Simulation of Short Circuit and Lightning

Transients on 110 kV Overhead and Cable

Transmission Lines Using ATP-EMTP

Predrag Maric1, Srete Nikolovski1, Laszlo Prikler2 Kneza Trpimira 2B

1
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Croatia 31000 Osijek, Croatia
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Hungary srete@etfos.hr, pmaric@etfos.hr
Megyetem rkp. 3-9.
H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
prikler@vmt.bme.hu

Abstract This paper presents calculation and simulation of a three phase short circuit,
single line to ground fault and lightning stroke transients on a 110 kV cable-overhead
transmission line that connects the new 110/20 kV transformer station Djakovo 3 with the
existing TS 400/110 kV Ernestinovo and TS 220/110 kV Djakovo. Calculation and simulation
of short-circuit transients are made using the EMT DIgSILENT Power Factory module.
Simulations of a lightning stroke are compared using the ATP-EMTP software and EMT
DIgSILENT module. Using the composite DSL (DIgSILENT Simulation Language) model, the
Direct lighting stroke has been represented as the Double-exponential function and the return
stroke as the Heidler function. Using the ATP-EMTP model, the lightning stroke has been
represented as the Heidler function. Lighting stroke simulations are made with and without
the presence of ZnO polymer-housed surge arrester model in both simulation tools.

Keywords: Short circuit, lightning stroke, cable, overhead transmission line, simulation,
DIgSILENT software, ATP-EMTP software.

1 Introduction

A new transformer station 110/20 kV Djakovo 3 has been incorporated in the Slavonian
transmission system between the existing TS 400/110 kV Ernestinovo and TS 220/110 kV
Djakovo. Conjunction with the 6- phase 110 kV Ernestinovo-Djakovo overhead line is
realized with two parallel 110 kV NEXANS type cables lying in the same canal. The
DIgSILENT model used in the simulation includes the whole Slavonian transmission system
with the newly incorporated facilities, while the ATP-EMTP model includes a detailed
overview of new facilities. According to IEC (published in 2001) norm, short-circuit RMS
and EMT values have been calculated and simulated on every 10% of length of the
considered lines and cables. A lightning stroke has been simulated at the conjunction point of
the 6-phase overhead line and two parallel 110 kV cables.

2 DIgSILENT model description

Short circuit values and diagrams have been calculated and simulated using the EMT
DIgSILENT module, while the lighting stroke has been simulated using the same EMT
module incorporating the DSL composite model.
400/110 kV
ERNESTINOVO

POLE 57

NEW TS 110/20 kV
DJAKOVO 3
220/110 kV
DJAKOVO

Figure 2.1 A new transformer station incorporated in the existing Slavonian transmisson
network, one-line diagram in DIgSILENT

Direct ligthing stroke has been modeled within the DSL composite model as the Double-
exponential function :
I(t)= A ( e- + e )

with parameters A=100 kA, =1500, = 5 * 106; and Heidler function

I (t ) A H (t , A , A ) B H (1, B , B )
2 1 2 1
2

t

1

2


-t





H (1, , ) e 1
2 1
2
1 t


2





2 2
1



e

with parameters A= - 105 kA, 1=1,5 s, 2 = 61.7 s, = 7.

Returning lighting stroke has been modeled as the Heidler function with parameters :
A= - 15 kA, 1 = 0,5 s, 2 =70 s, = 5.

Figure 2.2 Double-exponential function used for direct lightning stroke

Figure 2.3 Heidler function 8/20 s used for returning lightning stroke

Three 1000 A current sources behind the reactances of 20 mH that represent a lighting stroke
reactance are also involved in the DSL model.

A ZnO surge arrester is modeled according to manufacturers documentation:

Table 2.1 Technical data for the ZnO arrester

Nominal discharge current (IEC) IEEE/ANSI 10 kA peak
Classifying current (ANSI/IEEE) 10 kA peak
Rated voltage 360 kV
Max system voltage 420 kV
Line discharge class (IEC) 3
 Figure 2.4 Manufacturers ZNO arrester V-I protective characteristic

The calculated residual voltage for current impulse 10 kA, 8/20 s entered in the DIgSILENT
surge arrester model is represented in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2 The calculated residual voltage for 10 kA, 8/20 s impulse according
to manufacturers data
I [kA] V [kV] I [kA] V [kV] I [kA] V [kV] I [kA] V [kV] I [kA] V [kV]
0,10 176,26 0,40 187,57 0,80 193,22 4,00 212,43 30,00 264,40
0,20 183,06 0,50 189,83 1,00 194,35 7,00 221,46 40,00 277,97
0,30 185,32 0,60 190,96 2,00 203,40 10,00 226,00 50,00 289,26
0,40 187,57 0,70 192,09 3,00 207,92 20,00 248,60 60,00 298,32

The residual voltage of 226.00 kV for current impulse 10 kA, 8/20 s is a lighting protective
level obtained with this surge arrester. The highest withstanding lightning voltage for the 110
kV facility (according to VDE) is 550 kV, the ratio of the highest withstanding lightning
voltage for the 110 kV facility and the residual voltage on the surge arrester is 550 kV/226 kV
= 2.43 (>1.4) which provides appropriate overvoltage protection.

3 ATP Model description

A more detailed overview of the new facility with the corresponding switching equipment has
been modeled in the ATP-EMTP software. The lightning stroke has been modeled as the
Heidler function with cable and overhead line parameters frequency dependence appreciation
using the JMarti frequency-dependant model. A few overhead line spans nearby the
conjunction point with cables are presented in detail from both sides of the 6-phase overhead
line including grounding inductances and impulse resistances, as well as tower wave
impedances.

Figure 3.1 Overhead-cable transmission line in ATP-EMTP - detailed model

4 Simulation results
The calculated three phase short-circuit RMS current values along the 110 kV line between
the new 110/20 kV transformer station Djakovo 3 and 400/110 kV transformer station
Ernestinovo are presented in Table 4.1 and Figure 4.1.

Table 4.1 Three phase short-circuit RMS current values along the 110 kV line ''Ernestinovo-
Djakovo3''
Sk3'' Ik3'' angle
Line location [MVA] [kA] []
10% 3156,36 16,57 -80,15
20% 2722,19 14,29 -78,72
30% 2443,28 12,82 -77,79
Ernestinovo -Djakovo 3 40% 2259,75 11,86 -77,16
(pole 57) 50% 2141,19 11,24 -76,74
60% 2071,41 10,87 -76,47
27,441 km 70% 2042 10,72 -76,32
80% 2049,68 10,76 -76,27
90% 2095,28 11,00 -76,33
100% 2182,92 11,46 -76,48
 Figure 4.1 Distribution of 3 phase short-circuit currents along the 110 kV line
''Ernestinovo-Djakovo3''

Single line to ground fault analysis considers calculation and distribution of RMS current
values along the 110 kV lines nearby the new facilities, as well as the EMT simulation.

The calculated single phase to ground RMS current values along the 110 kV line between the
new 110/20 kV transformer station Djakovo 3 and 400/110 kV transformer station
Ernestinovo are presented in Table 4.2 and Figure 4.2.

Table 4.2 Single phase to ground RMS current values along the 110 kV line ''Ernestinovo-
Djakovo3''
Sk1''
Line location [MVA] Ik1'' [kA] angle [] Z0 [] I0 [kA]

Ernestinovo 10% 916,6 14,43 -77,78 3,21 4,81

Djakovo 3 (pole 57) 20% 727,49 11,46 -76,62 3,26 3,82
27,441 km 30% 627,51 9,88 -76,04 3,32 3,29
40% 572,16 9,01 -75,76 3,39 3
50% 544,38 8,57 -75,68 3,49 2,86
60% 537,3 8,46 -75,76 3,63 2,82
70% 549,34 8,65 -75,99 3,82 2,88
80% 583,2 9,18 -76,43 4,13 3,06
90% 647,56 10,2 -77,16 4,7 3,4
100% 762,12 12 -78,4 6,04 4
 Figure 4.2 Distribution of single phase to ground fault currents along the 110 kV line
Ernestinovo-Djakovo3

The single phase to ground fault with 0 impedance has been initiated at t=100 ms, whereas
at t=300 ms the fault has been cleared. Figure 4.3 presents a single phase to ground current
diagram at the middle of the 110 kV line ''Ernestinovo-Djakovo 3''

DIgSILENT
20.00

10.00

0.00

-10.00

-20.00
-0.0010 0.0652 0.1314 0.1975 0.2637 [s] 0.3299
Ernestinovo-s tup57: 3*I0 in kA
struje_Ern_Djakovo Date: 4/21/2009
Annex: /1

Figure 4.3 The single phase to ground current diagram at the middle of the 110 kV overhead
line ''Ernestinovo-Djakovo 3''
Voltages on the end terminals of the 110 kV overhead line ''Ernestinovo-Djakovo 3'' follow
the current waveforms during the fault. Peak voltage sags values are up to 30 kV.

DIgSILENT
120.00

100.00

80.00

60.00

40.00

20.00
-0.0010 0.0652 0.1314 0.1975 0.2637 [s] 0.3299
Stup 57 DJK: Voltage Phasor, Magnitude in kV

120.00

100.00

80.00

60.00

40.00

20.00
-0.0010 0.0652 0.1314 0.1975 0.2637 [s] 0.3299
Stup 57 ERN: Voltage Phas or, Magnitude in kV
naponi2 Date: 4/21/2009
Annex: /6

Fig. 4.4 Voltages on the end terminals of the 110 kV overhead line ''Ernestinovo-Djakovo 3''

The single phase to ground fault current phase A simulated at the middle of the cable from
''Pole 57 Djakovo 3 (section from TS Ernestinovo) is presented in Figure 4.5.

DIgSILENT
30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00

-10.00

-20.00
-0.0010 0.0692 0.1394 0.2096 0.2798 [s] 0.3500
Stup57-Djakovo3-Ern: 3*I0 in kA
Ernestinovo_Djakovo3-kabel Date: 4/21/2009
Annex: /5

Figure 4.5 The single phase to ground fault current phase A simulated at the middle of the
cable from ''Pole 57 Djakovo 3 (section from TS Ernestinovo)
The single phase to ground fault peak values simulated at the middle of the cable from ''Pole
57 Djakovo 3 (section from TS Ernestinovo) are approximately 1.5 times the simulated
single phase to ground current peak values at the middle of the 110 kV overhead line
''Ernestinovo-Djakovo 3'' due to lower cable direct, inverse and zero component reactances
than overhead line reactances.

The lightning stroke has been simulated at the conjunction point 110 kV overhead line cable
(pole 57) with the ZnO surge arresters modeled on both tower terminals. According to
residual voltage-current surge arrester characteristics (Table 2.2), the 50 kA resistive current
value has been achieved on the surge arrester electrically closer to the point of lightning
stroke, while the 3 kA value has been obtained on the farther tower terminal.

DIgSILENT
4.00

3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00

-1.00
-0.0030 -0.0018 -0.0006 0.0006 0.0018 [s] 0.0030
ZNOodvodnik 1: Current Phasor, Magnitude in kA

62.50

50.00

37.50

25.00

12.50

0.00

-12.50
-0.0030 -0.0018 -0.0006 0.0006 0.0018 [s] 0.0030
ZNOodvodnik 2: Current Phasor, Magnitude in kA
udar_munje ZNO-2 Date: 5/12/2009
Annex: /3

Figure 4.6 Surge arrester resistive current values on both tower terminals
DIgSILENT

120.00

100.00

80.00

60.00

40.00
-0.0030 -0.0018 -0.0006 0.0006 0.0018 [s] 0.0030
Stup 57 DJK: Voltage Phasor, Magnitude in kV

110.00

100.00

90.00

80.00

70.00

60.00

50.00
-0.0030 -0.0018 -0.0006 0.0006 0.0018 [s] 0.0030
Stup 57 ERN: Voltage Phasor, Magnitude in kV
naponi2 Date: 5/12/2009
Annex: /2

Figure 4.7 Surge arrester residual voltage on both tower terminals

The simulated results differ due to model differences in both simulation tools especially
overhead line parameters frequency dependence appreciation using the JMarti frequency-
dependant model, grounding inductances, tower wave impedances and more accurate tower
geometry presentation in the ATP-EMTP model.
The complete lightning stroke model has been presented as the Heidler function in ATP-
EMTP Figure 4.8.

Figure 4.8 The Heidler function as the lightning stroke model in ATP-EMTP

Figure 4.9 Voltages on the tower terminals after lighting stroke simulation
Figure 4.10 Surge arrester residual voltage- arrester further from the lightning stroke location

Figure 4.11 Surge arrester resistive current

Figure 4.12 Surge arrester residual voltage- arrester closer to the lightning stroke location

Figure 4.13 Voltages on the 110 kV busbars of the new TS 110/20 kV Djakovo 3 after
lighting stroke simulation
Residual voltage differences on surge arresters closer and further from the lightning stroke
location are negligible as expected due to more accurate tower geometry model in ATP-
EMTP which is the advantage of this simulation tool.

5. Conclusion
The paper presents lightning stroke simulation, as well as calculation of short circuit
transients along the 110 kV cable-overhead transmission line. Cable and overhead
transmission line has been presented as frequency-dependant model in DIgSILENT and ATP-
EMTP software. Lightning stroke model consisted of direct stroke and returning stroke
components in DIgSILENT results in somewhat different transient shape than in the ATP-
EMPT software where the same model consists only the direct stroke component including
grounding inductances and impulse resistances, as well as tower wave impedances in a few
spans nearby the conjunction point with cables. In both simulation tools, the ZNO surge
arrester has been modeled with related non-linear characteristic. The ATP-EMTP software
provides better and more accurate lightning stroke analysis results.

References
[1] IEC 60909 Standard Short-circuit Currents in Three-phase A.C. Systems - Part 0:
Calculation of Currents, IEC July 2001

[2] Z. Feizhou, L. Shange A New Function to Represent the Lightning Return-Stroke

Currents'', IEEE Transaction on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 44, No.4, Nov.
2002.

[3] ABB document 1HSM 9543 13-01 en Edition Protection Characteristic of Surge
Arrester 110 kV PEXLIM-Q2, ABB, 2004-11

[4] NEXANS High Voltage Cables and Systems Cable data Al 110kV Al-PE sheath
A2XS(FL)2Y+ 1x1000RM/95 64/110 (123) kV, Nexans ref.: C110100095