Deformation [mm]
0 .6
Gasket dimensions
0 .4
before testing after testing
Outer diameter 90 mm 101 mm 0 .2
Inner diameter 50 mm 35 mm
Gasket thickness *) 2.2 mm 0.56 mm 0
20 30 40 50 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
*) measured at ambient temperature in dismantled stage Surface pressure [N/mm 2]
10
Determination of PQR
(EN 13555 8.6.4)
500 kN/mm
200 N/mm 2
Temperature: 100C 100
187.9 N/mm 2
Relaxation factor PQR : 0.94 0
(= ratio of residual surface pressure 0 0 .2 0 .4 0 .6 0 .8 1 1 .2 1 .4 1 .6 1 .8 2
Distance [mm]
to initial surface pressure)
End thickness of the gasket It is obvious that a gasket With this additional infor-
after testing: 0.20 mm material in 2 mm thickness, mation, an essentially better
which loses more than 90 % of its evaluation of whether the gasket
thickness under the given load, material selected is suitable or
can indeed cause problems in not for this load, would be
application, although according possible.
to the testing standard it has not A high PQR value does not
failed. exclude failure of the gasket and
The material extrudes can in no way replace a visual
strongly outwards and inwards evaluation of the gasket tested.
during testing. As during the testing of QSmax,
We therefore see no confirma- it was confirmed here that a
tion of a QSmax value of 200 N/mm 2 visual evaluation of the tested
in the PQR values determined. gasket represents an indispen-
Unfortunately it is not defined in sable, additional criterion for
the standard, which result of the the estimation of the significance
PQR-measurement confirms a QSmax of the result of the PQR-test.
value.
11
Determination of QSmax
(EN 13555 8.4.4)
Deformation at
0 .1 2
different surface stresses
Temperature = 200C 0 .1
Deformation [mm]
0 .0 8
0 .0 6
Gasket dimensions
before testing after testing 0 .0 4
Outer diameter 90 mm 94 mm
0 .0 2
Inner diameter 50 mm 44 mm
Gasket thickness *) 2 mm 1.61 mm 0
20 30 40 50 60 80 100 120 140 160
*) measured at ambient temperature in dismantled stage Surface pressure [N/mm 2]
The surface stress of the load The deformation of the Additional testing at surface
cycle prior to the failure of the gasket or original 2 mm thick gasket stresses of 5 N/mm 2 and 10 N/mm 2
the max. surface stress specified by the equates to 14,5 % at a surface is not required for this extremely
manufacturer applies as QSmax. stress of 140 N/mm 2 and to 21 % durable gasket material.
Failure is seen to occur when at 160 N/mm 2.
the values for the thickness decrease, The material hardly extrudes out- This confirms that a visual
dependent on the increase in the surface wards and inwards at this load. evaluation of the gasket tested
stress, increase so much, compared to represents an indispensable
the course of the previous values, that In our opinion, KLINGER top- additional criterion for deter-
it can no longer be assumed that chem 2000 is suitable for use at mining QSmax.
measurement value distributions are 200 C and a surface stress of
concerned. 140 N/mm 2.
12
Determination of PQR
(EN 13555 8.6.4)
KLINGER top-chem 2000 D iagramm 8 Deformation of KLINGER top-chem 2000 during the PQR-test
160
140
140 N/mm 2 80
Temperature: 200C
60
Dwell period: 4 hours
Residual surface pressure: 40
Surface pressure
93.4 N/mm 2 20
13
Determination of QSmax
(EN 13555 8.4.4)
Deformation at
different surface stresses 0 .2 5
Temperature = 175C
QSmax = 30 N/mm 2 0 .2
Deformation [mm]
0 .1 5
Gasket dimensions
0 .1
before testing after testing
Outer diameter 90 mm 97 mm 0 .0 5
Inner diameter 50 mm 40 mm
Gasket thickness *) 2 mm 1.35 mm 0
20 30 40 50 60
*) measured at ambient temperature in dismantled stage Surface pressure [N/mm 2]
14
Determination of PQR
(EN 13555 8.6.4)
KLINGER top-chem 2005 D iagram 10 Deformation of KLINGER top-chem 2005 during the PQR-test
35
30
Stiffness of the test rig:
500 kN/mm 25
22.3 N/mm 2 5
15
KLINGERexpert 5.2.1
Powerful Sealing
Calculation
Certified according to
DIN EN ISO 9001:2000