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2007-4-26 0.7 Section 5 Network Optimization of the Concentric Cell is Cheng Jun/50674
included and modified according to review comments. Li Jing/62667
Contents
Tables
Table 3-1 Application scenarios of the concentric cell and its activation strategy................................................20
1.1 Overview
A concentric cell in the GSM network is divided into two layers: external layer and internal
layer. The external layer is called the underlaid subcell and the internal layer the overlaid
layer. Concentric cell technology is a technique concerning channel assignment and handover.
The underlaid subcell serves the area covered by a traditional cell and the overlaid subcell
serves the area around the BTS. All the transceivers (TRXs) are divided into two groups: one
group for the underlaid subcells and the other group for the overlaid subcells.
In general, the BCCH frequency is configured for a TRX serving the underlaid subcell to
ensure the coverage of the concentric cell, whereas the TRXs with lower transmit power serve
the overlaid subcell to meet capacity requirements around the BTS site.
As the signal strength of the overlaid subcell and underlaid subcell cannot be determined by
the signal strength of the underlaid subcell and overlaid subcell respectively, there is a
demanding requirements for algorithm designing and the network planning and optimization.
1.3.2 Disadvantages
Using the concentric cell has the following disadvantages:
1. The concentric cell technology only applies to specific scenarios. Enabling the
concentric cell feature in some unsuitable areas will affect network counters, as shown in
section 3.3.
2. The adjustment of network parameters is difficult. The parameters of the concentric cells
vary with the application scenarios and must be set and adjusted separately based on
actual situations to reach optimal performance. These parameters should be adjusted with
the changing of the network environment.
2.1.2 Assignment
The assignment of channels in the overlaid subcell or underlaid subcell is determined by the
Assign Optimum Layer and Assign-Optimum-Level Threshold parameters. The concentric
cell assigns a channel based on the RX level and TA threshold. The handover between two
concentric cells is supported.
The ways for assigning the TCH in the concentric cell are as follows:
3. The system decides the TCH assignment based on the measurement report from the
SDCCH and chooses the serving layer that is assigned first.
After System Optimization is configured for the Assign Optimum Layer, the current
SDCCH level can be estimated (inserted/ filtered) based on the uplink measurement
result in the previous SDCCH measurement report. Then, the RX level on the SDCCH is
compared against the Assign Optimum-Level Threshold, and the TA against the TA
Threshold of Assignment Preference to determine where the TCH should be used,
from the underlaid subcell or from the overlaid subcell. For example, if the RX level on
the SDCCH is equal to or greater than the Assign Optimum-Level Threshold and the
TA is smaller than the TA Threshold of Assignment Preference, a TCH in the overlaid
subcell is assigned to the MS. Otherwise, a TCH in the underlaid subcell is assigned for
the MS to ensure successful assignment.
4. A TCH in the underlaid subcell is preferred.
5. A TCH in the overlaid subcell is preferred.
6. No priority.
enables the concentric cell to compare the RX level of the BCCH with the RX_LEV
Thrsh. to select the optimum layer, without regard to the RX_LEV Hysteresis.
8. Overlaid Subcell: A TCH in the overlaid subcell is preferred.
9. Underlaid Subcell: A TCH in the underlaid subcell is preferred.
10. No Priority: A TCH is assigned with normal channel assignment algorithms.
UO Signal The signal strength difference between the overlaid and This value is invalid
Strength underlaid subcells affects the MS receiving the signals within when the Enhanced
Difference the concentric cell. This parameter is used to compensate the Concentric Cell Allowed
signal strength between the overlaid and underlaid subcells. parameter is selected.
The value of the parameter is the sum of the power difference
between UO power amplifiers, insertion loss difference
between combiners, path loss difference between antennas,
and path loss difference over different frequencies. This value
is measured at the site. Multiple-point measurements should
be performed when different antennas are used for the
overlaid and underlaid subcells.
RX_LEV Thrsh. This parameter is one of the parameters that determine the This value is invalid
coverage of the overlaid and underlaid subcells. When the when the Enhanced
Enhanced Concentric Cell Allowed parameter is not Concentric Cell Allowed
selected, the coverage of the overlaid and underlaid subcells is parameter is selected.
determined by the RX_LEV Thrsh., RX_LEV Hysteresis,
RX_QUAL Thrsh., TA Thrsh., and TA Hysteresis.
RX_LEV This parameter is one of the parameters that determine the This value is invalid
Hysteresis coverage of the overlaid and underlaid subcells. When the when the Enhanced
Enhanced Concentric Cell Allowed parameter is not Concentric Cell Allowed
selected, the coverage of the overlaid and underlaid subcells is parameter is selected.
determined by the RX_LEV Thrsh., RX_LEV Hysteresis,
RX_QUAL Thrsh., TA Thrsh., and TA Hysteresis.
RX_QUAL This parameter is one of the parameters that determine the This parameter applies to
Thrsh. coverage of the overlaid and underlaid subcells. When the both enhanced concentric
Enhanced Concentric Cell Allowed parameter is not cell and normal
selected, the coverage of the overlaid and underlaid subcells is concentric cell.
determined by the RX_LEV Thrsh., RX_LEV Hysteresis,
RX_QUAL Thrsh., TA Thrsh., and TA Hysteresis.
TA Thrsh. This parameter is one of the parameters that determine the This parameter applies to
coverage of the overlaid and underlaid subcells. When the both enhanced concentric
Enhanced Concentric Cell Allowed parameter is not cell and normal
selected, the coverage of the overlaid and underlaid subcells is concentric cell. Its value
determined by the RX_LEV Thrsh., RX_LEV Hysteresis, must be smaller than the
RX_QUAL Thrsh., TA Thrsh., and TA Hysteresis. TA Emergency
Handover Threshold.
TA Hysteresis This parameter is one of the parameters that determine the This parameter applies to
coverage of the overlaid and underlaid subcells. When the both enhanced concentric
Enhanced Concentric Cell Allowed parameter is not cell and normal
selected, the coverage of the overlaid and underlaid subcells is concentric cell.
determined by the RX_LEV Thrsh., RX_LEV Hysteresis,
RX_QUAL Thrsh., TA Thrsh., and TA Hysteresis.
The coverage of the overlaid and underlaid subcells is determined by the five parameters,
namely, RX_LEV Thrsh., RX_LEV Hysteresis, RX_QUAL Thrsh., TA Thrsh., and TA
Hysteresis.
The coverage of the overlaid subcell is presented as follows:
RX level RX_LEV Thrsh. + RX_LEV Hysteresis, TA < TA Thrsh. - TA Hysteresis, and
RX quality < RX_QUAL Thrsh.
The coverage of the underlaid subcell is presented as follows:
RX level RX_LEV Thrsh. - RX_LEV Hysteresis or TA TA Thrsh. + TA Hysteresis or
and RX quality RX_QUAL Thrsh.
There is a "blank" area between the two formulas described above.
That is, RX_LEV Thrsh. - RX_LEV Hysteresis RX level RX_LEV Thrsh. + RX_LEV
Hysteresis, and TA Thrsh. - TA Hysteresis TA < TA Thrsh. + TA Hysteresis.
This area, called the Hysteresis area of the concentric cell, is used to prevent the ping-
pong handover.
When any of the previous conditions is met, the handover from the overlaid subcell to the underlaid
subcell is triggered.
If the handover from the overlaid subcell to the underlaid subcell fails, there is a handover penalty. A
predefined timer determines the penalty time.
The principle for selecting a target cell is as follows:
If the original TCH occupied by an MS belongs to the overlaid subcell, the MS is handed
over to a cell with highest priority by performance. In case that this cell is the serving
cell (concentric cell), the MS is then handed over to the underlaid subcell.
The underlaid subcell level is an approximate value, which is the difference between the overlaid subcell
level and the UO Signal Strength Difference.
When all the previous conditions are met, the handover from the underlaid subcell to the overlaid subcell
is triggered.
If the handover from the underlaid subcell to the overlaid subcell fails, there is a handover penalty. A
predefined timer determines the penalty time.
The principle for selecting a target cell is as follows:
If the original TCH occupied by an MS belongs to the underlaid subcell, the MS can
only be handed over to the overlaid subcell.
OL to UL HO This parameter is one of the parameters that determine the coverage of This parameter only
Received the overlaid and underlaid subcells in the enhanced concentric cell. applies to the
Level Thrsh. When the Enhanced Concentric Cell Allowed is selected, the enhanced concentric
coverage of the overlaid and underlaid subcells is determined by the cell.
OL to UL HO Received Level Thrsh., UL to OL HO Received
Level Thrsh., RX_QUAL Thrsh., TA Thrsh., and TA Hysteresis.
UL to OL HO This parameter is one of the parameters that determine the coverage of This parameter only
Received the overlaid and underlaid subcells in the enhanced concentric cell. applies to the
Level Thrsh. When the Enhanced Concentric Cell Allowed is selected, the enhanced concentric
coverage of the overlaid and underlaid subcells is determined by the cell.
OL to UL HO Received Level Thrsh., UL to OL HO Received
Level Thrsh., RX_QUAL Thrsh., TA Thrsh., and TA Hysteresis.
RX_QUAL This parameter is one of the parameters that determine the coverage of This parameter
Thrsh. the overlaid and underlaid subcells in the enhanced concentric cell. applies to both
When the Enhanced Concentric Cell Allowed is selected, the enhanced concentric
coverage of the overlaid and underlaid subcells is determined by the cell and normal
OL to UL HO Received Level Thrsh., UL to OL HO Received concentric cell.
Level Thrsh., RX_QUAL Thrsh., TA Thrsh., and TA Hysteresis.
TA Thrsh. This parameter is one of the parameters that determine the coverage of This parameter
the overlaid and underlaid subcells in the enhanced concentric cell. applies to both
When the Enhanced Concentric Cell Allowed is selected, the enhanced concentric
coverage of the overlaid and underlaid subcells is determined by the cell and normal
OL to UL HO Received Level Thrsh., UL to OL HO Received concentric cell. Its
Level Thrsh., RX_QUAL Thrsh., TA Thrsh., and TA Hysteresis. value must be smaller
than the TA
Emergency
Handover
Threshold.
TA Hysteresis This parameter is one of the parameters that determine the coverage of This parameter
the overlaid and underlaid subcells in the enhanced concentric cell. applies to both
When the Enhanced Concentric Cell Allowed is selected, the enhanced concentric
coverage of the overlaid and underlaid subcells is determined by the cell and normal
OL to UL HO Received Level Thrsh., UL to OL HO Received concentric cell.
Level Thrsh., RX_QUAL Thrsh., TA Thrsh., and TA Hysteresis.
Traffic Thrsh. The MS is handed from the underlaid subcell to the overlaid subcell This value is valid
of Underlaid only when the traffic in the underlaid subcell is higher than the value when the UL to OL
Subcell of the Traffic Thrsh. of Underlaid Subcell. This is caused by the fact Traffic HO Allowed
that the signal quality in the underlaid subcell is better than that in the parameter is selected.
overlaid subcell. If the UL to OL Traffic HO Allowed parameter is
not selected, the MS is handed from an underlaid subcell to an
overlaid subcell without regard to the traffic in the underlaid subcell.
Underlaid Many calls may initiate handover requests from the underlaid subcell This value is valid
Subcell HO to the overlaid subcell at the same time. In this case, the calls with when the Enhanced
Step Period lower level might be handled first. This does not comply with the Concentric Cell
(s) concept of handing over the calls with optimal RX level first. Allowed parameter is
Therefore, the hierarchy handover algorithm is adopted to hand the selected.
calls with higher RX level from the underlaid subcell to the overlaid
subcell. This period is equal to the Underlaid Subcell HO Step
Level, the decreasing level in the handover belt.
Underlaid During the handover from the underlaid subcell to the overlaid This value is valid
Subcell HO subcell, the calls are hierarchically handled from level 63 to 0. This when the Enhanced
Step Level enables the calls with better RX level to be handed over to the Concentric Cell
overlaid subcell first. Its value defines the step in which the handover Allowed parameter is
belt is decreased. selected.
Penalty Time This parameter specifies the time during which a call having handed This value is valid
of UL to OL from an overlaid subcell to an underlaid subcell is not allowed to be when the Enhanced
HO (s) handed over to the overlaid to avoid the ping-pong handover between Concentric Cell
the overlaid and underlaid subcells. If the Penalty Time of UL to OL Allowed parameter is
HO (s) is set to 0, the penalty mechanism is not enabled. selected.
When a cell supports the enhanced concentric cell feature, the coverage of the overlaid and
underlaid subcells is determined by the following ways:
The coverage of the overlaid subcell is presented as follows:
RX level UL to OL HO Received Level Thrsh., and TA < (TA Thrsh. - TA Hysteresis),
and RX quality < RX_QUAL Thrsh.
The coverage of the underlaid subcell is presented as follows:
RX level < OL to UL HO Received Level Thrsh., or TA (TA Thrsh. + TA Hysteresis),
or RX quality RX_QUAL Thrsh.
There is a "blank" area between the two formulas described above.
That is, OL to UL HO Received Level Thrsh. RX quality < UL to OL HO Received
Level Thrsh., and (TA Thrsh. - TA Hysteresis) TA < (TA Thrsh. + TA Hysteresis)
This area, called the Hysteresis area of the concentric cell, is used to prevent the ping-
pong handover.
When any of the previous conditions is met, the handover from the overlaid subcell to the underlaid
subcell is triggered.
If the handover from the overlaid subcell to the underlaid subcell fails, there is a handover penalty. A
predefined timer determines the penalty time.
The principle for selecting a target cell is as follows:
If the original TCH occupied by an MS belongs to the overlaid subcell, the MS is handed
over to a cell with highest priority by performance. In case that this cell is the serving
cell (concentric cell), the MS is then handed over to the underlaid subcell.
When all the previous conditions are met, the handover from the underlaid subcell to the overlaid subcell
is triggered.
If the handover from the underlaid subcell to the overlaid subcell fails, there is a handover penalty. A
predefined timer determines the penalty time.
The principle for selecting a target cell is as follows:
If the original TCH occupied by an MS belongs to the underlaid subcell, the MS can
only be handed over to the overlaid subcell.
Use the actual RX level of the underlaid subcell to participate in Huawei M and K rules.
In addition, use actual RX level of the underlaid subcell to participate in all handover
decisions.
This chapter describes the networking features of the concentric cell technology, specifies its
application scenarios, and highlights some common problems and troubleshooting strategies.
3.1 Restriction
The principles for designing the concentric cell strategy are as follows:
1. Allocate the TRXs in the overlaid and underlaid subcells reasonably based on their
traffic distribution. Otherwise, the TRXs in fully loaded underlaid subcells might be
congested in busy hours. This affects the KPIs, such as TCH Seizure Success Ratio.
2. Do not implement the concentric cells with more than two layers.
3. Configure the BCCH in the underlaid subcell.
4. The concentric cell does not support the frequency hopping between the underlaid
subcell and the overlaid subcell. The frequency hopping within the underlaid subcell or
overlaid subcell is supported.
5. Scenario with short inter-site distance, tight frequency reuse, high traffic, and strong
intra-network interference
In this scenario, decrease the transmit power of the TRXs used for tight frequency reuse
purpose, and then activate the concentric cell feature. This solution not only decreases
the intra-network interference but also increases the system capacity with the tight
frequency reuse of the overlaid frequencies.
6. Inconsistency of the transmit power at the RF port within a cell due to the differences of
transmit power and combination modes of the TRXs
In this case, configure the TRXs in the overlaid and underlaid subcells reasonably based
on the traffic distribution within the concentric cell.
Table 1.1 describes the different application scenarios of the concentric cell and its
activation strategy.
Table 1.1 Application scenarios of the concentric cell and its activation strategy
Scenario Description Suggestion Scenario Advantages
Analysis and
Operations
3 Scenario with Activate the concentric cell feature. Reduce the The intra-network
short inter-site transmit power of interference is
distance, tight the TRXs used for reduced and the
frequency tight frequency relevant KPIs are
reuse, high reuse purpose to increased.
traffic, and reduce intra-
strong intra- network
network interference.
interference Configure the
underlaid/overlaid
handover level
thresholds
reasonably based
on the transmit
power difference.
4 Other Decide the implementation based on Decide the -
scenarios the actual situations by referring to implementation by
4"Network Planning of Concentric taking full
Cells." consideration of the
inter-site distance,
transmit power
difference at the RF
port, frequency
reuse, traffic load,
and interference
situations.
coverage. Otherwise, the handover failures from the underlaid subcell to the overlaid
subcell increase.
8. Enable the Direct Retry and Load Sharing features.
9. Allocate some underlaid PDCHs in the overlaid subcell.
The versions before GBSS 7.0 do not support the configuration of the PDCHs in the
overlaid subcell. The GBSS 7.0 and later versions support the configuration of the
PDCHs in the overlaid subcell.
10. Add TRXs in the underlaid subcell.
11. Enable the half-rate scheme of the underlaid subcell.
12. Decrease the transmit power of the underlaid TRXs to reduce the coverage of the current
cell and have the neighbor cell share its traffic.
Strong interference and poor call quality in the underlaid subcell
The underlaid subcell with strong interference is always accompanied by higher
interference band, poor voice quality, and high call drops. You can adjust the parameters
concerning the concentric cell to minimize the interference.
1. Clear the RX_QUAL for Concentric Cell HO Allowed parameter; otherwise, the calls
in the underlaid subcell, which has high RX level but low RX quality (caused by
interference), cannot be handed over to the overlaid subcell.
2. Increase the logical coverage of the overlaid subcell by decreasing the level thresholds of
the overlaid and underlaid subcells to have the overlaid subcell share more traffic.
Uplink Downlink
Link Budget
Transmit power at the RF port for the underlaid subcell: 47.78 (TRX power) 4.5
(combination loss) = 43.28 (transmit power at the RF port). The coverage radius
calculated by the link budget tool is 430 m (outdoor coverage rate: 95%).
Transmit power at the RF port for the overlaid subcell: 47.78 (TRX power) 8
(combination loss) = 39.78 (transmit power at the RF port). The coverage radius
calculated by the link budget tool is 340 m (outdoor coverage rate: 95%).
In densely populated urban areas, the coverage radius of the BTS is usually smaller than
300 m. The continuous coverage is available in the overlaid subcell. Thus, the 8 dB
combination loss will not affect the coverage in this scenario.
There is no restriction on the hardware to implement the concentric cell in this scenario.
You can manually configure the concentric cell to implement the tight frequency reuse
solution and increase the BTS capacity.
This concentric cell configuration not only guarantees the tight frequency reuse in the
overlaid subcell, but also achieves the trunk gain listed in the Erl B table.
2. The emulation result for the coverage radius smaller than 300 m is as follows:
Under different combination losses, both the coverage of the overlaid subcell and that of
the underlaid subcell meet the edge design level. In large combination loss situations, the
area with greater level is smaller than that with smaller level.
In common urban areas, the coverage radius of the concentric cell is generally less than 600
m. Under different combination losses, both the coverage of the overlaid subcell and that of
the underlaid subcell meet the edge design level.
3. The emulation result for the coverage radius of 800 m is as follows:
When 800 m of coverage radius is planned for the underlaid subcell, there will be 30% of the
overlaid subcell that does not meet the coverage requirements.
4.1.3 Suburbs
Coverage Radius of Overlaid and Underlaid Subcells in Suburbs
Transmit power at the RF port for the underlaid subcell: 47.78 (TRX power) 4.5
(combination loss) = 43.28 (transmit power at the RF port). The coverage radius
calculated by the link budget tool is 4,020 m (outdoor coverage rate: 95%).
Transmit power at the RF port for the overlaid subcell: 47.78 (TRX power) 8
(combination loss) = 39.78 (transmit power at the RF port). The coverage radius
calculated by the link budget tool is 3,190 m (outdoor coverage rate: 95%).
The BTS edge level is designed as 85 dBm in suburbs. When the coverage radius of the
concentric cell is 3,190 m, the overlaid subcell can be fully covered.
3. The emulation result for the coverage radius of 4020 m is as follows:
The BTS edge level is designed as 85 dBm in suburbs. When 4,020 m of coverage radius is
planned for the underlaid subcell, there will be 40% of the overlaid subcell that does not meet
the coverage requirements.
4.1.5 Conclusion
In all the scenarios described above, the coverage of the populated urban areas is not affected
by combination loss, and the overlaid subcell can meet all the coverage requirements. In
common urban areas and suburbs however, the concentric cell has to be applied to meet the
coverage requirements due to the hardware restriction of the combiner. The previous
emulation shows that the trunk effect of the voice service capacity, in the Erl B table, is
reduced due to the coverage difference between the overlaid and underlaid subcells.
S4/4/4 29 21.03
S2+3/2+3/2+3 12+24 23.245
S5/5/5 36 27.33
S2+4/2+4/2+4 12+32 30.345
S6/6/6 44 34.68
Suburbs
Based on the link budget result obtained from 2.2"Handover Decision Algorithms," suppose
the maximum radius of the underlaid is 4020 m and that of the overlaid is 3190 m.
S2+3 pattern (60 W TRX used)
Configuration in the underlaid subcell: 1 BCCH, 3 SDCCHs, 12 TCHs
Configuration in the overlaid subcell: 24 TCHs
Suppose the traffic is evenly distributed.
Traffic in the overlaid subcell: 16.63 Erl
Traffic in the underlaid subcell: 6.615 Erl
Thus, x = 581 m
The coverage radius of the underlaid subcell is R, where R = r + x = 3771 m.
S2+4 pattern (60 W TRX used)
Configuration in the underlaid subcell: 1 BCCH, 3 SDCCHs, 12 TCHs
Configuration in the overlaid subcell: 32 TCHs
Suppose the traffic is evenly distributed.
Traffic in the overlaid subcell: 23.73 Erl
Traffic in the underlaid subcell: 6.615 Erl
Thus, x = 417 m
The coverage radius of the underlaid subcell is R, where R = r + x = 3607 m.
Conclusion
To avoid traffic congestion and performance decrease of the underlaid subcell due to its
capacity restriction, it is not recommended to use the maximum coverage radius calculated
from the link budget. In other words, you should plan the coverage radius of the underlaid
subcell based on the traffic configuration of the overlaid and underlaid subcells.
The versions before GBSS 7.0 do not support the configuration of the PDCHs in the overlaid
subcell. The traffic handling capabilities of the underlaid subcell decrease after you configure
PDCHs in the underlaid subcell. To avoid underlaid congestion in this case, you should
further decrease its coverage. The GBSS 7.0 and later versions support the configuration of
the PDCHs in the overlaid subcell. You should design the coverage radius of the underlaid
subcell based on the channel configuration of the overlaid and underlaid subcells.
The emulated urban areas are the real scenarios in Ha Erbin. The impact of indoor coverage uses the
actual clutter in Ha Erbin as the emulation input. In actual emulation settings, the penetration loss for the
building in common urban areas is set to 18 dB.
Conclusion
The scenario described above involves continuous overlaid coverage.
In the 43 reuse pattern, the intra-network interference is relatively small. The coding
schemes used indoors are determined by receiving level. The timeslot throughput in the
overlaid subcell is lower than that of the underlaid subcell due to their loss difference. In
outdoor application however, there is no penetration loss involved, and the receiving
level requirements in both overlaid and underlaid subcells are met. The coding schemes
are determined by C/I value. Therefore, the timeslot throughput between the overlaid and
underlaid subcells is distributed evenly in outdoor application.
The 33 and 13 reuse patterns experience greater interference than the 43 pattern. The
indoor coding schemes are determined by both receiving level and C/I value. Thus, the
signal loss has litter impact on the coding schemes used indoors. The coding schemes
used outdoors are determined by C/I value, similar to the 43 pattern.
Conclusion
The scenario described above involves continuous coverage in the underlaid subcell.
Compared with the overlaid continuous coverage scenarios with 8 dB combination loss,
the underlaid continuous coverage for indoor application is difficult. The uncovered area
however, is small.
Compared to the overlaid continuous coverage scenarios, the coverage of this scenario is
increased, accompanied with increased propagation loss. The impact of the combination
loss on the data service performance is increased.
The coding schemes for indoor application is generally determined by the receiving level
under different frequency reuse patterns, with no regard to the 18 dB penetration loss.
With the application of frequency reuse, the intra-network interference increases,
whereas the impact of the receiving level on timeslot throughput decreases.
The high receiving level in outdoor coverage is not the leading factor to determine the
coding schemes. In this case, the coding schemes are determined by C/I value.
3 3 Frequency Reuse
1 3 Frequency Reuse
Conclusion
As there is no example scenario in this coverage radius, a 12 dB of penetration loss is
added while addressing the indoor coverage.
In the 43 and 33 frequency reuse patterns, the receiving level can meet all the outdoor
coverage. Different combination loss has no impact on the distribution of timeslot
throughput.
As the intra-network interference increases, the impact of the indoor level on timeslot
throughput decreases.
The intra-network interference in 11 frequency reuse pattern is large and coverage level
has less impact on the timeslot throughput than the C/I value does. Thus, the ultimate
coding schemes are determined by C/I value.
3 3 Frequency Reuse
1 3 Frequency Reuse
Conclusion
In scenarios covered by underlaid subcells, 4.5 dB or 8 dB of combination loss has no
impact on outdoor timeslot throughput.
In indoor application, continuous coverage for data services can be achieved with 4.5 dB
combination loss. The service performance with tight frequency reuse is nearly
equivalent to that of the outdoor application though the service performance with less
tight frequency reuse is worse than that of the outdoor application.
In indoor application, continuous coverage for data service cannot be achieved with 8 dB
combination loss. There are also uncovered areas compared with that of the underlaid
subcell.
4.4.5 Conclusion
As the coding schemes are subject to receiving level and C/I value, the impact of combination
loss on data services varies with the frequency reuse pattern. To conclude, the outdoor coding
schemes are determined by interference when the intra-network interference is high, and the
combination loss has litter impact on data services. When the intra-network interference is
low, the combination loss nearly has no impact on outdoor data services whether the
concentric cell is planned by underlaid subcell or overlaid subcell. For indoor application,
receiving level is the leading factor to determine the coding schemes with the increase of
penetration loss and the decrease of indoor level. Therefore, high combination loss has a great
impact on indoor data services.
When the concentric cell is applied due to combination loss restriction, the data service in the
overlaid subcell deteriorates, compared with the normal cell. The impact degree depends on
the frequency and coverage planning. Even there is no combination loss restriction, the data
service in the overlaid subcell still deteriorates as the tight frequency reuse scheme is applied
for the overlaid subcell.
UO Signal Strength Set this parameter based on the site measurement or the transmit
Difference power difference at the RF port between the overlaid and underlaid
subcells.
RX_LEV Thrsh. Generally, its value is equal to the edge handover level threshold
subtracted by the UO Signal Strength Difference. You should adjust
this value based on the actual terrain and traffic distribution.
RX_LEV Hysteresis The default value is 3. Increase this value if the overlaid-underlaid
handover is busy or decrease this value if the overlaid-underlaid
handover is difficult.
RX_QUAL Thrsh. Generally, you are advised to disable the quality threshold decision
by clearing the RX_QUAL for Concentric Cell HO Allowed
feature. Enable the quality threshold decision only when you are
sure that the underlaid interference is smaller than the overlaid
interference.
TA Thrsh. As it is not precise and flexible to use TA to determine the
overlaid/underlaid boundary, you are advised to set the parameter
to its maximum value to disable its function.
TA Hysteresis The default value is 0.
Traffic Thrsh. Set this parameter based on the number of TRXs configured in the
of Underlaid overlaid/underlaid subcells and the traffic distribution. If there are many
Subcell TCHs in the underlaid subcell, set the parameter to a big value; otherwise,
set the parameter to a small value.
Underlaid Set this parameter based on the actual traffic load in the
Subcell HO overlaid/underlaid subcells. Setting a small value increases the handover
Step Period (s) speed, but increases the system load, which may lead to unnecessary load
handover.
Underlaid Set this parameter based on the actual traffic load in the
Subcell HO overlaid/underlaid subcells. Setting a small value increases the handover
Step Level speed, but increases the system load, which may lead to unnecessary load
handover.
Penalty Time Set this parameter based on the actual traffic load in the
of UL to OL overlaid/underlaid subcells. Setting a big value reduces the load
HO (s) handovers, but may lead to underlaid congestion.
Concentric cell technology uses the underlaid subcell to guarantee coverage; thus, the
coverage performance between the concentric cell and normal cell is the same.
Concentric cell improves the network capacity through its application of tight frequency reuse
in the overlaid subcell. For example, the frequency bandwidth of a common cell is 3.6 MHz
and the frequency reuse pattern is 43. After the concentric cell is applied, the frequency reuse
pattern is 33 in the overlaid subcell and 43 in the underlaid subcell, and the frequency
bandwidth of the underlaid subcell is 1 MHz and that of the overlaid subcell is 2.6 MHz.
Therefore, the system capacity after using the concentric cell is ((1 + 2.6 (4 3)/(3 3 ))/3.6
-1 ) 100%=24%.
The concentric cell improves the network quality through the transmit power decrease in the
overlaid subcell. This enables the MSs near the BTS to use the overlaid frequencies, and thus
reduces intra-network interference and improves network quality. The network operating
experience shows that using concentric cell can improve the network quality by 30% to 40%.
The application of concentric cell varies with scenarios. The KPIs of a normally activated
concentric cell are nearly the same with those of a common cell. Applying concentric cell in
unqualified areas affects the KPIs such as TCH Assignment Success Rate and Success Rate of
Inter-Cell Handover.