Photoelectric effect, Atomic Nucleus & Radioactive decay
1. Monochromatic light of frequency 60 x 10 14 Hz is
produced by a laser. The power emitted is 20 x 10 3 W. (a)
what is the energy of a photon in the light beam? (b)How
many photons per second, on the average, are emitted by the
source?
2. The minimum light intensity that can be perceived by the
eye is about 1010 Wm2. Find the number of photons of
wavelength 584 x 107 m that must enter the pupil, of area
104 m2/s for vision.
3. Calculate the frequency of a photon whose energy is 50 eV.
4. A radio transmitter operates at a frequency of 880 kHz and a
power of 10 kW. Find the number of photons emitted per
second.
5. A parallel beam of light is incident normally on a plane
surface absorbing 40% of the light and reflecting the rest. If
the incident beam carries 10 watt of power, find the force
exerted by it on the surface
6. The light photons of energy 1 eV and 3 eV respectively are
made incident on a metallic plate of work function 05 eV one
after the other. Find the ratio of maximum kinetic
energy of photoelectrons emitted by them.
7. When a beam of 106 eV photons of intensity 2.0 W / m2
falls on a platinum surface of area 1.0 x 10 4 m2 and work
function 56 eV, 053% of the incident photons eject photo
electrons. Find the number of photoelectrons emitted per
second and their minimum and maximum energies (in eV).
8. Calculate the maximum kinetic energy of electrons emitted
from a photosensitive surface of work function 32eV, for the
incident radiation of wavelength 300 nm.
9. Find the difference of kinetic energies of photoelectrons
emitted from a surface by light of wavelengths 2500 A and
5000 A.
10. Radiations of wavelength 5400 A fall on a metal whose
work function is 19 eV. Find the energy of the photo-electrons
emitted and their stopping potential.
11. Ultra-violet light of wavelength 800 A and 700A when
allowed to fall on hydrogen atoms in their ground state is
found to liberate electrons with K.E., 18 eV and 40 eV
respectively. Find the value of Planck's constant.
12. A metal has threshold wavelength of 6000 A. Calculate (i)
threshold frequency (ii) work function of metal in eV.
13. Light of wavelength 2000 A falls on an aluminum surface.
In aluminum 42 eV are required to remove an electron. What
is the kinetic energy of (a) the fastest (b) the slowest emitted
photoelectrons, (c) what is the stopping potential? (d) What is
the cut off wavelength for aluminum? Planck's constant h=6.6
x 1034 Js.
14. Find the frequency of light which ejects electrons from a
metal surface, fully stopped by a retarding potential of 3V.
The photo- electric effect begins in this metal at a frequency of
6 x 1014 s1 . Find the work function for this metal.
15. When light of wavelength 400 nm is incident on the
cathode of a photocell, the stopping potential recorded is 6 V.
If the wavelength of the incident light is increased to 600 nm,
calculate the new stopping potential.
16. The electric field associated with a monochromatic beam
of light becomes zero 24 x 1015 times per second. Find the
maximum kinetic energy of the photoelectrons when this light
falls on a metal surface whose work function is 20 eV;
h = 663 x 1034 Js
17. An -particle and a proton are accelerated from rest
through the same potential difference V. Find the ratio of de-
Broglie wavelength associated with them.
18. Calculate de-Broglie wavelength for electron moving with
speed 6x105 m/s.
19. Obtain the de-Broglie wavelength of an electron of kinetic
energy 100 eV.
20. A neutron is an uncharged particle of mass 1.67 x 10 27 kg.
Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of the neutron moving
with a velocity, such that KE. is 004 eV.
21. The wavelength of a photon is 14A. It collides with an
electron. Its wavelength after collision is 4A. Calculate the
energy of scattered electron.
Atomic Nucleus
22. A 125 MeV particle approaching a gold nucleus is
deflected by 180. How close does it approach the nucleus?
23. An alpha particle carrying 10 MeV kinetic energy collides
with a copper nucleus (Z = 29) and retraces its path. What is
the size of the nucleus?
24. Calculate the impact parameter of a 5 MeV alpha particle
scattered by 10, when it approaches a gold nucleus (Z = 79
for gold).
25. The number of alpha particles scattered at 60 is 100 per
minute in an alpha particle scattering experiment. Calculate
the number of alpha particles scattered per minute at 90.
26. The nuclear radius of 8O16 is 3 x 1015 m. What is the
nuclear radius of 82Pb205 ?
27. Calculate the equivalent energy of electron and proton at
rest. How much energy in ergs is equivalent to 1 MeV?
28. The binding energies of deuteron (1H2) and alpha particle
4
(2He ) are 125 and 72 MeV/nucleon respectively. Which
nucleus is more stable? Calculate binding energy per nucleon
56
of 26Fe . m (26Fe56) = 55 934939 amu, m (proton) =
1007825 amu, m (neutron) = 1008665 amu.
29. Calculate the B.E. per nucleon of deutron whose mass is
2.913554 u. Take mass of proton 1.007825 u and mass of
neutron 1.008665 u.
30. What energy is needed to split an alpha particle to pieces?
Given mass of particle is 4.0039 a.m.u., mass of proton =
1007825u and mass of neutron = 1.008665 u. Use 1 a.m.u. =
931.5 MeV.
12
31. The binding energy per nucleon for 6C is 7 68 MeV/N
and that for 6C13 is 7 47 MeV/N. calculate the energy required
to remove a neutron from 6C13.
32. The mass of nucleus of 17Cl35 is 34.9800 a.m.u. calculate
the average energy required to extract a nucleon from this
nucleus. Use 1 a.m.u. = 931.5 MeV. Given mass of proton =
1007825 u, and mass of neutron = 1 008665 u.
33. Calculate binding energy per nucleon of 83Bi209. Given
mass of 83Bi209 = 208 980388 a.m.u. mass of neutron =
1008665 a.m.u, and mass of proton = 1 007825 a.m.u.
34. Assuming that in a star, three alpha particles join in a
single fusion reaction to form a 6C12 nucleus. Calculate the
energy released in this reaction. Given mass of 2He4 is
4002604 a.m.u. and that of 6C12 is 12 a.m.u, Take 1 a.m.u. =
931 MeV.
35. The sun is believed to be getting its energy from the fusion
of four protons to form a helium nucleus and a pair of
positrons. Calculate the release of energy per fusion in MeV.
Mass of proton = 1007825 a.m.u. Mass of positron =
0000549 a.m.u., mass or helium nucleus = 4002603 a.m.u.
Take 1 a.m.u. = 9315 MeV.
36. Calculate the energy released when three alpha particles
combine to form a 12C nucleus. The atomic mass of 2He4 is
4002603 u.
37. Calculate the binding energy per nucleon in case of 26Fe56,
given mass of proton = 1.007825 amu, mass of neutron =
1 008665 amu and mass of nucleus of 26Fe56 is 55 934939
amu.
38. The mass of 3Li7 nucleus is 0042amu less than the sum of
the masses of its nucleons. Find the binding energy per
nucleon.
RADIOACTIVE DECAY
39. A certain radioactive substance has a half life period of 30
days. What is the disintegration constant? Find its average life.
40. After a certain lapse of time, the fraction of radioactive
polonium un-decayed is found to be 125% of the initial
quantity. What is the duration of this time lapse if half life of
polonium is 139 days?
41. Half life of a certain radioactive material is 100 days. After
how much time the un-decayed fraction of material will be
625% ?
42. A radioactive element has a half life of 2500 years. In how
many years will its mass decay by 90% of its initial mass?
43. Half life of a sample is 20 minutes. In how much time will
the activity of sample drop to 1/16 of its initial value.
44. The half life of a radioactive element is 40 days. Calculate
the time taken for the activity to decay to 30% of its initial
value.
45. A sample of radioactive material has an activity of 9 x 10 12
Becquerel. The material has a half life of 80 s. How long will
it take for the activity to fall to 2 x 10 12 Becquerel?
46. The half life of 92U238 against alpha decay is 45 x 109
years. How many disintegrations occur per second in one
gram of 92 U238?
47. How many alpha and beta particles are emitted when
238
92U decays to 82Pb206?
48. A deutron strikes 8O16 nucleus with the subsequent
emission of an alpha particle. Find the atomic number, mass
number and chemical name of the element so produced.
49. When 92U235 undergoes fission, 01 % of the original mass
is released into energy. How much energy is released by an
atom bomb Which contains 10 kg of 92U235 ?
50. What is the power output of 92U235 reactor if it takes 30
days to use up 2 kg of fuel and if each fission gives 185 MeV
of usable energy.
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