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JOURNAL READING
Determination of Sex Dierence from Fingerprint Ridge Density in
Northeastern Thai Teenagers
Dental Age Assessment of 416 Year Old Western Saudi Children and
Adolescents Using Demirjians Method for Forensic Dentistry

Oleh:

Fadhil (201610401011029)

Pembimbing:
dr. Liauw Djai Yen

SMF ILMU KEDOKTERAN FORENSIK

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
RUMAH SAKIT BHAYANGKARA PORONG
2016

1
 DAFTAR ISI

Sampul .. 1
Daftar Isi 2
Determination of Sex Dierence from Fingerprint Ridge Density in
Northeastern Thai Teenagers......3
Terjemahan Determination of Sex Dierence from Fingerprint Ridge
Density in Northeastern Thai Teenagers ......12
Dental Age Assessment of 416 Year Old Western Saudi Children and
Adolescents Using Demirjians Method for Forensic Dentistry ..17
Terjemahan Dental Age Assessment of 416 Year Old Western Saudi
Children and Adolescents Using Demirjians Method for
Forensic Dentistry.22

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Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences (2016) 6, 185193

HOSTED BY Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Egyptian Journal of Forensic Sciences

journal homepage: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/egyptian-journal-of-forensic-sciences

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Determination of sex dierence from fingerprint

ridge density in northeastern Thai teenagers

Pattanawit Soanboon a, Somsong Nanakorn b, Wibhu Kutanan b,*

a
Forensic Science Program, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
b Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand

Received 11 May 2015; revised 30 July 2015; accepted 18 August 2015

Available online 5 September 2015

KEYWORDS
Abstract: Although, there has already been much research on the differences between sexes in fin-
Fingerprint; gerprint ridge density and its variability in the Thai population, such studies have not included native
Ridge density (RD); northeastern Thais aged between 14 and 24 who are descended from northeastern Thai ancestry. This
Northeastern Thai teenagers; study intends to determine the topological, age-grouping and sexual differences in fingerprint ridge
Sex determination density (RD) in such populations. Fingerprints were collected from 353 unrelated volunteers (191 males
and 162 females) and classified into three groups, that is, group A (total sub-jects), group B (1418 years
old) and group C (1824 years old). RD was assessed for two topolog-ical areas, radial and ulnar.
Significant differences between genders and age groups were obtained in both counting areas. Females
exhibit higher RD i.e. narrower ridges, than males. A decrease in RD values with increasing age was
also detected. The RD threshold for discrimination of sexes, com-puted based on Bayes theorem, was
achieved in all groups and counting areas, enabling its use in forensic investigation.

2015 The International Association of Law and Forensic Sciences (IALFS). Production and hosting by Elsevier
B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction Although the ridge number in a fingerprint is not age-dependent,

Fingerprints, composed of ridges and furrows, are one of the
dermatoglyphic traits that can be used for identification of an
individual. The formation of the ridges is governed by a multitude
of genes and the environment of the embryo during its first month
of development, in other words the content of the amniotic
1,2
fluid. Once created, the ridges do not transform anymore
throughout the lifetime except in cases of injury.
* various specific characteristics have been utilized world-wide for
Corresponding author. Tel.: +66 43 202531; fax: +66 43 202530. E-mail
address: wibhu@kku.ac.th (W. Kutanan).
Peer review under responsibility of The International Association of Law
and Forensic Sciences (IALFS).
the ridges grow further apart with an increasing age as the body
36
size increases. Generally speaking, the study of
dermatoglyphics is either qualitative or quantitative. Quali-tative
dermatoglyphics focuses on, among other things, pat-terns of
fingerprints and types of minutiae; while, ridge count and finger
ridge density (RD) are examples of the finger-prints quantitative
study.
Fingerprints are unique in each individual even in identical
7
twins they are not identical. Thus, fingerprint pattern types and
personal identification. Latent fingerprints are a pri-mary
evidence that investigating officers need to collect at the crime
scene.

3
186
The study of RD has been incessantly reported in multiple
816
populations for forensic applications. One study reported RD
17
evaluation in the northeast of Thailand ; however, teens were not
among its subject groups. Based on reports in 2013 by the
Department of Juvenile Observation and Protection, as they have
been involved in a large number of cases in Thailand (36,763
cases), there is an urgent need for RD evaluations among the
teenagers. The term teenager is one that, the World Health
Organization defines as those who are aged between 15 and 24,
while the Thai Royal Act and the Thai Royal Institute Dictionary
defines as those whose ages range from 15 to 18 and 14 to 18,
18
respectively. Combining all three definitions, we set the age
group of the teenagers in this study as between 14 and 24 years.
Our main objectives in this study are to compare the RD
difference between male and female teenagers and within the
same sex if RD differs between the younger group of 14 18
years old and the older one of over 18 up to 24 years of age. We
also compared our RD results to the existing database of other
17
populations. Although ridge formation was deter-mined by
genes and the content of the amniotic fluid, ridge
number has been proven to be highly genetically inherited, with
19,20
as much as 9095% contribution by the genes. Con-
sequently, if populations are genetically distinct, RD is likely
different between then.
2. Materials and methods
Since the present study involved underaged individuals, on top of
the informed consent, those under 18 years of age must have
LR probability of the observing a given ridge density that belongs to male contributor C or PRD=C
probability of the observing a given ridge density that belongs to female contributor C0 or PRD=C0
their participation approved by their parents. To qualify as a
Northeasterner for our study, unrelated individuals (by at least
two generations) must be descended from the northeastern Thai
ancestry and they must come from a family where all members
are able to speak the northeastern Thai dialect. This research
protocol was approved by the Khon Kaen University Ethics
Committee for Human Research. In total, fingerprints from all
fingers of 353 subjects (191 males and 162 females)
Figure 1 Two squares of 5 5 mm2 each were placed just above the core of a fingerprint image. For each square, a diagonal line was constructed.
Ridges passing through the line were counted for the calculation of ridge density.
4
P. Soanboon et al.
21
were obtained, using an ink pad and rolled ink print technique.
Generally, fingerprint ridge density is acquired from a num-
2
ber of ridges over an area of 5 5 mm based on the method of
8 8
Acree. Our study slightly modified this method and that of the
6
counting portion described by Gutierrez-Redomero et al. We
2
constructed two squares of 5 5 mm each and placed them on the
second ridge above the central core in both the radial and ulnar
areas (Fig. 1). In each square ridges were counted from one
corner to the diagonally opposite corner. Dots were not counted,
while forks and lakes were counted as two ridges. To count the
22
ridges , each fingerprint on a col-lected fingerprint card was
scanned to an image format file. The image was then
2
superimposed on the two squares of 5 5 mm , each with one
diagonal line, which were con-structed on a spreadsheet using the
Microsoft Word program. The superimposed images were
enlarged five times for more precise ridge counting.
In the statistical analyses, the RD values for the radial and
ulnar areas of all 10 fingers were calculated means in each sub-
ject were used to compute the mean for each area and each hand
in both sexes. The mean RD for each area for all 10 fin-gers was
also computed. The comparison of means for the radial and ulnar
areas in each hand and means for all 10 fin-gers among genders
was executed using independent t-test as embedded in SPSS
23
version 17.0.
The probability density in male (C) and female (C0) in each
given RD density was calculated by observed RD and then these
two values in each given RD density were used to com-pute the
likelihood ratio (LR). Let RD be the ridge density, C the male
donor, and C0 the female donor:
The strength of support for one of the hypotheses: C or C0 was
indicated by LR value. Posterior probabilities i.e. P(C/ RD) and
P(C0/RD) were computed using Bayes theorem as expressed in
the following equation.
PC PRD=C
Posterior probability
PC PRD=C PC0
PRD=C0
Finger ridge density in northeastern Thai population 187

Let P(C) and P(C0) are prior probability of male and female,
respectively. This study employed two sets of P(C) and P(C 0) to
calculate the posterior probability. Assuming equal likelihood for
both sexes to commit a crime, the prior probabilities for males
and females are equal at 0.5. However, based on the crimes
committed by teenagers in Thailand in 2013, males were found to
24
be involved in about 90 percent of the cases. As a result, the
second set of the prior probabil-ities were 0.9 for P(C) and 0.1 for
P(C0).
In addition, due to epidermal RD change during pubertal
25
growth , all analyses mentioned above were done in total RD
data as well as in each categorizing groups based on age (less than
and over 18 years old). Briefly, three groups were statistically
analyzed for RD: group A (total 1424 years old), group B (14
18 years old) and group C (1824 years).
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Differences in RD by counting area and gender
Table 1 shows sex wise distribution of fingerprint RD from all
groups in radial and ulnar areas. The similar pattern of distri-
bution of RD in both areas was observed in all groups. In group
A, the RD in radial and ulnar areas ranges from 12 to 18 ridges/25
2 2
mm and 12 to 20 ridges/25 mm among males and 14 to 20
2 2
ridges/25 mm and 13 to 21 ridges/25 mm among females,
respectively. In group B, the RD distribution ranges from 13 to 18
2 2
ridges/25 mm (radial) and 14 to 20 ridges/25 mm (ulnar) of
2 significant. In agreement with those reports, since our studied
males and 15 to 20 ridges/25 mm (radial) and 15 to 21 ridges/25
2 samples are aged between 14 and 24 years old, it is not surprising
mm (ulnar) of female, while in group C the ranges were from 12
2 2
to 17 ridges/25 mm (radial) and 12 to 18 ridges/25 mm (ulnar)
2
in male and from 14 to 19 ridges/25 mm (radial) and 13 to 20
2 grouping, group B (1418 years old) has higher mean RD than
ridges/25 mm (ulnar) in female.
Descriptive statistics for RD in all fingers together in each
designated area of three groups is shown in Table 2. It is apparent
that the difference of RD values between male and female is
statistically significant in both counting areas and in all groups (p
< 0.001). The radial area (t = 10.078, 9.36 and 8.06 in group A, B
and C, respectively) exhibited a larger sex difference than the
ulnar area (t = 4.438, 5.54
and 4.89 in group A, B and C, respectively). Distribution of RD in
both areas from 3 groups is in Fig. 2.
Finger to finger, the mean RD in each area and each group is
shown in Fig. 3 is higher in females than in males. Our results
26
were concordant with the existing literature. The
higher RD in female than in male is attributed to the fact that
27,28
males have larger epidermal ridge breadth than females.
Approximately 10% of the difference in ridge breadth was
observed between males and females and the increment of ridge
29
density is related to the number of X-chromosome. In addition,
the presence of the Y-chromosome is associated with the increase
of distance between ridges. The narrowest ridge breadth was
observed in the patients with Turners syn-
drome (X), while the subjects of XYY males had the widest ridge
5,30,31
breadth. Therefore, not only the number of ridges
among females is higher than males but also ridges in females are
26
packed more densely in a given area than males. In addi-tion,
6
Gutierrez-Redomero et al. stated that epidermal ridge breadth
varies considerably among different dermatoglyphic topological
regions and between the sexes, and that there is a relationship
between ridge breadth and hand size. Since males have larger
body size than females, the equal number of ridges on a larger
surface area means males have a lower fingerprint ridge
32
density.
Earlier studies reported that there was no significant differ-
ence in the mean of ridge breadth in the second interdigital area
between males and females up to the age of 12 years, whereas in
older children, the difference between the two sexes was
4,6
that we observed the difference between sexes. Surprisingly, this
study divided sampled groups based on age 18 years old,
therefore, when mean RD value was compared among age-related
group C (1924 years old) in both counting areas with statistical
significance (t = 2.930 and t = 6.650 in radial and ulnar areas,
respectively, P < 0.01), and group A has intermediated value. A
reduction in RD val-ues from both radial and ulnar areas with
increasing age is clearly visible (Fig. 3). It might be explained by
biological factors involved in body growth and development.
Teenagers

Table 1 Group wise and sex wise distribution of fingerprint ridge density in radial and ulnar areas.
RD Radial area Ulnar area
A B C A B C
M F M F M F M F M F M F
12 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.64 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.27 0.0
13 0.3 0.0 1.5 0.0 3.18 0.0 3.6 0.9 0.0 0.0 7.64 1.91
14 7.1 0.6 7.1 0.0 7.01 1.27 6.5 3.5 4.6 0.0 8.92 7.64
15 17.6 6.2 18.4 1.02 16.56 12.74 13.5 9.3 16.8 1.53 10.19 19.11
16 17.8 13.6 25 7.14 7.64 21.66 13.3 11.8 20.4 9.7 4.46 14.65
17 7.4 12.7 11.2 9.2 2.55 17.2 8.3 7.2 12.2 7.14 3.82 7.01
18 2.3 9.3 4.1 10.2 0.0 8.28 5.7 7.3 9.2 7.7 1.27 6.37
19 0.0 2.5 0.0 3.6 0.0 1.27 2.1 3.4 3.6 4.6 0.0 1.91
20 0.0 0.8 0.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.3 2.6 0.51 1.5 0.0 3.82
21 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.0
RD = finger ridge density; A = age group 1424 years old; B = age group 1418 years old; C = age group 1824 years old.

5
188 P. Soanboon et al.

Table 2 Descriptive statistics and sex differences of fingerprint ridge density on radial and ulnar areas in all analyzed age groups.
Sex Statistics Radial area Ulnar area
A B C A B C
Male n 191 132 59 191 132 59
Mean 15.98 16.21 15.46 16.23 16.7 15.17
S.D 1.16 1.12 1.07 1.54 1.33 1.49
Range 1218 1318 1217 1220 1420 1218
Median 15 18 15 15 16 15
Female n 162 64 98 162 64 98
Mean 17.23 17.81 16.85 16.99 17.81 16.44
S.D 1.17 1.12 1.071 1.64 1.29 1.63
Range 1420 1520 1419 1321 1521 1320
Median 16 18 16 16 16 15

t-test 10.08 9.36 8.06 4.42 5.54 4.89

p-value 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
A = age group 1424 years old; B = age group 1418 years old; C = age group 1824 years old.

Figure 2 Frequency distribution of fingerprint ridge density in the radial and ulnar areas of a fingerprint.

whose age was lower than 18 might have pubertal growth less
18,33
than the other group.
3.2. RD comparison among population
Since RD has been reported as one of the genetically quantita-tive
26
traits in human populations , this RD difference might reflect
population variation. Fingerprint ridge density in this study was
compared to different studies for radial and ulnar areas in males
and females (Table 3). Females have a higher
RD than males in all populations, indicating sexual dimor-phism
in this trait of various human populations. In addition, a universal
RD heterogeneity was observed. The northeastern Thai
population exhibited a higher RD than Indian and sub-Saharan
populations, whereas the RD from northeastern Thailand was
lower than populations from Argentina and Spain. Actual
population variations sourced from genetically diverse origins
might cause these differences. In addition methodological
differences in fingerprint collection and posi-tion of the counting
area might also play a role in RD differ-ence among populations.

6
Finger ridge density in northeastern Thai population 189

Figure 3 Mean ridge density in each area for the ten fingers according to sex and age groups. Group A (total data), group B (1418 years old) and
group C (1824 years old), R: radial, U: ulnar, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5: thumb, index, medium, ring, and little of right hand and 6, 7, 8, 9, 10: thumb, index,
medium, ring, and little of left hand.

Table 3 Fingerprint ridge density by radial and ulnar areas among males and females in various studies.
Sample Age (years) RD mean (standard deviation)
Radial Ulnar
Male Female Male Female
Afro-American (USA)8 1867 10.90 (1.15) 12.61 (1.43)
Caucasian-American (USA)8 1867 11.14 (1.31) 13.32 (1.24)
Malaysian12 1825 11.44 (0.98) 13.63 (0.90)
Chinese12 1825 11.73 (1.06) 14.15 (1.03)
Southern Indian9 1860 12.80 (0.90) 14.60 (0.08)
Southern Indian11 1825 11.05 (1.11) 14.20 (0.63)
Southern Indian13 1865 12.57 (1.49) 14.15 (1.68)
Northern Indian26 1825 15.84 (1.23) 17.94 (1.23) 15.51 (1.08) 17.11 (1.207)
Sub-Saharan16 1848 14.33 (1.22) 14.51 (1.29)
Argentina (Mataco-Mataguayo)6 625 16.62 (2.71) 17.82 (2.87) 16.54 (2.80) 17.29 (1.76)
Argentina (Puna-Quebrada)15 16.67 (1.78) 18.47 (1.56) 16.39 (1.75) 17.62 (1.62)
Argentina (Ramal)15 17.04 (1.68) 19.08 (1.84) 16.10 (1.61) 17.75 (1.69)
Spanish33 1834 16.85 (1.76) 19.11 (1.79) 15.38 (1.49) 16.84 (1.58)
Central Thais34 2060 15.81 (1.28) 16.58 (1.35)
Northeastern Thais17 2030 14.72 (1.21) 16.53 (1.18) 14.77 (1.24) 16.36 (1.17)
Northeastern Thais22 1012 15.89 (1.90) 16.19 (1.48) 15.84 (1.96) 16.00 (1.44)
Northeastern Thais* 1424 15.97 (1.16) 17.23 (1.17) 16.23 (1.54) 16.98 (1.64)
* Present study.

3.3. A threshold of sex differentiation
The distribution of the ridge density frequency used for calcu-
lation of the likelihood ratio and posterior probabilities are shown
in Tables 4 and 5. In ulnar area (Table 4), the results of group A
when assuming equal prior probability (P(C) = P(C0) = 0.5)
2 2
showed that a fingerprint possessing up to 15 ridges/25 mm has a
probability of being from male while
2
18 ridges/25 mm or more is most likely to be of female origin.
2
The RD ranging from 16 to 17 ridges/25 mm failed to deter-mine
sex owing to equal posterior probability in both sexes. Presuming
men are 9 times more likely to commit a crime than females (P(C)
= 0.9, P(C0) = 0.1), the threshold of sex deter-mination changed
2
to 1920 ridges/25 mm by which a count of fewer than 20 is
most likely to be of male origin, and greater (P20 ridges/25 mm )
of female.

7
 190
Table 4 Data of probability densities, likelihood ratios, and posterior probabilities derived from observed ridge densities in ulnar area. Values in parentheses represent posterior probabilities.

Group A (1424 years old) Group B (1418 years old) Group C (1824 years old)
RD Probability LM LF Posterior probabilities RD Probability LM LF Posterior probabilities RD Probability LM LF Posterior probabilities
densities densities densities
M F a b M F a b M F a b
612 0.01 0 NA 0 M (1) > F M (1) > F 612 612 0.03 0 NA 0 M (1) > F M (1) > F
(0) (0) (0) (0)
13 0.06 0.02 3.00 0.33 M (0.77) M (0.97) 13 13 0.20 0.03 6.67 0.15 M (0.87) M (0.98)
> F (0.23) > F (0.03) > F (0.13) > F (0.02)
14 0.12 0.07 1.71 0.58 M (0.62) M (0.94) 14 0.07 0 NA 0 M (1) > F M (1) > F 14 0.24 0.12 2.00 0.50 M (0.66) M (0.95)
> F (0.38) > F (0.06) (0) (0.01) > F (0.34) > F (0.05)
15 0.26 0.2 1.30 0.77 M (0.56) M (0.92) 15 0.25 0.05 5.00 0.20 M (0.84) M (0.98) 15 0.27 0.31 0.87 1.15 M (0.47) M (0.89)
> F (0.44) > F (0.08) > F (0.16) > F (0.02) < F (0.53) > F (0.11)
16 0.25 0.26 0.96 1.04 M (0.49) M (0.90) 16 0.30 0.30 1.00 1.00 M (0.51) M (0.90) 16 0.12 0.23 0.52 1.92 M (0.34) M (0.82)
< F (0.51) > F (0.10) > F (0.49) > F (0.10) < F (0.66) > F (0.18)
17 0.16 0.15 1.06 0.94 M (0.50) M (0.90) 17 0.18 0.22 0.82 1.22 M (0.45) M (0.88) 17 0.10 0.11 0.90 1.10 M (0.48) M (0.89)
= F (0.50) > F (0.10) < F (0.55) > F (0.12) < F (0.52) > F 0.11)
18 0.1 0.15 0.66 1.5 M (0.40) M (0.86) 18 0.14 0.23 0.60 1.64 M (0.37) M (0.84) 18 0.03 0.10 0.30 0.33 M (0.25) M (0.75)
< F (0.60) > F (0.14) < F (0.63) > F (0.16) < F (0.75) > F (0.25)
19 0.04 0.07 0.57 1.75 M (0.33) M (0.82) 19 0.05 0.14 0.36 2.80 M (0.27) M (0.77) 19 0.00 0.03 0.00 NA M (0) < F M (0) < F
< F (0.67) > F (0.18) < F (0.73) > F (0.23) (1) (1)
20 0.01 0.06 0.17 6 M (0.09) M (0.46) 20 0.01 0.05 0.20 5.00 M (0.14) M (0.41) 20 0.00 0.06 0.00 NA M (0) < F M (0) < F
< F (0.91) < F (0.54) < F (0.86) < F (0.59) (1) (1)
21 0 0.01 0 NA M (0) < F M (0) < F P21 0.00 0.02 0 NA M (0) < F M (0) < F
(1) (1) (1) (1)
M is Probability densities of Male P(RD/C); F is Probability densities of female = P(RD/C 0);
LM is Likelihood ratio for male P(RD/C)/ P(RD/C0); LF is Likelihood ratio for female P(RD/C0)/P(RD/C);
a is prior probability of male (P(C)) and female ((P(C0)) at 0.50; b is prior probability of male (P(C)) at 0.9 and female ((P(C 0)) at 0.10.
P. Soanboon et al.

8
 Finger ridge density in northeastern Thai population
Table 5 Data of probability densities, likelihood ratios, and posterior probabilities derived from observed ridge densities in radial area. Values in parentheses represent posterior probabilities.

RD Group A (1424 years old) Group B (1418 years old) Group C (1824 years old)
Probability LM LF Posterior probabilities RD Probability LM LF Posterior probabilities RD Probability LM LF Posterior probabilities
densities densities densities
M F a b M F a b M F a b
612 0.01 0 NA 0 M (1) > F M (1) > F 612 612 0.02 0 NA 0 M (1) > F M (1) > F
(0) (0) (0) (0)
13 0.04 0 NA 0 M (1) > F M (1) > F 13 0.02 0 NA 0 M (1) > F M (1) > F 13 0.08 0 NA 0 M (1) > F M (1) > F
(0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0)
14 0.13 0.01 13.00 0.08 M (0.91) M (0.99) 14 0.11 0 NA 0 M (1) > F M (1) > F 14 0.19 0.02 9.50 0.11 M (0.90) M (0.99)
> F (0.09) > F(0.01) (0) (0) > F (0.10) > F (0.01)
15 0.32 0.14 2.29 0.44 M (0.71) M (0.96) 15 0.27 0.03 9.00 0.11 M (0.90) M (0.99) 15 0.44 0.20 2.20 0.45 M (0.68) M (0.95)>F
> F (0.29) > F(0.08) > F (0.10) > F (0.01) > F (0.32) (0.05)
16 0.32 0.30 1.06 0.94 M (0.52) M (0.91) 16 0.37 0.22 1.68 0.59 M (0.63) M (0.94) 16 0.20 0.35 0.57 1.75 M (0.37) M (0.84)
> F (0.48) > F(0.09) > F (0.37) > F (0.06) < F (0.63) > F (0.16)
17 0.14 0.28 0.50 2.00 M (0.33) M (0.82) 17 0.17 0.28 0.61 1.65 M (0.37) M (0.84) 17 0.07 0.28 0.25 4.00 M (0.20) M (0.69)
< F (0.67) > F(0.18) < F (0.63) > F (0.16) < F (0.80) > F (0.31)
18 0.04 0.20 0.20 5.00 M (0.17) M (0.65) 18 0.06 0.31 0.19 5.17 M (0.16) M (0.64) 18 0.00 0.13 0.00 NA M (0) < F M (0) < F
< F (0.83) > F(0.35) < F (0.84) > F (0.36) (1) (1)
19 0 0.06 0 NA M (0) < F M (0) < F 19 0.00 0.11 0.00 NA M (0) < F M (0) < F 19 0.00 0.02 0.00 NA M (0) < F M (0) < F
(1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
20 0 0.02 0 NA M (0) < F M (0) < F P20 0.00 0.05 0.00 NA M (0) < F M (0) < F
(1) (1) (1) (1)
M is Probability densities of Male P(RD/C); F is Probability densities of female = P(RD/C0);
LM is Likelihood ratio for male P(RD/C)/P(RD/C0); LF is Likelihood ratio for female P(RD/C0)/P(RD/C);
a is prior probability of male (P(C)) and female ((P(C0)) at 0.50; b is prior probability of male (P(C)) at 0.9 and female ((P(C 0)) at 0.10.

191
9
192 P. Soanboon et al.

In groups B and C, with equal prior probability, the thresh-old crime committed by teenagers in Thailand on the latest year of
2 2 which 90 percentage of the cases were male teenagers in the year
of 1617 ridges/25 mm and 1415 ridges/25 mm was obtained,
respectively. Furthermore, if the prior probabilities were changed 2013. We recommend the radial RD cutoff point at the prior
probability of 0.9:0.1 for determination of the most likely sex
to P(C) = 0.9 and P(C0) = 0.1, the thresholds increased (1920
2 2 from examined latent fingerprints collected at the crime scene.
ridges/25 mm in group B and 18 19 ridges/25 mm in group C). For example, the latent fingerprints collected at the crime scene
2
Likewise, in the radial area (Table 5), with equal prior had an average RD of 15 ridges/25 mm it could differentiate as
2 most likely from male origin aged less than 18 years. And if the
probability in both genders, a count of 1617 ridges/25 mm was
2
determined as the threshold for group A and B while a threshold RD is 14 ridges/25 mm , male could be differentiated as the most
2 likely sex aged over 18 years. However, the size of latent
of 1516 ridges/25 mm was achieved in group C. When prior
probabilities to commit crime of male and female are 0.9 and 0.1, fingerprint and breadth of epider-mal ridge should be considered
2 with the radial RD cutoff point. As this is not only the report of
respectively, the thresholds moved to 18 19 ridges/25 mm in
2 sex differentiation by fingerprint ridge density but also comparing
group A and B and 1718 ridges/25 mm in group C. among young and old Thai teenagers, a future research on an
accuracy of using the recommended radial RD at 0.9:0.1 prior
3.4. Implications
probability for sex and age differentiation is essential.

More details are considered in young and old teenagers (group B

and C) from the greater posterior probabilities coupled with the 4. Conclusions
greater likelihood ratios (LM and LF) to select the appro-priate
cutoff point RD for most likely being sex origin. In the ulnar area,
2 Concordant with previous studies, we found that females have
group B maintains 15 ridges/25 mm to be most likely being male
significantly higher fingerprint RD, i.e. finer ridge, than males for
at either equal or 0.9:0.1 prior probabilities (posterior
both radial and ulnar areas. Group of subjects with ages less than
probabilities = 0.84 and 0.98, respectively; LM = 5.0), while 20 18 years old has higher fingerprint RD than the older group aged
2
ridges/25 mm for female at each prior probability (LF = 5.0). 1824 years old. Comparing fingerprint RD of the studied
2
Group C obtains 13 ridges/25 mm to be likely male at either population to other populations worldwide, ethnic variation
equal or 0.9:0.1 prior probability (posterior probabilities = 0.87 exists. A threshold of sex differentiation calculated from RD was
2 observed in both counting areas and all analyzed groups. This
and 0.98, respectively; LM = 6.67), while 16 ridges/25 mm for
female at equal prior probability (posterior probability = 0.66; LF finding suggests that the fingerprint RD might be relevant and
2 useful for inferring the donors sex from latent fingerprints of
= 1.92) and 19 ridges/25 mm at 0.9:0.1 prior probability with 1.0
unknown origin. However, to improve sex iden-tification, RD
posterior probability.
2 counting from other topological areas, for example the proximal
In the radial area, group B shows 15 ridges/25 mm to be most region, as well as from fingerprints which are collected by plain
likely male at each prior probability, (posterior probabil-ities = print method needs to be evalu-ated in the future study.
2
0.90 and 0.99, respectively; LM = 9.0) while 18 ridges/25 mm to
be most likely female (posterior probabil-ities = 0.84; LF = 5.17),
2
then increased to 19 ridges/25 mm at equal and 0.9:0.1 prior Funding
probabilities, respectively. Group C also shows a pattern similar
2
to that of group B that the RD 14 ridges/25 mm to be most likely None.
male at equal and 0.9:0.1 prior probabilities (posterior
probabilities = 0.90 and 0.99, respectively; LM = 9.5), and Conflict of interest
2
increasing RD from 18 to 19 ridges/25 mm for being most likely
female at equal and 0.9:0.1 prior probabilities, respectively. None declared.
Regarding RD mean differences between male and female in
both of group B and C as seen in Table 2, it shows that the radial Informed consent
2
RD of group B obtained 1.60 ridges/25 mm com-pared to 1.11 in
ulnar RD. Similarly in group C its RD differ-ence in the ulnar
2 Informed consent was obtained from the participants of the study.
area is only 1.33 ridges/25 mm while 1.39 ridges in radial RD.
The higher mean RD differences of the radial area than those of
the ulnar area are in accordance with results from a previous
10 2 Ethical approval
study which showed 1.67 and 1.07 ridges/25 mm in the radial
and ulnar areas, respectively among subjects aged 2030 years
old. It implies that the radial RD exhibited a greater RD than that Necessary ethical approval was obtained from the institute ethics
of ulnar area. For the reason, the radial RD should be applied in committee.
forensic task for helping a fingerprint examiner to investigate the
most likely sex of criminals. As it is known results based on Acknowledgments
posterior probabilities and on likelihood ratios calculated using
Bayes theorem are inferences according to an assumption of We would like to thank all volunteers for donating their finger-
prior probabilities that occurred in the studied subjects. Thus an print. This research was supported by Khon Kaen Universitys
application in forensics should be based on the statistics on Graduated Research Fund Academic Year 2014 and Khon Kaen
University under the Incubation Researcher Project.

10
Finger ridge density in northeastern Thai population
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 Terjemahan
Abstrak: Meskipun, sudah ada banyak
penelitian tentang perbedaan antara kedua
jenis kelamin dari sidik jari kepadatan dan
variabilitas di populasi Thailand, studi
tersebut tidak termasuk asli Thailand Timur
Laut bagi individu berusia antara 14 dan 24
yang merupakan keturunan dari Timur Laut
Thailand. Studi ini bermaksud untuk
menentukan topologi, Umur-
pengelompokan dan perbedaan seksual
dalam sidik jari (RD) dalam populasi
tersebut. Sidik jari dikumpulkan dari 353
relawan yang tidak terkait (191 jantan dan
betina 162) dan diklasifikasikan ke dalam
tiga kelompok, yaitu grup (total sub-proyek
turnkey), Grup B (14 18 tahun) dan grup
C (18-24 tahun). RD dinilai untuk dua
daerah topolog-ical, radial dan ulnar.
Perbedaan yang signifikan antara jenis
kelamin dan kelompok umur yang diperoleh
di kedua daerah perhitungan. Perempuan
menunjukkan lebih tinggi nilai RD,
daripada laki-laki. Penurunan nilai-nilai RD
seiring dengan bertambahnya usia juga
terdeteksi. RD ambang batas untuk
diskriminasi jenis kelamin, com-puted
berdasarkan Bayes' teorema, dicapai di
semua kelompok dan menghitung area,
memungkinkan penggunaannya dalam
penyelidikan forensik.
1. Pendahuluan
Sidik jari, terdiri dari kerutan dan alur,
adalah salah satu ciri-ciri dermatoglyphic
yang dapat digunakan untuk identifikasi
individu. Pembentukan kerutan diatur oleh
banyak gen dan lingkungan embrio selama
bulan pertama dari pertumbuhan janin,
dengan kata lain isi cairan ketuban yang
pernah diciptakan, kerutan tidak mengubah
lagi sepanjang hidup kecuali dalam kasus-
kasus cedera.
Meskipun nomor kerutan di sidik jari tidak
tergantung pada usia, kerutan tumbuh lebih
lanjut terpisah dengan bertambahnya usia
sebagai pemacu ukuran tubuh secara umum,
studi tentang dermatoglyphics baik
kualitatif atau kuantitatif. Quali-tative
dermatoglyphics berfokus pada, antara lain,
pat-camar sidik jari dan jenis hal-hal kecil;
12
Sementara itu, penghitungan kerutan dan
kepadatan kerutan jari (RD) adalah contoh
studi kuantitatif sidik jari.
Sidik jari unik dalam setiap individu bahkan
di kembar identik mereka tidak identical.
Dengan demikian, jenis pola sidik jari dan
berbagai karakteristik tertentu telah
dimanfaatkan di seluruh dunia untuk
identifikasi pribadi. Sidik jari tersembunyi
adalah bukti pri-Maria yang perlu
menyelidiki petugas untuk mengumpulkan
di TKP.
Studi RD telah terus-menerus dilaporkan
dalam beberapa populasi untuk melaporkan
pengaplikasian forensic. Satu studi evaluasi
RD di timur laut Thailand namun, remaja
bukanlah antara yang kelompok yang
diteliti. Berdasarkan laporan pada tahun
2013 oleh Departemen Juvenile observasi
dan perlindungan, seperti mereka telah
terlibat dalam sejumlah besar kasus-kasus
di Thailand (36,763 kasus), ada kebutuhan
mendesak untuk evaluasi RD kalangan
remaja. Remaja adalah salah satu bahwa,
organisasi kesehatan dunia mendefinisikan
sebagai orang-orang yang berusia antara 15
dan 24, sementara UU Royal Thai dan
Royal Thai Institute Kamus mendefinisikan
sebagai orang-orang yang usia berkisar 15-
18 dan 14 hingga 18, respectively.18
menggabungkan semua tiga definisi, kita
mengatur kelompok usia remaja dalam studi
ini antara 14 dan 24 tahun.
Tujuan utama studi ini adalah untuk
membandingkan RD perbedaan antara
remaja laki-laki dan perempuan dan dalam
berjenis kelamin sama jika RD berbeda
antara kelompok muda 14 18 tahun dan
lebih tua salah satu dari 18 hingga usia 24
tahun. Kami juga membandingkan hasil RD
kami ke database yang ada pada populasi.
Lain meskipun pembentukan kerutan
dihalangi oleh gen dan isi dari cairan
ketuban, nomor kerutan telah terbukti
secara genetik diwariskan, dengan sebanyak
90-95% kontribusi oleh genes. Akibatnya
jika populasi berbeda secara genetik, RD
mungkin berbeda antara kemudian.
2. Bahan dan Metode
Karena sekarang belajar individu
bawah umur yang terlibat, orang-
 orang di bawah usia 18 tahun harus
memperoleh persetujuan,
Umumnya, kepadatan kerutan sidik
jari didapat dari area seluas 5 5 mm2
berdasarkan metode Acree.
penelitian kami sedikit diubah,
method ini menghitung yang
dijelaskan oleh Gutierrez-Redomero
et al. Kami menggunakan dua kotak
5 5 mm2 setiap sisi dan
meletakkannya di kerutan kedua di
atas inti pusat di kedua radial dan
ulnar daerah (Fig. 1). Dalam setiap
persegi kerutan dihitung dari salah
satu sudut ke sudut lain secara
diagonal berlawanan. Titik-titik
tidak dihitung, sedangkan
cabangnya dihitung sebagai dua
kerutan. Untuk menghitung kerutan,
sidik jari setiap kartu sidik jari
dikumpulkan lalu dipindai pada
format file gambar. Gambar
kemudian melapisi pada kotak dua 5
5 mm2, masing-masing dengan satu
baris diagonal, yang langsung
dikonstruksi pada spreadsheet
menggunakan program Microsoft
Word. Gambar dilapiskan diperbesar
lima kali lebih tepat ridge
penghitungan.
Dalam analisis statistik, nilai RD
daerah radial dan ulnar Semua 10
jari dihitung berarti di setiap sub-
yang digunakan untuk menghitung
rata-rata untuk setiap daerah dan
setiap tangan di kedua jenis kelamin.
Berarti RD untuk setiap area untuk
semua 10 sirip-gers juga dihitung.
Perbandingan berarti untuk daerah
radial dan ulnar di setiap sisi dan
sarana untuk semua 10 sirip-gers
antara jenis kelamin tekan
menggunakan t-tes independen
dengan menggunakan SPSS versi
17,0.
3. hasil dan diskusi
3.1. perbedaan RD dengan menghitung area
dan jenis kelamin
Tabel 1 menunjukkan seks distribusi
dengan sidik jari RD dari semua kelompok
13
di daerah radial dan ulnar. Pola serupa
gtcem-bution dari RD di kedua bidang
diamati pada semua kelompok. Di grup A,
RD di daerah radial dan ulnar berkisar dari
12-18 kerutan/25 mm2 dan 12-20
kerutan/25 mm2 antara laki-laki dan 14-
kerutan/25 mm2 dan 13 sampai 21
kerutan/25 mm2 pada perempuan, masing-
masing. Dalam Grup B, distribusi RD
berkisar dari 13 sampai 18 mm2 kerutan/25
mm2 (radial) dan 14 sampai 20 kerutan/25
mm2 (ulnar) laki-laki dan 15-20 kerutan/25
mm2 (radial) dan 15 sampai 21 kerutan/25
mm2 (ulnar) dari laki-laki, sementara Grup
C rentang dari 12-17 kerutan/25 mm2
(radial) dan 12-18 kerutan/25 mm2 (ulnar)
pada laki-laki dan dari 14 Sampai 19
kerutan/25 mm2 (radial) dan 13 sampai 20
kerutan/25 mm2 (ulnar) pada wanita.
Statistik deskriptif untuk RD di jari-jari
yang semua bersama-sama dalam setiap
area dari tiga kelompok ditunjukkan dalam
tabel 2. Itu jelas bahwa perbedaan nilai RD
antara laki-laki dan perempuan signifikan
secara statistik di kedua daerah menghitung
dan di semua kelompok (p < 0.001). Daerah
radial (t = 10.078, 9,36 dan 8.06 di grup A,
B dan C, masing-masing) menunjukkan
perbedaan jenis kelamin yang lebih besar
daripada daerah ulnar (t = 4.438, 5.54 dan
4.89 di grup A, B dan C, masing-masing).
Distribusi RD di kedua bidang dari
kelompok-kelompok 3 adalah dalam
gambar 2.
Jari jari, berarti RD di daerah masing-
masing dan setiap grup akan ditampilkan
dalam gambar 3 lebih tinggi pada wanita
dibanding pada laki-laki. Hasilnya kami
setuju dengan literature yang sudah ada RD
lebih tinggi pada wanita dari pada laki-laki
adalah disebabkan oleh kenyataan bahwa
laki-laki memiliki luas ridge epidermis
lebih besar daripada wanita.
Sekitar 10% dari perbedaan dalam luasnya
kerutan diamati antara lelaki dan
perempuan dan peningkatan kepadatan
kerutan adalah terkait dengan jumlah X-
chromosome. Selain itu, kehadiran
kromosom y dikaitkan dengan peningkatan
jarak antara kerutan. Luasnya ridge
tersempit diamati pada pasien dengan
Turner syndrome (X), sementara menjadi
subyek dari laki-laki XYY memiliki breadth
kerutan terluas karena itu, tidak hanya
jumlah lekukan di antara perempuan lebih
tinggi daripada laki-laki tetapi juga lekukan
pada wanita yang dikemas lebih padat di
daerah tertentu daripada laki-laki. Dalam
PA-tion, Gutierrez-Redomero et al.
menyatakan bahwa kerutan epidermal
lebarnya bervariasi antara daerah topologi
berbeda dermatoglyphic dan di antara kedua
jenis kelamin, dan bahwa ada adalah
hubungan antara ukuran lebarnya dan
tangan ridge. Karena laki-laki memiliki
ukuran tubuh yang lebih besar dari pada
betina, jumlah sama pegunungan di area
permukaan yang lebih besar berarti laki-laki
memiliki sidik jari densitas kerutan lebih
rendah.
Studi sebelumnya dilaporkan bahwa tidak
signifikan berbeda di mean dari
punggungan luasnya di kedua daerah
tersebut interdigital antara lelaki dan
perempuan berusia 12 tahun, sedangkan
pada anak-anak, perbedaan antara dua jenis
kelamin adalah significant.Setuju dengan
laporan tersebut, karena sampel studi kami
berusia antara 14 dan 24 tahun , hal ini tidak
mengherankan bahwa kita diamati
perbedaan antara kedua jenis kelamin.
Anehnya, studi ini dibagi sampel kelompok-
kelompok yang didasarkan pada usia 18
tahun, oleh karena itu, ketika nilai RD rata
dibandingkan antara kelompok usia-terkait,
Grup B (14-18 tahun lama) telah lebih
tinggi berarti RD daripada Grup C (19-24
tahun) di kedua daerah menghitung
signifikansi Statistik (t = 2.930 dan t =
6.650 di radial dan ulnar, masing-masing, P
< 0.01), dan grup A telah intermediated
nilai. Pengurangan RD val-ues dari
keduanya radial dan ulnar daerah dengan
bertambahnya usia adalah jelas terlihat (Fig.
3). Itu mungkin dapat dijelaskan oleh
faktor-faktor biologis yang terlibat dalam
pertumbuhan dan perkembangan. Remaja
yang sudah berusia lebih rendah dari 18
mungkin memiliki pubertas pertumbuhan
kurang dari group.
3.3. ambang diferensiasi seks
14
Distribusi frekuensi kepadatan kerutan sidik
jari yang digunakan untuk kalkulasi hal
yang sanggat menarik kemungkinan rasio
dan posterior probabilitas yang ditampilkan
dalam tabel 4 dan 5. Di daerah ulnar (Tabel
4), hasil grup A ketika asumsi sama
probabilitas sebelumnya (P(C) = P(C0) =
0.5) menunjukkan bahwa sidik jari memiliki
hingga 15 keutan/25 mm2 memiliki
probabilitas pada laki-laki sedangan pada
wanita 18 kerutan/25 mm2 atau lebih
banyak dari laki-laki. RD yang berkisar 16-
17 keutan/25 mm2 gagal mencegah ambang
seks karena probabilitas posterior yang
sama pada kedua jenis kelamin.
Menganggap laki-laki 9 kali lebih mungkin
untuk melakukan tindak kejahatan daripada
perempuan (P(C) = 0,9, P(C0) = 0,1),
ambang seks menghalangi-mination
berubah menjadi 19 20 kerutan/25 mm2
mana jumlah kurang dari 20 paling
mungkin untuk menjadi asal laki-laki, dan
lebih besar (P20 kerutan/25 mm2) wanita.
3.2. RD perbandingan antara penduduk
Karena RD telah dilaporkan sebagai salah
satu genetik ciri-ciri quantita-tive di
populasi manusia, perbedaan RD ini
mungkin mencerminkan penduduk
bervariasi. Kepadatan kerutan sidik jari
dalam studi ini dibandingkan dengan studi
yang berbeda untuk area radial dan ulnar
pada pria dan wanita (Tabel 3). Perempuan
memiliki yang lebih tinggi RD daripada
laki-laki dalam semua populasi,
menunjukkan dimor-phism seksual di sini
sifat dari berbagai populasi manusia. Selain
itu, heterogenitas RD universal diamati.
Timur Laut Thailand populasi menunjukkan
RD lebih tinggi daripada populasi India dan
sub-Sahara, sedangkan RD dari
northeastern Thailand adalah lebih rendah
daripada populasi dari Argentina dan
Spanyol. Sebenarnya penduduk variasi
bersumber dari asal-usul genetik beragam
mungkin menyebabkan perbedaan-
perbedaan ini. Selain metodologis
perbedaan dalam koleksi sidik jari dan
loterei-tion daerah menghitung mungkin
juga memainkan peran dalam RD.
 Pada kelompok B dan C, dengan
probabilitas sebelumnya yang sama, yakni
permulaan 16-17 kerutan /25 mm2 dan 14-
15 kerutan/25 mm2 diperoleh, masing-
masing. Selain itu, jika probabilitas
sebelumnya diganti dengan P(C) = 0,9 dan
P(C0) = 0,1, ambang batas yang meningkat
(19-20 kerutan /25 mm2 di Grup B dan 18-
19 kerutan/25 mm2 dalam grup C).
Demikian juga, di daerah radial (Tabel 5),
dengan probabilitas sebelumnya yang sama
pada kedua jenis kelamin, jumlah 16-17
kerutan /25 mm2 ditentukan sebagai
ambang batas untuk grup A dan B
sementara ambang 15 16 kerutan /25
mm2 dicapai dalam kelompok C. Bila
sebelumnya probabilitas untuk melakukan
kejahatan pria dan wanita adalah 0,9 dan
0.1, masing-masing, batas dipindahkan ke
18-19 kerutan/25 mm2 di grup A dan B dan
17-18 kerutan/25 mm2 dalam kelompok C.
3.4. implikasi
Rincian lebih lanjut dianggap dalam usia
muda dan tua (kelompok B dan C) dari
probabilitas posterior lebih besar ditambah
dengan rasio kemungkinan yang lebih besar
(LM dan LF) untuk memilih appro-priate
titik cutoff RD karena kemungkinan seks
asal. Di daerah ulnar, Grup B
mempertahankan 15 kerutan/25 mm2
kemungkinan yang laki-laki di probabilitas
sebelumnya yang sama atau 0.9:0.1
(posterior probabilitas = 0,84 dan 0,98,
masing-masing; LM = 5.0), sementara 20
kerutan/25 mm2 untuk laki-laki di setiap
probabilitas sebelumnya (LF = 5.0). Grup C
memperoleh 13 kerutan/25 mm2 menjadi
laki-laki mungkin pada probabilitas
sebelumnya yang sama atau 0.9:0.1
(posterior probabilitas = 0,87 dan 0,98,
masing-masing; LM = 6.67), sementara 16
kerutan/25 mm2 untuk laki-laki di
probabilitas sebelumnya yang sama
(posterior probabilitas = 0.66; LF = 1.92)
dan 19 kerutan/25 mm2 di 0.9:0.1
sebelumnya probabilitas dengan
probabilitas posterior 1.0.
15
Di daerah radial, Grup B menunjukkan
mm2 pegunungan 25 15 menjadi laki-laki
paling mungkin pada setiap probabilitas
sebelumnya, (posterior probabil-
menyelidiki kejahatan = 0,90 dan 0,99,
masing-masing; LM = 9.0) sementara 18
pegunungan 25 mm2 menjadi laki-laki yang
paling mungkin (posterior probabil-
menyelidiki kejahatan = 0,84; LF = 5.17),
kemudian meningkat menjadi mm2
pegunungan/25 19 di probabilitas
sebelumnya sama dan 0.9:0.1, masing-
masing. Grup C juga menunjukkan pola
yang mirip dengan Grup B yang mm2
pegunungan 25 RD 14 menjadi laki-laki
paling mungkin pada probabilitas
sebelumnya yang sama dan 0.9:0.1
(posterior probabilitas = 0,90 dan 0,99,
masing-masing; LM = 9,5), dan
meningkatkan RD dari 18 mm2
pegunungan/25 19 untuk kemungkinan
perempuan di probabilitas sebelumnya sama
dan 0.9:0.1, masing-masing.
Mengenai RD berarti perbedaan antara laki-
laki dan perempuan dalam kedua Grup B
dan C seperti yang terlihat di tabel 2, hal itu
menunjukkan bahwa RD radial Grup B
diperoleh 1.60 pegunungan 25 mm2 com-
dikupas ke 1.11 di ulnar RD. Demikian pula
di Grup C yang RD berbeda-masa
kemerdekaan di daerah ulnar adalah hanya
1.33 sementara 1.39 pegunungan di radial
RD. Perbedaan berarti RD tinggi daerah
radial daripada daerah ulnar yang sesuai
dengan hasil dari study sebelumnya yang
menunjukkan 1,67 dan 1,07 radial dan ulnar
area, masing-masing studi berusia 20-30
tahun. Ini menyiratkan bahwa radial RD
dipamerkan RD lebih besar daripada ulnar
daerah. Karenanya, radial RD harus
diterapkan dalam tugas forensik untuk
membantu pemeriksa sidik jari untuk
menyelidiki kemungkinan jenis kelamin
penjahat. Seperti diketahui hasil
berdasarkan probabilitas posterior dan pada
rasio kemungkinan dihitung menggunakan
teorema Bayes' adalah kesimpulan
berdasarkan asumsi sebelumnya
probabilitas yang terjadi dalam mata
pelajaran yang dipelajari. Dengan demikian
aplikasi dalam forensik harus didasarkan
pada statistik pada kejahatan yang
dilakukan oleh remaja di Thailand pada
tahun terbaru yang 90 persentase dari kasus
yang laki-laki remaja pada tahun 2013.
Kami merekomendasikan RD radial cutoff
menunjuk pada kemungkinan sebelumnya
0.9:0.1 untuk penentuan kemungkinan seks
dari memeriksa sidik jari tersembunyi yang
dikumpulkan di TKP. Sebagai contoh, sidik
jari tersembunyi yang dikumpulkan di TKP
memiliki rata-rata RD 15 itu bisa
membedakan sebagai kemungkinan dari
asal laki-laki berusia kurang dari 18 tahun.
Dan jika RD 14, laki-laki bisa dibedakan
sebagai seks kemungkinan yang berusia
lebih dari 18 tahun. Namun, ukuran laten
sidik jari dan luasnya epider-mal Ridge
harus dipertimbangkan dengan titik cutoff
RD radial. Karena hal ini tidak hanya
laporan diferensiasi seks dengan sidik jari
ridge kepadatan tetapi juga membandingkan
antara tua dan muda remaja Thailand, masa
16
depan penelitian mengenai akurasi
menggunakan RD radial direkomendasikan
di 0.9:0.1 sebelumnya probabilitas untuk
diferensiasi seks dan umur sangat penting.
4. kesimpulan
Yang setuju dengan studi sebelumnya, kami
menemukan bahwa perempuan memiliki
sidik jari secara signifikan lebih tinggi RD,
yaitu kerutan halus, daripada laki-laki untuk
keduanya area radial dan ulnar. Kelompok
studi dengan usia kurang dari 18 tahun
memiliki tinggi sidik jari RD daripada
kelompok remaja berusia 18-24 tahun.
Membandingkan sidik jari RD mempelajari
populasi penduduk lainnya di seluruh dunia,
ada variasi etnis. Ambang batas diferensiasi
seks yang dihitung dari RD diamati pada
kedua menghitung area dan semua
kelompok dianalisis.
Amin M. Alshihri, Estie Kruger *, Marc Tennant

The International Research Collaborative Oral Health and Equity, School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The
University of Western Australia, Australia

Received 29 October 2014; accepted 1 March 2015

Available online 29 March 2015

KEYWORDS
Forensic odontology;
Dental maturity; Dental
age estimation;
Demirjians method;
Panoramic radiographs
Abstract Aim: Developing teeth are used to assess maturity and estimate age in several disciplines such
as pediodontic, orthodontic, pediatric endocrinology and forensic odontology. The aim was to determine
the statistical adjustment needed when dental age is estimated using Demirjians method for Western
Saudi children and adolescents between ages 4 and 16 years of age. Also, to compare a Western Saudi
population sample with the original French-Canadian.
Methods and materials: The most common standard for forensic age estimation or analysis of chil-dren
and sub-adults of Demirjian et al. (1973) was used, with a total of 198 individuals (boys = 88 and girls =
110). The panoramic radiographs were used to score the seven left mandibular teeth. Results: The mean
difference was 1.44 to 0.64 in girls and from 0.66 to 0.77 in boys. Among girls there was a statistically
significant difference for 7, 11, and 15 years (P < 0.05). There was a statis-tically significant difference
(P < 0.05), in boys for age groups 8 and 13 only. On average for all ages, Western Saudi Arabia girls
were 0.059 (sd = 1.26) years and the boys 0.66 (sd = 1.14) years ahead of the French-Canadian children.

Conclusion: New tables were developed in order to convert dental maturity calculation according to
Demirjians method into estimated age of contemporary Western Saudi population (significant
overestimation). For future research, increase in the sample size for all age ranges to establish new
maturity scores and logistic curves for the studied population group and comparison with other Saudi
children in rural communities found in other regions in Saudi Arabia would be ideal.
2015 The International Association of Law and Forensic Sciences (IALFS). Production and hosting by
Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

* 1. Introduction
Corresponding author at: School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human
Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway,
Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia. Tel.: +61 8 6488 5810. Estimation of dental age is usually based on the maturation of
E-mail address: estie.kruger@uwa.edu.au (E. Kruger). dentition. The process of dental maturation (the degree of cal-
Peer review under responsibility of The International Association of Law cification) is correlated to different mineralization morpholog-ical
and Forensic Sciences (IALFS). stages that can be observed radiographically. The process
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejfs.2015.03.003
2090-536X 2015 The International Association of Law and Forensic Sciences (IALFS). Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

17
Dental Age Assessment Using Demirjians Method for Forensic Dentistry
of maturation is much more uniform, progressive, sequenced, and
continuous than tooth eruption, and is less affected by endocrine
1,2
disease, dietary deficiency states, and environmental changes.
For these reasons, a series of age estimation tech-niques have
been developed based on the mineralization stage of tooth germs.
Forensic odontology takes advantage of the techniques to aid
in the process of identifying unknown individuals. More-over,
dental aging is also a very important measure in the man-agement
of immigration to assist in determination of the chronological age
in the absence of proper documents. These techniques have also
been employed to decide when a child can start schooling, the
3 scale ranging from A to H depending on the stage of calcification.
earliest age a person can marry, or even go to prison.
All age evaluation methods based on dental maturation follow
the same systematic approach in which estimating age merely
implies having oral radiographies, which can be used in live
4
subjects, cadavers, and skeletal remains. Currently, the most
5
studied method is the method of Demirjian et al. for forensic age
estimation of children and sub-adults. In addi-tion, many authors
have reported different standards of dental maturation, using
Demirjians standard for age estimation (e.g. Australian Peiris
6 7
et al. Brazilian Lucio et al. Chinese
8 9
Zhao et al. Pakistani Rashna et al. and South Africa
10
Phillips et al. ) In the majority of studies the comparisons have
been made between determined values of the studied pop-ulation
and French-Canadian standards as reported by Demir-jians. It
was recommended that adaptations would be necessary in order to
5
use this technique in other population groups.
In Saudi Arabia, a study has been conducted on a sample of
11
individuals from the city of Riyadh (Middle Region). How-
ever, no studies have been conducted to establish dental devel-
opment studies for forensic age estimation and forensic
application in Western Saudi Arabia. The purpose of this study is
to assess the use of Demirjians method for age estima-tion in
Western Saudi children (416 years old) and to assess its
applicability.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Materials
In this study, panoramic radiographs and clinical records of 198
Western Saudi children of known chronological age and gender
were obtained, which included a total of 88 boys and 110 girls,
with age ranging from 4 to 16 years. Digital panora-mic
radiographs were used. The panoramic radiographs were collected
from patients attending dental clinics (from the den-tal center of
King Fahd Hospital, Jeddah-Western of Saudi Arabia) and all
radiographs formed a part of the patients rou-tine dental
treatment (from the clinic of Paedodontics-Orthodontics of health
Saudi individuals). No panoramic radiographs were taken
primarily for this research project. According to Demirjian the
presence of pathology, anatomical obstructions and potential
radiographic distortion can be of potential concern when doing
age estimation. Therefore all radiographs were checked to ensure
these factors were not present.
18
153
2.2. Methods
The assessment of dental age was performed according to
5
Demirjians method. This method is e based on eight stages of
tooth mineralization, from calcification of the cusp to clo-sure of
the apex, on the seven left mandibular teeth and each tooth is
given a score based on its phase of calcification. All panoramic
radiographs were scored by the author using the criteria set by
5
Demirjian et al. without the knowledge of patients
chronological age. The mandibular seven left teeth were scored
excluding the third molar. Each tooth was rated on an 8-stage
Each stage of the seven teeth was then allocated a score, and the
sum of the scores gave a calculation of subjects dental maturity.
Demirjians developmental stages and self-weighted scores were
used to allocate a tooth stage to the seven left mandibular teeth
and the maturity scores calcu-lated; then conversion tables were
used to convert the matura-tion score to a dental age.
The chronological age was determined by subtracting the date
of birth from the date the panoramic radiograph was taken.
Chronological ages were sorted according to age groups which
assisted with classification. Each age group was assigned the same
range, for example; age group 4 corresponded to an age range of
3.54.5 years of age. Age group of 16 years old was not analyzed
because all the children in the group reached a dental score of 100
and the dental age could not be computed.
All data analyses including calculation ratios, were com-pleted
using the Excel (Version: 2003, Microsoft, Redmont, USA). The
detailed statistical analysis was completed using the IBM SPSS
(Version 19).
2.3. Reliability inter-examiner
Paired t-tests were used to determine the significance of differ-
ences between chronological and estimated ages, for all age
groups. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Statistical
significance using Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test for examiner
reliability was calculated and found to be 0.740368. This value is
not significant and operator calibration was considered reliable.
3. Results
The panoramic radiographs of 198 children were included in the
study, and analysis was completed according to age cate-gory and
gender. Each age category included a 12-month range of ages. A
paired t-test was used to assess the significance of the difference
between chronological age [the real age] and the dental age [the
5
estimation age] according to the method of Demirjian et al.
(Table 1). The mean difference between the chronological age
found in Western Saudi Arabian chil-dren, compared to the dental
age found in French-Canadian children, ranged from 1.44 to 0.64
in girls and from 0.66 to 0.77 in boys (Table 1).
In girls, differences were either negative or positive, depend-
ing on age group. The negative values demonstrate age groups 5
8 and 1112 were advanced in growth when compared to the
French-Canadian children. Among girls there was a statisti-
154 A.M. Alshihri et al.

Table 1 t-Test demonstrating the mean difference between chronological age and estimated age for Western Saudi Arabia boys and girls and
French-Canadian children according to Demirjians. The P-value in the last column was determined using the comparison of mean dental age
of boys and girls in different age groups.
Age group* (n) CA (sd) EA (sd) CAEA dierence (sd) CAEA 95% CI P-value
Girls Mean (SD)
4 3 4.30(0.12) 4.13 (0.66) 0.172 1.24 to 1.58 0.652
5 3 5.38(0.19) 6.83(1.19) 1.44 4.14 to 1.25 0.148
6 6 6.12(0.25) 6.21(1.33) 0.09 1.30 to 1.26 0.854
7 5 7.06(0.31) 7.92(0.25) 0.85 1.29 to 0.41 0.006<
8 13 8.08(0.34) 8.43(0.82) 0.34 0.89 to 0.20 0.192
9 14 9.11(0.31) 9.10(1.37) 0.01 0.89 to 0.92 0.978
10 5 10.15(0.3) 9.34(1.38) 0.81 0.85 to 2.47 0.249
11 13 10.99(0.30) 11.48(0.74) 0.49 0.93 to 0.04 0.033<
12 8 12.05(0.32) 12.16(1.27) 0.11 1.32 to 1.10 0.836
13 3 13.16(0.14) 13.00(0.70) 0.16 1.27 to 1.60 0.668
14 17 14.02(0.26) 13.48(1.57) 0.54 0.29 to 1.37 0.187
15 15 14.96(0.32) 14.32(1.31) 0.64 0.02 to 1.30 0.059<
16 5 16.05(0.29) 15.44(0.76) 0.61 0.08 to 1.30 0.071
Boys Mean (SD)
4 4 4.06(0.21) 4.52(0.69) 0.46 1.24 to 0.31 0.156
5 4 5.02(0.22) 5.47(0.89) 0.45 1.56 to 0.65 0.284
6 9 5.97(0.27) 6.32(1.81) 0.35 1.62 to 0.92 0.545
7 8 7.15(0.24) 7.65(0.59) 0.49 1.04 to 0.05 0.072
8 7 8.25(0.17) 8.19(0.34) 0.66 1.03 to 0.29 0.004<
9 11 9.07(0.28) 8.95(0.60) 0.01 0.30 to 0.54 0.539
10 11 10.03(0.33) 10.10(1.07) 0.07 0.72 to 0.58 0.813
11 7 11.06(0.33) 11.41(0.88) 0.35 1.05 to 0.34 0.263
12 5 12.5(0.33) 11.56(2.86) 0.49 2.85 to 3.83 0.705
13 6 13.19(0.26) 12.41(0.66) 0.77 0.02 to 1.28 0.011<
14 5 14.10(0.35) 13.66(0.71) 0.44 0.65 to 1.53 0.325
15 9 15.07(0.27) 14.78(1.47) 0.28 0.93 to 1.50 0.605
16 2 15.70(0.05) 15.90(0.14) 0.19 0.93 to 0.54 0.188
* An age group of 4.0 would represent individual who are 3.54.5 years of age.
< P value was statistically significant (P < 0.05); Age difference = Chronological Age (CA) minus Estimated Age (EA); CI, Confidence Interval; SD,
Standard Deviation; SE, Standard Error.

cally significant difference (P < 0.05) between the chronologi-cal
age and the estimated age compared to Demirjians results for age
groups 7, 11, and 15 (Table 1). The greatest accelerated
development is observed for the 5 year olds, and the greatest
delayed development is for age group 15 years.
In boys, differences were either negative or positive,
depending on age group. Age groups 48, 1011, and 16 showed
a negative mean difference, indicating advance in growth when
compared to the French-Canadian children. Age groups 9, 1215
showed a positive difference, indicating a delayed dental age.
There was a statistically significant differ-ence (P < 0.05)
between the chronological age and the dental age compared to
Demirjians results in boys for age groups 8 and 13 only. The
highest advance is observed for age groups 8 and the greatest
delayed development is for age group 13 years (Table 1). On
average, for all ages, Western Saudi Arabian girls were 0.059 (sd
= 1.26) years and the boys 0.66 (sd = 1.14) years ahead of the
French-Canadian children. This result confirmed Demirjians
standards are at a slight variance when used for Western Saudi
Arabian children (Table 1).
4. Discussion
The physiology of human age estimation can be evaluated by the
7,12
degree of maturation of the different tissue systems.
However, dental age can be estimated based on the level of tooth
mineralization during development process and tooth eruption
13
through tooth count. But, tooth eruption and gingi-val
emergence dates vary widely among children of the same
ethnic background, making it an unreliable method for esti-
1416
mating age. Tooth eruption is heavily influenced by envi-
ronmental factors such as available space in the dental arch,
extraction of deciduous predecessors, tipping, or impaction of
4,15,16
teeth. In addition, using tooth eruption and emergence
only observes a single event in time for each tooth.
The radiographical examination of tooth development stages,
including crown and root size, height and length might be
considered as a valuable indicator of chronological age for
Western Saudi populations, given the scarcity of other avail-able
and reliable age indicators. Examining crown and root growth and
maturation radio-graphically can be varying due to different
reasons such as; poor resolution of the radio-graphic images,
different statistical treatments of the results, and biological
17
variation among various populations studied. In addition to
dental age estimation; forensic and clinical inter-pretations
indicate if a child is dentally advanced, average or delayed
18
compared to the reference.
The aim of this study was to present the dental maturity in
Western Saudi children. We compared Demirjians method using
French-Canadian children, and Western Saudi children based on
their weighted scores. In addition to dental age

19
Dental Age Assessment Using Demirjians Method for Forensic Dentistry
estimation; forensic and clinical interpretations of this indi-cated
if each child was dentally advanced, average or delayed compared
18
to the reference. Also, it was found to be suitable without
correction factors in our samples (n = 198, Table 1); conducted
18
with Liversidge et al. This study showed that Demirjians on
Western Saudi children revealed (in both gen-ders, and either
negative or positive, depending on the age group) a more
advanced dental age when compared to French-Canadian children
from Demirjians study. The mean difference between
chronological age and estimated age was
0.059 (sd = 1.26) years in girls and 0.66 (sd = 1.14) years in boys.
10,11,15,16,19,20
As expected from the literature, an overes-
timation of chronological age when using the method reported by
Demirjian was mostly found.
Three recent studies from Saudi Arabia, two from Riyadh
11,20
region (Al-Emran and Baghdadi) and one from Kuwait
13
(Qudeimat and Behbehani) indicate the same results of over-
estimation when compared with the current study. The child
populations in these studies are from the same ancestry, geo-
graphically close to each other, and exposed to similar dietary and
2 20
behavior patterns. Results from Al Emrans study in Saudi
Arabian children aged from 8.5 to 17 years (N = 490) found that
Saudi childrens ages were overestimated by 0.3 years for boys
11
and 0.4 years for girls. The Baghdadi, study results showed that
for children aged from 4 to 14 years (N = 422) the mean age
difference was 0.77 (SD 0.85) for boys and 0.85 (SD 0.79) for
girls. The mean chronological age was 8.89 and the mean dental
age was 9.69, indicating an over-aging of the sample by about 10
months, which held equally true for both sexes. The mean
difference found between dental age and chronological age was
0.121.21 years for Saudi boys, 0.421.26 years for Saudi girls;
the differences in the means were statistically significant for all
age groups and genders, except in 8-year-old, 11-year-old, and
13-year-old boys. Saudi children from the middle region appear to
be significantly more dentally mature than their French-Canadian
11
peers. The study on Kuwaiti children (N = 509); aged from 3 to
14 years, also indicated overestimations, and were 0.71 years (SD
13
1.18) for boys and 0.67 years (SD 1.30) for girls. Our results,
show a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) between the
chronological age and the estimated age compared to Demirjians
results for girls at age groups 7, 11, and 15. The girls were
advanced for age groups 58 and 1112. In boys sta-tistically
significant difference for age groups 8 and 13 years old, at the
level of P < 0.05. All these ages indicate that girls and boys
reached dental age maturity earlier. In the rest of age groups no
statistically significant difference was found. A possible
explanation for the differences between French-Canadian and
Western Saudi can be that the sample size was much smaller for
the Western Saudi study. In addition, it might be attributed to the
different ethnic group and/or effect of the considerable time gap
between the two studies on the dental development of these
20
children.
The results here confirm the necessity of developing specific
scores or curves for specific populations, as agreed by most
21
authors. However, the influence of geographic location and
nutritional status in different population groups does necessi-tate
the evaluation of each individual population group so as to
determine the correction factor required for accurate
chronological age estimation. What is more, age estimation
methods try to have different population standards for dental
20
155
development assessment based on ethnicity to improve the
11
accuracy of dental age estimation. This study is in agreement
with the authors of from numerous studies who demonstrated that
correction factors be used on different population
groups.15,16,22
As expected from the literature, this study confirmed over-
estimation of the dental age in Western Saudi children, using the
5
original methods developed by Demirjian and coworkers. This is
basically due to different rates of dental development in different
populations. Numerous studies on children from dif-ferent regions
have documented a significant difference between average
estimated and average real age for groups of children. This has
resulted in some researchers (myself included) suggesting that
population specific tooth data are required and questioning the
validity of using Demirjians den-tal maturity method to assess
dental age in other world groups. This has been followed by
numerous modifications of the method by changing the weighted
scores or providing equa-tions to either calculate age from score
18
or score from age. However, Demirjians method is widely
accepted, but there are several limitations and difficulties
23,24
associated with the application of this standard.
There are several limitations such as missing teeth or bilat-eral
missing teeth (value of zero), leading to inability to calcu-late the
24
maturity score. Also, age cannot be precisely evaluated after 16
years of age; the appreciation of develop-mental stages is difficult
because the choice of the tooth devel-opmental stage is quite
subjective; and it proved to be applicable in Canadians but not
25
reliable if applied to other populations. Forensic age estimation
is only applicable to individuals with healthy normal dental
walkway. However, this is not always the case in forensic
situations (fractures, remains). In the forensic context, the age of a
25
child or missing individuals must still be determined.
5. Conclusion
The results demonstrated that Demirjians method produced
significant differences between estimated age and chronologi-cal
age in the studied group. On average for all ages, Western Saudi
Arabia girls were 0.059 (sd = 1.26) years and the boys 0.66 (sd =
1.14) years ahead of the French-Canadian children. New tables
were developed in order to convert dental maturity calculation
according to Demirjians method into estimated age of
contemporary Western Saudi population (significant
overestimation). This result confirmed Demirjians standards are
at a slight variance when used for Western Saudi Arabian
children. However, the accuracy of Demirjians method is high
when evaluating young children, because the individuals are still
11
growing, but less so with older children. It is necessary to adapt
specific weighted score of studied populations for more efficient
24
age estimation. The results from this study have shown that
Demirjians method has some limitations when used to determine
the estimated dental age of Western Saudi Arabian children. For
future research, increase in the sample size for all the age ranges
to establish new maturity scores and logistic curves for the studied
population group and comparison with other Saudi children in
rural communities found in other regions in Saudi Arabia would
be ideal.
 156
Funding
None.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict regarding this article.
Ethical approval
Ethical approval from the Dental Centre of King Fahd Hospi-tal,
Ministry of Health, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia (H-02-J-002) and The
University of Western Australia Human Research Ethics
Committee was obtained prior (RA/4/1/4875) to com-mencing
this study.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance of the
Research Center and Committee; Ministry of Health; Jeddah,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Training and Health Education;
Dental Centre of King Fahd Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jeddah,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
References
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radiographic methods using developing teeth. Forensic Sci Int
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2. Cardoso HFV. Environmental effects on skeletal versus dental
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21
Terjemahan
Abstrak Tujuan: Mengembangkan riset tentang
gigi yang digunakan untuk menilai kematangan
dan usia estimasi di beberapa disiplin seperti
pediodontic, ortodontik, endokrinologi pediatrik
dan odontologi forensik. Tujuannya adalah untuk
menentukan penyesuaian statistik diperlukan saat
usia gigi, menggunakan metode Demirjian untuk
anak-anak Saudi Barat dan remaja antara usia 4
dan 16 tahun. Juga, untuk membandingkan
Western sampel populasi Saudi dengan yang asli
Perancis-Kanada.
Metode dan bahan: Standar yang paling
umum untuk estimasi usia forensik atau analisis-
anak dan sub-orang dewasaadalah dari
pengukuran Demirjian et al. (1973), dengan total
198 orang (laki-laki = 88 dan perempuan =
110). Radiografi panoramic digunakan untuk
mencetak tujuh gigi rahang bawah kiri.
hasil: Perbedaan rata-rata adalah 1,44-
0,64 pada anak perempuan dan 0,66-0,77 anak
laki-laki. Di antara gadis-gadis ada perbedaan
yang signifikan secara statistik untuk 7, 11, dan
15 tahun (P <0,05). Ada statistik yang mengalami
perbedaan yang signifikan (P <0,05), anak laki-
laki untuk kelompok usia 8 dan 13 saja. Rata-rata
untuk semua usia, dengan hasil gadis Arab Saudi
0.059 (sd = 1,26) tahun dan anak laki-laki 0,66
(sd = 1,14) tahun adalah anak Perancis-Kanada.
Kesimpulan: tabel baru dikembangkan
untuk mengkonversi jatuh tempo gigi.
perhitungan menurut metode Demirjian ke dalam
perkiraan umur penduduk Saudi Barat
kontemporer (signifikan harga yg terlalu
tinggi). Untuk penelitian selanjutnya,
peningkatan ukuran sampel untuk semua usia
rentang untuk mendapat skor kematangan baru
dan kurva logistik untuk kelompok populasi yang
diteliti dan dibandingkan dengan lainnya. Anak-
anak Arab di masyarakat pedesaan yang
ditemukan di daerah lain di Arab Saudi akan
lebih ideal menjadi responden.
Perkiraan umur gigi biasanya didasarkan pada
pematangan gigi. Proses pematangan gigi (gelar
cal-cification) berkorelasi berbeda mineralisasi
tahap morpholog-ical yang dapat diamati
radiographically. Proses
22
pematangan jauh lebih seragam, progresif,
sequencing, dan terus-menerus daripada letusan
gigi, dan kurang dipengaruhi oleh penyakit
endokrin, Serikat kekurangan makanan dan
perubahan lingkungan.Untuk alasan ini,
serangkaian teknik estimasi umur telah
dikembangkan berdasarkan tahap mineralisasi
gigi kuman.
Odontology forensik mengambil keuntungan dari
teknik untuk membantu dalam proses
mengidentifikasi individu-individu yang tidak
diketahui. Lebih-lebih, penuaan gigi juga adalah
ukuran yang sangat penting dalam membantu
penentuan usia kronologis dalam kematian yang
tepat. Teknik ini juga telah digunakan untuk
memutuskan kapan seorang anak bisa mulai
sekolah, usia awal seseorang dapat menikah, atau
bahkan pergi ke penjara.
Semua usia, evaluasi metode yang didasarkan
pada pematangan gigi mengikuti pendekatan
sistematis yang sama dalam usia yang
memperkirakan hanya berarti memiliki lisan
radiographies, yang dapat digunakan dalam mata
pelajaran hidup, dan mayat Kerangka saat ini,
metode yang paling banyak dipelajari adalah
metode Demirjian et al.Untuk estimasi forensik
usia anak-anak dan orang dewasa. Di PA, banyak
penulis telah melaporkan standar yang berbeda
dari pematangan gigi, menggunakan Demirjian's
standar untuk estimasi umur (misalnya Australia
Peiris et al. Brasil-Lucio et al. Cina -Zhao et al.
Pakistan Rashna et al.9 dan Afrika Selatan
Phillips et al.10) di sebagian besar studi
perbandingan telah dibuat antara nilai-nilai yang
ditentukan dari studi populasi dan berhubungan
standar seperti yang dilaporkan oleh Demir-jian.
Dianjurkan bahwa adaptasi akan perlu untuk
menggunakan teknik ini di lain kelompok
penduduk.
Di Arab Saudi, sebuah penelitian telah dilakukan
pada sampel individu dari kota Riyadh (wilayah
tengah). Bagaimana-pernah, ada penelitian yang
telah dilakukan untuk membangun gigi devel-
opment studi untuk estimasi umur forensik dan
forensik aplikasi di Barat Arab Saudi. Tujuan
dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menilai
menggunakan metode Demirjian's untuk usia
estimasi Barat Saudi anak-anak (4 16 tahun)
dan menilai penerapannya.
2. bahan dan metode
2.1. bahan
Dalam studi ini, radiograph panorama dan catatan
klinis 198 Western Saudi anak usia kronologis
dikenal dan gender yang diperoleh, yang
termasuk total 88 anak laki-laki dan perempuan
110, dengan usia mulai dari 4 sampai 16 tahun.
Digital panora-mic radiograph digunakan.
Radiograph panorama dikumpulkan dari pasien
yang menghadiri klinik gigi (dari den-tal pusat
King Fahd rumah sakit, Jeddah-Barat Arab
Saudi) dan radiograph semua membentuk bagian
dari perawatan gigi rou-tine pasien (dari klinik
Paedodontics-orthodonsi kesehatan individu
Saudi). Radiograph panorama tidak dibawa
terutama untuk proyek penelitian ini. Menurut
Demirjian kehadiran Patologi, anatomi
penghalang dan distorsi radiografi potensial dapat
potensi perhatian ketika melakukan estimasi
umur. Oleh karena itu semua radiograph
diperiksa untuk memastikan faktor-faktor yang
tidak hadir.
2.2. metode
Penilaian umur gigi dilakukan menurut
Demirjian's method.5 metode ini adalah e
berdasarkan delapan tahapan gigi mineralisasi,
dari pengapuran titik puncak untuk clo yakin
puncak, gigi mandibula kiri tujuh dan tiap gigi
diberikan Skor berdasarkan fase pengapuran.
Semua panorama radiograph yang dicetak oleh
penulis menggunakan kriteria yang ditetapkan
oleh Demirjian et al.5 tanpa pengetahuan tentang
usia kronologis pasien. Gigi kiri tujuh mandibula
yang mencetak termasuk molar ketiga. Tiap gigi
dinilai pada skala 8-tahap mulai dari A hingga H
tergantung pada tahap pengapuran. Setiap tahap
gigi tujuh kemudian dialokasikan Skor, dan
jumlah dari nilai memberikan perhitungan subjek
gigi kedewasaan. Demirjian's tahapan
23
perkembangan dan nilai diri tertimbang
digunakan untuk mengalokasikan tahap gigi
untuk gigi mandibula kiri tujuh dan kedewasaan
nilai calcu-laranangan dan saksi; kemudian tabel
konversi yang digunakan untuk mengkonversi
nilai matura-tion usia gigi.
Usia kronologis ditentukan oleh mengurangi
tanggal lahir dari tanggal radiograf panorama
diambil. Usia kronologis diurutkan menurut
kelompok umur yang dibantu dengan klasifikasi.
Setiap kelompok usia ditugaskan kisaran yang
sama, misalnya; kelompok usia 4 berpadanan
dengan rentang usia 3.5-4.5 tahun. Kelompok
usia 16 tahun tidak dianalisis karena semua anak-
anak dalam kelompok mencapai Skor gigi 100
dan usia gigi tidak akan dihitung.
Semua analisis data termasuk perhitungan rasio,
yang menggunakan Excel com-pleted (versi:
2003, Microsoft, Redmont, USA). Analisis
statistik rinci selesai menggunakan IBM SPSS
(versi 19).
2.3. Reliabilitas-antar pemeriksa
T-tes pasangan digunakan untuk menentukan
pentingnya berbeda-ences antara usia kronologis
dan perkiraan, untuk semua kelompok umur.
Signifikansi Statistik didirikan di P < 0,05. Statis
Cally perbedaan yang signifikan (P < 0,05) antara
usia chronologi-cal dan estimasi umur
dibandingkan dengan hasil Demirjian's untuk
kelompok umur 7, 11, dan 15 (Tabel 1).
Percepatan pembangunan terbesar diamati untuk
5 usia tahun, dan perkembangan tertunda terbesar
adalah untuk kelompok usia 15 tahun.
Anak laki-laki, perbedaan itu negatif atau positif,
tergantung pada kelompok usia. Kelompok usia
4-8, 10-11, dan 16 menunjukkan perbedaan
berarti negatif, menunjukkan kemajuan dalam
pertumbuhan bila dibandingkan dengan anak-
anak berhubungan. Kelompok umur 9, 12-15
menunjukkan perbedaan positif, menunjukkan
usia gigi yang tertunda. Ada signifikan secara
statistik berbeda-masa kemerdekaan (P < 0,05)
antara usia kronologis dan usia gigi dibandingkan
dengan hasil Demirjian's anak laki-laki untuk
kelompok umur 8 dan 13 hanya. Kemajuan
tertinggi diamati untuk kelompok umur 8 dan
perkembangan tertunda terbesar untuk kelompok
usia 13 tahun (Tabel 1). Rata-rata, untuk segala
usia, gadis-gadis Arab Saudi Barat itu 0,059 (sd =
1.26) tahun dan anak laki-laki 0.66 (sd = 1,14)
tahun ke depan anak-anak berhubungan. Hasil ini
menegaskan Demirjian's standar di varians
sedikit ketika digunakan untuk anak-anak Arab
Saudi Barat (Tabel 1).
4. Diskusi
Fisiologi manusia umur estimasi dapat dievaluasi
oleh derajat pematangan berbeda jaringan
systems.
Umur gigi dapat diperkirakan berdasarkan pada
tingkat gigi mineralisasi selama pengembangan
proses dan gigi letusan melalui gigi count.13
Namun, tanggal munculnya letusan dan gingi-val
gigi bervariasi antara anak-anak yang sama
latar belakang etnis, membuat metode yang dapat
diandalkan untuk kawin esti age.1416 letusan
gigi sangat dipengaruhi oleh tentang konsep
didaktik matematika
faktor-faktor ronmental seperti ruang yang
tersedia di arch gigi,
ekstraksi gugur pendahulunya, tip atau impaksi
teeth.4,15,16 Selain itu, menggunakan letusan
gigi dan munculnya
hanya mengamati peristiwa pada waktunya untuk
tiap gigi.
Pemeriksaan radiographical tahap-tahap
pengembangan gigi, termasuk ukuran mahkota
dan akar, tinggi dan panjang mungkin dianggap
sebagai indikator yang berharga dari usia
kronologis untuk populasi Saudi Barat, diberikan
kelangkaan usia dapat berhasil dan dapat
diandalkan indikator lainnya. Memeriksa
mahkota dan akar pertumbuhan dan pematangan
radio-grafis dapat bervariasi karena alasan yang
berbeda seperti; miskin resolusi gambar radio-
grafis, perawatan statistik yang berbeda dari
hasil, dan biologis variasi antara berbagai
populasi studied. selain estimasi umur gigi;
24
forensik dan klinis inter-pretations menunjukkan
jika seorang anak adalah bentuk giginya maju,
rata-rata atau tertunda dibandingkan dengan
reference.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk
menyajikan kematangan gigi pada anak-anak
Saudi Barat. Kami membandingkan Demirjian's
metode menggunakan anak-anak berhubungan,
dan anak-anak Saudi Barat didasarkan pada
prestasi tertimbang. Selain gigi umur
Umur gigi penilaian menggunakan metode
Demirjian's untuk forensik gigi 155 estimasi;
forensik dan klinis interpretasi ini indi-cated jika
setiap anak adalah bentuk giginya lanjutan, rata-
rata atau tertunda dibandingkan dengan
reference. Juga ternyata cocok tanpa koreksi
faktor dalam sampel kami (n = 198, tabel 1);
dilakukan dengan Liversidge et al.18 studi ini
menunjukkan bahwa Demirjian pada anak-anak
Saudi Barat terungkap (dalam kedua gen-ders,
dan negatif atau positif, tergantung pada
kelompok usia) gigi lebih lanjut usia bila
dibandingkan dengan anak-anak berhubungan
dari Demirjian's studi. Ini berarti perbedaan usia
kronologis dan perkiraan umur
0,059 (sd = 1.26) tahun gadis 0.66 (sd = 1,14)
tahun anak laki-laki. Seperti yang diharapkan
dari literatur, 10, 11, 15, 16, 19, 20 suatu overes -
timation dari usia kronologis ketika
menggunakan metode dilaporkan oleh Demirjian
kebanyakan ditemukan.
Tiga hari studi dari Saudi, dua dari wilayah
Riyadh (Al-Emran dan Baghdadi) 11,20 dan satu
dari Kuwait
(Qudeimat dan Behbehani) 13 menunjukkan hasil
yang sama over estimasi bila dibandingkan
dengan penelitian ini. Populasi anak dalam studi
ini adalah dari keturunan yang sama, geo-grafis
dekat satu sama lain, dan terkena serupa Diet dan
perilaku patterns.2 hasil dari Al Emran's20 studi
di Arab Saudi anak berusia 8.5-17 tahun (N =
490) menemukan bahwa usia anak Saudi yang
berlebihan oleh 0.3 tahun untuk anak laki-laki
dan 0.4 tahun untuk anak perempuan. Baghdadi,
11 hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa anak-anak
usia 4 hingga 14 tahun (N = 422) perbedaan usia
rata-rata adalah 0.77 (SD 0.85 untuk anak laki-
laki) dan 0.85 (SD 0.79) untuk anak perempuan.
Usia kronologis berarti 8.89 dan gigi usia rata-
rata 9.69, menunjukkan aging over sampel oleh
sekitar 10 bulan, yang diselenggarakan sama
berlaku untuk kedua jenis kelamin. Satu-berarti
perbedaan yang ditemukan antara usia gigi dan
usia kronologis adalah 0,12 1,21 tahun untuk
laki-laki Arab Saudi, 0,42 1.26 tahun untuk
gadis-gadis Arab Saudi; perbedaan dalam cara
yang signifikan secara statistik untuk semua
kelompok umur dan jenis kelamin, kecuali dalam
8 tahun, berusia 11 tahun, dan 13-tahun anak
laki-laki. Saudi anak dari

25