PROJECT: Page No.

Made by Date Checked by Date STRUCTURE: DROP Job No.

STRUCTURE
Design for:

REF CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

GENERAL
The calculations herein cover The Analysis & Design of Drop structure
(Walls and Base)

REFERENCES
1. BS 81101: 1997 Structural use of concrete Code of practice for
design and construction
2. Craig's soil mechanics. Seventh edition
Abreviations
As req = Area of tension reinforcement required
As prov = Area of tension reinforcement provided
b = Breadth of a section
c = Minimum cover to reinforcement
d = Effective depth of section
fy = Characteristic strength of reinforcement
fcu= Characteristic strength of concrete
Gk= Characteristic dead load
Gke= Characteristic earth load
h = Depth of section
M = Design ultimate moment
V = Design shear force
Qk = Characteristic imposed load
z = Lever arm
c = Unit weight of concrete
w = Unit weight of water
= Bar diameter
= Soil angle of friction

Design parameters
Concrete grade: f cu = 25 N/mm2
Conrete unit weight: c = 24 kN/m3
Steel grade: fy = 460 N/mm2
Steel grade: f yv = 250 N/mm2
Soil unit weight: s = 18 kN/m3
Water unit weight: w = 10 kN/m3
Soil angle of friction: = 30 degrees
Soil friction coeff': = 0.5
Modula ratio: = 15
 Load factors
BS 8110 Dead load Gk 1.4 =
Table 2.1 Live load Qk 1.6 =
Earth Gke 1.2 =

Exposure conditions
BS 8110 Severe exposure : Concrete surfaces exposed to severe rain, alternate
Table 3.2 wetting and drying

Loading conditions
Height of wall Hw = 4.83 m
Height of soil Hs = 3.83 m
Drain Width Wd = 1.5 m
Total base width Wt = 3.1 m
Thickness of wall Tw bot = 0.4 m
Thickness of wall Tw top = 0.2 m
Thickness of base Tb = 0.35 m
Bar size = 16 mm
Cover to reinforcemnt c = 50 mm
Wall Effective depth dw = = 342 mm

Coeff of active pressure Ka

Ka = (1sin)/(1+sin) = 0.333 Ka= 0.333
Coeff of passive pressure Kp
Kp = (1+sin)/(1sin) = 3.000

Surcharge qu = = 5 kN/m2

WALL DESIGN
Weight of wall Ww = Gkxfcux0.5x(Ttop+T bot)xHw
= 48.69 kN Ww= 48.69 kN
Design Shear force V = 0.5xk axGkexsxHs2 + kaxQkxquxHs
= 63.02 kN/m V= 63.02 kN/m
Design Moment Mmax = (1/6)xkaxGkexHs3 + 0.5xkaxQkxquxHs2
= 86.98 kNm M= 86.98 kNm

= M/(fcubd )
2
K
K = 0.030 K= 0.030
Lever arm factor La = {0.5+(0.25K/0.9)}
Lever arm factor La = 0.97 Since La>0.95
Use La = 0.95 La = 0.95
Lever arm Z = 324.90 mm Z= 324.9 mm

Tension reinforcement
 Area of Steel Required As req = (Mx106)/(0.95*460*Z)
Asreq = = 612.59 mm2 Asre= 612.6 mm2

Area of Steel Provided Asprov = 1010 mm2 Aspr= 1010 mm2

Far face 1 T16@200mm c/c

BS8110 Deflection check

Table 3.10 M/bd2 = 0.74 N/mm2
Service Stress fs
fs=(2fyAs req)/(3As prov) = 186.00 N/mm2

Actual modification factor = span/eff' depth

= 1.60 Act' MoF.= 1.60

Mod Factor = 0.55+(477fs)/120(0.9+M/bd2) = 2.03

Allowable Mod factor =2 Allo' MoF.= 2
Effective depth adequate Ok in deflecton

Horizontal and Compression reinforcement

Provide minimum reinforcement for both horizontal and
compression bars.
Table 3.25 A's req = 0.13%bh = 520 mm2
Provide T12 @ 200mm c/c NF 2, FF 2 & NF 1 starter bars.
A's prov = 566 mm2 A'sp= 566 mm2
BASE REINFORCEMENT
Bearing pressure qb = Weight of wall/total base width
Bearing pressure qb = 31.41 kN/m qb = 31.41 kN/m
Cover to reinforcement c = 50 mm
Max Hogging Moment at base Mb = Mw + qbxL2/8 0.5WwL
Mb = 78.46 kNm Mb= 78.46 kNm
For bar size = 16 mm
Base Effective depth d = TbCoverdia/2
d= 292 mm d= 292 mm
K= M/fcubd
K= 0.037 K= 0.037
Lever arm factor La=(0.55+0.25+K/0.9)
La = 0.96 Since La>0.95
Therefore, use La = 0.95 La = 0.95
Lever arm Z=La x d= 279.53 mm Z= 279.5 mm

Area of Steel Required As req = (Mx106)/(0.95*460*Z)

As req= 642.28 mm2 Asr = 642.3 mm2
Provide T16 @200 mm c/c Top (1)
As prov = 1010 mm2 Asp = 1010 mm2
 The moments at base of walls are transfered to the channel base
Therefore, provide T16 @200 mm c/c Bottom (1)
As prov = 1010 mm2 Asp = 1010 mm2

Distribution reinforcement
Provide minimum reinforcement for distribution bars
Table 3.25 As =0.13%bh = 455 mm2 As r = 455 mm2
Provide T12 @200 mm c/c Top 2 &Bot 2
As prov = 566 mm2 As p= 566 mm2
 PROJECT: Page No.

Made by Date Checked by Date STRUCTURE: DROP Job No.

STRUCTURE
Design for:

REF CALCULATIONS OUTPUT

GENERAL
The calculations herein cover The Analysis & Design of Drop structure
(Walls and Base) upstream Transition.

REFERENCES
1. BS 81101: 1997 Structural use of concrete Code of practice for
design and construction
2. Craig's soil mechanics. Seventh edition
Abreviations
As req = Area of tension reinforcement required
As prov = Area of tension reinforcement provided
b = Breadth of a section
c = Minimum cover to reinforcement
d = Effective depth of section
fy = Characteristic strength of reinforcement
fcu= Characteristic strength of concrete
Gk= Characteristic dead load
Gke= Characteristic earth load
h = Depth of section
M = Design ultimate moment
V = Design shear force
Qk = Characteristic imposed load
z = Lever arm
c = Unit weight of concrete
w = Unit weight of water
= Bar diameter
= Soil angle of friction

Design parameters
Concrete grade: f cu = 25 N/mm2
Conrete unit weight: c = 24 kN/m3
Steel grade: fy = 460 N/mm2
Steel grade: f yv = 250 N/mm2
Soil unit weight: s = 18 kN/m3
Water unit weight: w = 10 kN/m3
Soil angle of friction: = 30 degrees
Soil friction coeff': = 0.5
Modula ratio: = 15
 Load factors
BS 8110 Dead load Gk 1.4 =
Table 2.1 Live load Qk 1.6 =
Earth Gke 1.2 =

Exposure conditions
BS 8110 Severe exposure : Concrete surfaces exposed to severe rain, alternate
Table 3.2 wetting and drying

Loading conditions
Height of wall Hw = 2.07 m
Height of soil Hs = 2.07 m
Drain Width Wd = 1.5 m
Total base width Wt = 1.9 m
Thickness of wall Tw bot = 0.2 m
Thickness of wall Tw top = 0.2 m
Thickness of base Tb = 0.25 m
Bar size = 12 mm
Cover to reinforcemnt c = 50 mm
Wall Effective depth dw = = 144 mm

Coeff of active pressure Ka

Ka = (1sin)/(1+sin) = 0.333 Ka= 0.333
Coeff of passive pressure Kp
Kp = (1+sin)/(1sin) = 3.000

Surcharge qu = = 5 kN/m2

WALL DESIGN
Weight of wall Ww = Gkxfcux0.5x(Ttop+T bot)xHw
= 13.91 kN Ww= 13.91 kN
Design Shear force V = 0.5xk axGkexsxHs2 + kaxQkxquxHs
= 20.95 kN/m V= 20.95 kN/m
Design Moment Mmax = (1/6)xkaxGkexHs3 + 0.5xkaxQkxquxHs2
= 16.36 kNm M= 16.36 kNm

= M/(fcubd )
2
K
K = 0.032 K= 0.032
Lever arm factor La = {0.5+(0.25K/0.9)}
Lever arm factor La = 0.96 Since La>0.95
Use La = 0.95 La = 0.95
Lever arm Z = 136.80 mm Z= 136.8 mm

Tension reinforcement
 Area of Steel Required As req = (Mx106)/(0.95*460*Z)
Asreq = = 273.61 mm2 Asre= 273.6 mm2

Area of Steel Provided Asprov = 566 mm2 Aspr= 566 mm2

Far face 1 : T12@200mm c/c

BS8110 Deflection check

Table 3.10 M/bd2 = 0.79 N/mm2
Service Stress fs
fs=(2fyAs req)/(3As prov) = 148.25 N/mm2

Actual modification factor = span/eff' depth

= 2.05 Act' MoF.= 2.05

Mod Factor = 0.55+(477fs)/120(0.9+M/bd2) = 2.17

Allowable Mod factor =2 Allo' MoF.= 2
Effective depth adequate Ok in deflecton

Horizontal and Compression reinforcement

Provide minimum reinforcement for both horizontal and
compression bars.
Table 3.25 A's req = 0.13%bh = 260 mm2
Provide T10 @ 200mm c/c NF 2,FF 2 & NF 1 starter bars.
A's prov = 393 mm2 A'sp= 393 mm2
BASE REINFORCEMENT
Bearing pressure qb = Weight of wall/total base width
Bearing pressure qb = 14.64 kN/m qb = 14.64 kN/m
Cover to reinforcement c = 50 mm
Max Hogging Moment at base Mb = Mw + qbxL2/8 0.5WwL
Mb = 11.14 kNm Mb= 11.14 kNm
For bar size = 12 mm
Base Effective depth d = TbCoverdia/2
d= 194 mm d= 194 mm
K= M/fcubd
K= 0.012 K= 0.012
Lever arm factor La=(0.55+0.25+K/0.9)
La = 0.99 Since La>0.95
Therefore, use La = 0.95 La = 0.95
Lever arm Z=La x d= 191.41 mm Z= 191.4 mm

Area of Steel Required As req = (Mx106)/(0.95*460*Z)

As req= 133.18 mm2 Asr = 133.2 mm2
Table 3.25 Minimum Area of reinforcement
Asmin=0.13%bh = 325 mm2 Asm = 325.0 mm2
 Provide minimum top reinforcement

Provide T12 @200 mm c/c Top (1)

As prov = 566 mm2 Asp = 566 mm2

The moments at base of walls are transfered to the channel base

Therefore, provide T12 @200 mm c/c Bottom (1)
As prov = 566 mm2 Asp = 566 mm2
Distribution reinforcement
Provide minimum reinforcement for distribution bars
Table 3.25 As =0.13%bh = 325 mm2 As r = 325 mm2
Provide T12 @200 mm c/c Top 2 &Bot 2
As prov = 566 mm2 As p= 566 mm2