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The Birth of Pra_san_gika: A Buddhist Movement in India and Tibet

The author of this item has granted worldwide open access to this work.

APA Citation: Vose, K.(2005). The Birth of Pra_san_gika: A Buddhist Movement in India and Tibet.
Retrieved from http://libra.virginia.edu/catalog/libra-oa:5949

Accessed: September 26, 2016

Permanent URL: http://libra.virginia.edu/catalog/libra-oa:5949

Keywords: Buddhism sanskrit philosophy

Terms: This article was downloaded from the University of Virginias Libra institutional
repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable as set forth
at http://libra.virginia.edu/terms

(Article begins on next page)


The Birth of Prasangika: A Buddhist Movement in India and Tibet

Kevin Alan Vose


Bath, Maine

Master of Arts, University of Virginia, 1999


Bachelor of Arts, Bates College, 1992

A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in


Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

Department of Religious Studies

University of Virginia
May, 2005
















































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