Chemical Earth Dot Points- Peter Huynh x.

Heat on carbonate metal oxide +

carbon dioxide
1. The living and non living components of
Earth contain mixtures
Construct word and balanced formulae
Identify the difference between
equations of chemical reactions as they
elements, compounds and mixtures in
are encountered terms of particle theory.
General Reaction
An element is a pure substance, which cannot
a) Single replacement: be broken down by chemical means.
A + CD AD + C
A compound is a pure substance that contains 2
b) Double replacement:
or more elements in a fixed proportion, and can
AB + CD AC + BD
be broken down by chemical means.
c) Combination/Synthesis
A mixture is an impure substance, which can be
A + B AB
broken down by physical means. It can be
d) Decomposition heterogeneous or homogenous.

AB A + B An element has one type of particle. Compounds

Can be thermal (heat), electrical
(electrolysis) or photochemical (light)
Common Reactions
i. Active metal (more reactive than H)
+ acid salt + hydrogen gas
ii. Active metal + water metal oxide
+ hydrogen
iii. Active metal + salt (less reactive
than the metal) new salt + metal
iv. Acid + base salt + water
v. Acid + carbonate salt + carbon
dioxide + water
vi. Salt + salt new salt
vii. Metal oxide + water metal
hydroxide + hydrogen
viii. Non- metal oxide + water acid
ix. Combustion: Element + oxide
element oxide
OR Hydrocarbon + oxygen
carbon dioxide + water
and mixtures have two or more different
particles.
Identify that the regions of the Earth
that contain examples of elements,
compounds and mixtures.
Lithosphere is the crust of the earth.
- Mixtures include: coal, crude
oil, natural gas, granite rock
- Compounds include: minerals,
soil
Hydrosphere is the mass of water found on,
under, or over the earth.
- Mixtures include: ocean water,
rivers, lakes
- Compounds include: water,
NaCl,
- Elements include: oxygen,
nitrogen
Atmosphere is the layer of gases on Earth.
- Mixtures include: air

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 - Compounds include: water
vapour, methane, carbon
dioxide
- Elements include: nitrogen,
oxygen, argon
Biosphere is the parts of Earth where life
occurs. Includes litho, hydro, and
atmosphere.
Apply systematic naming of inorganic
compounds as they are introduced in
the laboratory
A) Ionic Compounts
Binary Compounds
-Write the name of the metal first
-Then write the beginning of the non-
metals name

Assess separation techniques for their -Then include the suffix ide to the end
suitability on separating examples of
earth materials, identifying the Must include valency for metals with
difference in properties which enable variable valencies (Fe, Cu)
these separations.
B) Polyatomic Ions
Separation Method Property
Must remember the name of the ion.
Sieving Particle Size
Evaporation Boiling Point C) Binary Covalent Compounds
Simple Distillation Big differences in BP 1. Use the normal element name for the
Fractional Small differences in
first element and then add ide.
Distillation BP
2. The first element named is the one
Filtration Solubility
Separating funnel Immiscible liquids furthest to the left
3. If they are in the same group, the one
Describe situations in which gravimetric lower down the group is named first.
analysis supplies useful data for 4. Oxygen is named last in compounds
chemists and other scientists with Cl, Br, and I.
5. Number of atoms given by prefixes
The proportions of components in a mixture (mono, di, tri, tetra etc.)
can be expressed as a weight percentage. The
technique used to measure this is called
gravimetric analysis.

It has a number of uses

- Food industry: % by weight of the
foods components must be listed
on the packaging
- Medications: % of active ingredient
- Soil- to ascertain composition to see if it is
suitable for growing crops

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 Identify the IUPAC names for carbon Classify elements as metals, non-metals
compounds as they are encountered and semi-metals according to their
physical properties.
Alkanet:
-Metals: Good conductors of
-Name ending: -ane electricity/heat, ductile/malleable, shiny
-Single Bond and usually solid.

- CnH2n+2 -Non-metals: Mostly dull, poor conductors,

not malleable/ductile. Softer and found in
various states.

Alkenes: Semi metals: Intermediate properties

-Name ending: -ene Account for the uses of metals and

non-metals in terms of their
-Double Bond
physical properties.
-CnH2n
-Metals are used where high tensile
Alkyne: strength, malleability and ductility, and
electrical conductivity are required,
-Name ending: -yne such as buildings, vehicles, wiring and
appliances.
-Triple Bond
This is because of their hardness, high
-CnH2n-2
conductivity, high BP, and high tensile
02. Although most elements are found in strength. They are also very abundant.
combinations on Earth, some elements are
-The properties of non-metals vary
found uncombined.
greatly and therefore so do their uses.
Explain the relationship between the For example, diamond is used in cutting
reactivity of an element and the tools and jewellery and chlorine is used
likelihood of its existing as an in bleach and disinfectant.
uncombined element.
- If an element is more reactive,
there is less chance of finding it
uncombined and vice versa.
- The most unreactive are noble
gases, which exist as
monatomic molecules.

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 03. Elements in Earth material are
present mostly as compounds because
of the interactions at atomic level
Identify that matter is made up of
particles that are continuously
moving and interacting.
The Particle Theory: Matter is made up of tiney
particles which are continuously moving.
Solid particles are fixed but vibrate when
heated. They have a fixed shape and volume.
Liquid particles move freely. It is not a fixed
shape and takes the shape of its container. It
has a fixed volume.
Gas particles move at high speeds and are much
further apart. They take the shape of their
container and also the volume. They are easy
to compress.
Describe quantitively the energy
levels of electrons in atoms
According to Bohr, electrons in atoms
exist in discrete energy shells. The
further away from the nucleus we are,
the more energy a shell possesses.
Shels can only accommodate a certain
number of electrons. Generally, the
formula is 2n electrons.
Describe atoms in terms of mass
and atomic number.
Mass number: Protons + Neutrons
Atomic number: Protons
No. of protons = No. of electrons
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Describe the formation of ions in
terms of atoms gaining or losing
electrons
Atoms which are not noble gases want
to attain the electron structure of a
noble gas.
Therefore, they either gain or lose
electrons to achieve this configuration.
Cation: +
Anion: -
Apply the periodic tale to predict
the ions formed by atoms of metals
and non-metals
Group I metals all tend to lose
one electron and therefore
form +1 ions.
Group II metals tend to lose
two electrons and therefore
form +2 ions.
Group VII elements all tend to
gain one electron and therefore
they form -1 ions.
Group VI elements tend to gain
two electrons and thus form -2
ions.
 Apply the Lewis electron dot
structures to:
- The formation of ion
- The electron sharing in simple
molecules
Dot diagrams are used to illustrate the
formation of ionic/covalent bonds.
Distinguish between molecules
containing one atom (noble gases)
and molecules with more than one
atom.
Noble gases can exist as monatomic
molecules because of their low
reactivity. In other non-metallic
elements, the atoms are reactive and
form molecules with more than one
atom.

Describe the formation of covalent

molecules in terms of sharing of
electrons.

A covalent bond is a bond between two

non-metals. When an atom doesnt
have a complete outer shell, it can
Describe the formation of ionic achieve a full outer shell by sharing
compounds in terms of the electrons.
attraction of ions of opposite
Single bonds: One pair of electrons shared
charge
Double bonds: Two pairs of electrons shared
Ionic bonding is when there is a transfer
of electrons as opposed to the sharing Triple bonds: Three pairs of electrons shared
of electrons. It consists of cations and
anions held together in a lattice.

Describe molecules as particles

which can move independently of
each other

Molecules are particles that can move

independently of each other. With the
exception of the noble gases, they exist
as two or more atoms chemically
joined.

Typically non-metals join to form

molecules by sharing electrons.

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04. Energy is required elements from their
naturally occurring sources.
Identify the difference between
physical and chemical changes in
terms of re arrangement of
particles
Physical change is where no new substances are
formed. It is easily reversible
Physical changes are changes in the physical
properties of a substance such as changes in
state. Examples:
- Change of state: melting a, boiling a
liquid, condensation
- Changes in size: grinding a rock into
fine powder
- Dissolving a solid in a liquid
- Filtration
A chemical change is when chemical bonds are
broken and new substances formed. They are
hard to reverse.
Indicators:
- Gas is evolved
- Precipitate formed
- Colour change
- Temperature change
- Odour
Physical changes rearrange particles without
altering their nature. Chemical changes break
up the particles (molecules) and rearrange the
atoms into new substances.
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Summarise the difference between
the boiling and electrolysis of water
as an example of the difference
between a physical and chemical
change
Electrolysis is a chemical change and
the boiling of water is a physical
change.
Electrolysis produces two new
substances out of water (hydrogen and
oxygen gas) whereas boiling simply
changes its state from liquid to gas.
Electrolysis is difficult to reverse
whereas boiling is easy to reverse.
Electrolysis takes significantly more
energy than boiling because it breaks
the chemical bonds of the water
molecules.
These intramolecular bonds are
significantly stronger than the
intermolecular bonds that boiling
breaks.
Identify light, heat and electricity as
the common forms of energy that
may be released or absorbed during
the decomposition or synthesis of
substances and identify examples of
these changes occurring in
everyday life.
- Light, heat and electricity as the
common forms of energy that may
be released or absorbed during the
decomposition or synthesis of
substances.
- Heat energy Compound:
Heat is released
(exothermic) -Cannot be separated through physical
Heat is absorbed means but can be through chemical
(endothermic) means
- Light energy
Combustion of magnesium- -Homogenous
light is released
- Electrical energy -Two or more types of atoms in a fixed
Electrolysis proportion by mass

Explain the amount of energy
needed to separate atoms in a
compound as an indication of the
strength of attraction between
them.
The strength of a chemical bond can be
determined by the amount of energy
required to decompose it.
If more energy is required, it means
that the chemical bonds are stronger
and vice versa.
05. The properties of elements and
compounds are determined by their
bonding and structure
Identify the differences between
ohcical and chemical properties of
elements, compounds and
mixtures.
Element:
-Distinct BP/MP
Mixture:
-Can be separated through physical
means
-Two or more types of atoms in a
variable proportion by mass
-Can either be homogenous or
heterogeneous
-Does not have a distinct BP/MP
Describe the physical properties
used to classify compounds as ionic
or covalent or covalent network
Ionic
The strong electrostatic attraction
between pairs of ions makes ionic
substances hard. They are solids at
room temperature and have a high
MP/BP.

-Cannot be separated through physical If the systematic array of ions is

and chemical means disturbed by applying a strong force,
then ions of the same charge come
-One type of atom
together. They then repel each other
-Heterogeneous and this causes the crystal to shatter.
This means that ionic substances are
-Distinct BP/MP brittle.

7 Peter Huynh
 In solid state, there are no free moving
electrons so they do not conduct
electricity. But in liquid state, the ions
act as mobile charge carriers and
conducts electricity.
Covalent Molecular
These have weak intermolecular forces
between each other and are therefore
usually found as a gas. Therefore, they
have low BP/MP.
Electrons are localized so covalent
molecular substances do not conduct
electricity in solid or liquid state.
Covalent Network
In a covalent network lattice, the atoms
are bonded in a tetrahedral fashion in
an infinite array.
It has an extremely high MP/BP because
of the strong covalent bonds that exist.
Distinguish between metal, ionic and
covalent bonding.
Metallic bonding is the electrostatic
attraction between the positive ions and
delocalized electrons in metals. This
accounts for its high electrical conductivity.
Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction
between the positive metal ions and the
negative non-metal ions.
Covalent bonding is the electrostatic
attraction between non-metals sharing
electrons.
Explain why the formula for an ionic
compound is an empirical formula
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An empirical formula shows the elements in
a compound and the ratio of each type.
A molecular formula shows the actual
number of atoms in one molecule.
Ionic compounds do not generally exist as
discrete molecules but are bonded in an
infinite array. Therefore the formula is an
empirical formula.
Explain the relationship between
properties of conductivity and hardness
and the structure of ionic, covalent
molecular and covalent network
structures
Ionic:
-Ionic bonding
-High MP
-Electrical conductivity in liquid state only
-Hard and brittle
Covalent Network
-Covalent bonding in a tetrahedral fashion
-Very high MP
-No electrical conductivity
-Very hard
Covalent molecular:
-Covalent Bonding
-Low MP
-Soft, usually gas
-No electrical conductivity