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Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente / Master in Environmental Engineering

Gesto de Ambiente e Territrio / Environment and Territory Management 4/2

Key concepts
The essential on planning theory

Prof. Doutora Maria do Rosrio Partidrio


BIBLIOGRAPHY
Partidrio, MR Introduo ao Ordenamento do
Territrio, Universidade Aberta, Lisboa, 1999.
Caetano, Mrio; Carto, Hugo; Painho, Marco,
Alterao da ocupao do solo em Portugal
1985-2000, Agncia Portuguesa do Ambiente.

Faludi, A. 1987. Environmental-Centred View of


Planning. Pergamon Press. Oxford

Faludi, A. 1973. Planning Theory. Elsevier.

Fidelis, Teresa (2001) Planeamento Territorial e


Ambiente, Principia, Cascais, 315p.

Goitia, F. C. (1982). Breve Histria do Urbanismo.


Coleco Dimenses. Lisboa: Editorial Presena.
Environment
"

What do we mean by environment?"


-Solid wastes"
PHYSICAL
-Waste water (Sanitation)" ENVIRONMENT

-Supply water quality"
-Noise"
-Air quality"
.+ resources (energy, soil, water, natural areas,
cultural elements, etc), social dimension, image,
environmental comfort, territorial atractivity"
CONTEXT ENVIRONMENT"
Environmental system interdependence of different components

POLITICAL

PHYSICAL ECOLOGICAL

SOCIAL
ECONOMIC

INSTITUCIONAL
CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENT
TERRITORY
Refers to :"
-A spatial area dominated by an animal, a person (or group
of people), an organization or an institution. "
-Individual or collective appropriation of a geographic area."

The word is used: "


In politics (when reference is made to the State-Nation), "
In Biology (space where a certain animal species live) and "
In Psychology (actions of animals or individuals for the
defense of a certain space)"
Types of territories and environment

Dansereau, 1969"
!
Environment territory relationship!
!
1. Conditioned spaces, reserved spaces, ecological structure"
2. Physical environment quality: air, water, waste, noise,
energy"
3. Natural and Human Resources Capital"
4. Passive territorial function"
5. Context (cultural, institutional, political, organizational)
ORDENAMENTO DO TERRITRIO / SPATIAL PLANNING

A vision, an objective and a set of actions spatially coordinated that result


from the spatial expression of the economic, social, cultural and
ecological policies"
"
"
"
Partidrio, 1999"
Based on European Chart of Spatial Planning, 1983"
"
Relationship spatial planning and planning

Phenomena inducing territorial changes and respective spacialization:"


economic context, natural hazards, new technologies, new urban policies, etc"

Spatial Planning Spatial Spatial


Planning Planning

PLANNING

time
GLOBAL AND LOCAL
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Destruction of the Global warming

ozone layer

global
Primitive forest destruction

Acid rains

Overpopulation

Poverty

Water reserves

Water pollution

Hazardeous waste

Atmospheric Pollution"
Smog

Noise
Solid Urban
local
Toxic Waste

contaminants

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS
CLIMATE CHANGE"

Vulnerability, agressivity life Change in ecological


and production conditions" conditions, limits of
"
" tolerance "
" POVERTY" BIODIVERSITY"
"
" Loss of resources, Loss of habitats, system
" activities support basis" dynamics"

DESERTIFICATION"
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS
CLIMATE CHANGE"

Vulnerability, agressivity life Change in ecological


and production conditions" conditions, limits of
"
" tolerance "
" POVERTY" BIODIVERSITY"
"
" Loss of resources, Loss of habitats, system
" activities support basis" dynamics"

DESERTIFICATION"
UN, 2000"
http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/
SUSTAINABILITY AS CAPITAL

SUSTAINABILITY CAPITAL

ENVIRONMENTAL NATURAL

SOCIAL HUMAN

ECONOMIC PRODUCT / BUILT

GLOBAL SYNERGISTIC BALANCE OF


THREE FORMS OF CAPITAL
The Three Axes of Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development main axes

DS = E3

Environment
Ecology

Economy
Economy

Ethics
Ethics

BIBLIOGRAPHY ON PLANNING THEORY!

Faludi A. The environmentally centred view of planning. Pergamon


Press; 1987."
Friend J, Jessop W. Local government and strategic choice: an
operational research approach to the process of public planning.
London: Tavistock Publications; 1969.!
Lichfield N, Kettle P, Whitbread M. Evaluation in the planning process.
Oxford: Pergamon Press; 1975.!
Lobo, M.C., 2004(?), Planeamento Regional e Urbano, U. Aberta,
Lisboa."
Mintzberg H. 1994. The rise and fall of strategic planning. Cornwall:
Prentice Hall International; 1994."
Webster D, Muller L. 2006. City development strategy guidelines:
driving urban performance. Washington D.C: City Alliances."
!
Basic concepts in planning

1. PLANNING IS....

Allocate resources to activities or uses;


To define development objectives and
strategies;
To establish rules.
Basic concepts in planning

2. TYPOLOGIES
Global Economic Planning (QREN)
Spatial physical planning (Regional /Master
Municipal Plan/Urban Plan)
Economic planning and/or sectorial physical
planning (National/Reg/Mun Water, Energy
Plan)
Basic concepts in planning

3. MOTIVATION - 3 key reasons

Legal compliance prepare and implement a


regulatory instrument
Resolve problems, minimize weaknesses
Explore opportunities, use competitive
advantages
Basic concepts in planning

4. TYPICAL APPROACHES

IMAGE Plan: rigid, non-flexible, easily outdated,


deterministic, problem-oriented
STRATEGIC Plan - strategic: flexible, indicative,
adaptative, starts with a vision,
objectives oriented
PLANNING DIMENSIONS
(according to Andreas Faludi)

According to process and organization forms of planning how agents act

Planning- IMAGE Planning- PROCESS

! Objective: production of a ! Objective: assist planning


final document: a plan process with new information
! Static, rigid, no flexibility ! Dynamic, flexible, permissible
! Enables immediate response ! Slow response time
! Enables technical visibility
PLANNING DIMENSIONS
(according to Andreas Faludi)

According to process and organization forms of planning how agents act

Planning- RATIONAL Planning- INCREMENTAL

! Comprehensive ! Desagreggated
! Considers all alternatives to ! Considers society as a group
all objectives of individuals
! Extensive definition of a ! Uses strategies
problem
PLANNING DIMENSIONS
(according to Andreas Faludi)

According to process and organization forms of planning how agents act

Planning- NORMATIVE Planning- FUNCTIONAL

! Aim and objectives are ! Aim and objectives are not


questioned when space of questioned when space of
action is delimited action is delimited
!Questions ends in themselves !Assumes ends but is rational
! Autonomous in terms of in relation to means
conditionants : depends on ! Adaptative: agents are
innovative and locational conditioned by conditions
potential imposed by other agents

Ref: FALUDI, 1973


EVOLUTION OF PLANNING THINKING /
SCHOOLS PLANNING

Post XIX century

End of XIX century:


Classic Planning School Patrick Geddes, UK
Holistic: w/ method Frederick Olmstead, USA
1940s
Rational Planning School USA
Scientific Rigour Chicago School

1960s USA
Systematic Planning School McLoughlin
Cibernetics Chadwich

1960s UK
Strategic Planning School Inst. Operational Research
(Coventry)

Ref: FALUDI, 1987; CANTANESE, 1979; FALUDI, 1973


Rational planning

Objectives formulation

Inventiry of existing situation


Analysis and diagnosis

Generation and assessment of


alternatives (options)

Proposal / Decision

Monitoring

Review
The Cyclic Decision Process. Source: Hickling, 1985
Alternative PLANNING SCHOOLS contemporaneous

Pragmatism (and neo pragmatism)


Practical approach to planning
knowledge-based experience should guide planning action Hoch (1984, 1995, 1996)
(incrementalism)

Advocacy planning
Pluralism in planning decisions Davidoff (1965)
Acknowledge the political nature of planning

Collaborative (or communicative) planning


Planning as a collective exercise (mutual understanding, discursive
communities)
Healey (1993, 1996)
All kind of knowledge and rationality are allowed
Challenge existing power relations
RATIONALIST VERSUS STRATEGIC APPROACH

IS THERE A PROBLEM?

Rationalist approach:
Centred on the solution to the problem as an objective, defines the mode of action
(total sequence of actions) to achieve the objective (resolve the problem).

Strategic approach:
Centred on the understanding of the problem, develops the intermediary and
sequential steps (process) that needs to be adopted (intermediate decisions)
toget us closer to the solution to the problem. Defines strategies for action, flexible
and adaptive
Policy formulation,
negotiation, decision and
assessment
Model of a policy cycle "

Nitz and Brown, 2000


Policy Decision cycle

Agenda se=ng

Policy analysis
Evalua/on

Implementa/on
Policy formula/on

Decision-Making

UNEP, 2009
ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES
PROTECTION AND EXPLORATION
environment in planning VALUATION

Environment
al percpetion
SUSTAINABLE RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT
Integration of

BASIC HUMAN NEEDS

SOCIO- ECONOMIC
BENEFITS

PLANNING STRATEGIES

ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT

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