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The

Aboveground
Steel Storage Tank
Handbook

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp


Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The
Aboveground
Steel Storage Tank
Handbook
BRIAN D. DiGRADO
and
GREGORY A. THORP, P.E.
2004 0-471-28629-X. All reserved.

Published & 11000Ji:en, New


Published SlIlJlUltlllle~C)USly in Canada

No of this put)llc,atl(:m may be reproduced,


any means, electr~omc, ITlecl!1aI1licall, pJ!1otiOC()tpYllng, reclOrdllng, scanllllllg, as permItted
under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States
penllllSfHon of the tJut>l1sJler,

Limit " ....,<:>n;"o While the pul)llsher and author have used their best efforts in
ret:'re~.en1tatlons or warranties with to the accuracy or
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me:rctlantab'llity or fitness for a "" ..."uv........... purpose. warraJlltv may be created or extended sales
reIJ,reS,en1tatives or written sales materials. The advice and contained herein may not be suitable
for your situation. You should consult with a where Neither the nor
author shall be liable for any or any other commercial but not limited to
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_K1"'1i"lnD.

pa1tJellCe are
Thorp,

Thorp
Contents

xv

PART I. The AST Market


CHAPTER 1.. The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Market 1
2

11

CHAPTER 2. Environmental Issues for Aboveground


Storage Tanks 19

vII
viii CONTENTS

PART II. Major Regulations of ASTs 33


CHAPTER 3.. The Clean Water Act 35

CHAPTER 4.. The Clean Air Act 59

CHAPTER 5. Additional Federal Regulations 79

CHAPTER 6. National Fire Protection Association Codes 93

1
113

CHAPTER 7. Additional Fire Codes 117


CONTENTS ix

CHAPTER 8. State Regulations 129

PART III. Major Manufacturing Standards


ofASTs 139
CHAPTER 9. American Petroleum Institute Standards 141

CHAPTER 10. National Design Standards of Field-Erected Tanks 179

CHAPTER 11. Underwriters Laboratories Codes 193


1

CHAPTER 12. Steel Tank Institute Codes 213


X CONTENTS

PART Iv. AST Products 225


CHAPTER 13. New Field-Erected Aboveground Storage Tank
Products 227

CHAPTER 14. Existing Field-Erected Aboveground Storage Tank


Products 249

CHAPTER 15. Shop-Built Aboveground Storage Tank Products 265

CHAPTER 16. Shop-Built Aboveground Storage Tank Installation


Instructions 285
CONTENTS xl

Appendixes 297
APPENDIX A Environmental Regulatory Offices 299
300

APPENDIX B. AST Fabricating Companies, Field-Erected and


Shop-Built 313

APPENDIX C. AST Associations 317

APPENDIX D. Canadian Federal AST Legislation and AST


Associations 321

APPENDIX E. National Fire Code Comparison Chart by the


Steel Tank Institute 327

APPENDIX F. Petroleum Equipment Institute Dike Sizing


Calculations 331

APPENDIX G. Tank Data Sheet 335


Industry A.r.,.t"u"\".,.n~ and Abbreviations 339

Index
Preface

xiII
xlv PREFACE
Acknowledgments

xv
PART I

The AST Market

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp


Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CHAPTER 1

The Aboveground
Steel Storage
Tank Market

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 1


Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
THE ABOVEGROUND STEEL STORAGE TANK MARKET

PHOTO 1-1.
ASTs at a nptrnlpunl C'r.", .. """,,,, tprnlll'-:l

Shop-Built ASTs vs. Field-Erected ASTs IIIIIIIIIII


THE AST MARKET 3

Table 1-1.
Field-Erected ASTs

as one unit for installation on site


:>hI(}(}(!o :>nlpp(~O
as parts for field erection
1OOO~barrel and less Greater than 1500-barrel caI:~aCJtles
4 THE ABOVEGROUND STEEL STORAGE TANK MARKET

Table 1-2.
Sector Median diameter
10
15
25
70
416 220
Total
26 to 500 12
15
30
90
220

26 to 500 694 10
500 to 1 15
1 35
120
or more 220
Total
Production 26 to 500 1.0
16
30
974 70
27 200

All Sectors 26 to.500

Total
Source: American Petroleum Institute.
THE AST MARKET

PHOTO 1-2.
an oncn'-ron WDatmg

Table 1-3.
Percent of prc_auct'()D

10.22% Double waH horizontal or vertical


23.64% steel dike horizontal
0.85% horizontal
Source: Tank Institute.
6 THE ABOVEGROUND STEEL STORAGE TANK MARKET

100
90

80
70
(I)

f 60
~
(I) 50
a..
m
{!!.
40
30
20

10
0

Quarter, Quarter, Quarter,


1991 1991 1991

Vertical Configurations C Horizontal Configurationl!>

FIGURE 1-1.
VS. 1990/1991.
THE AST MARKET 7

Age Distribution of ASTs /////////////////////////////////


8 THE ABOVEGROUND STEEL STORAGE TANK MARKET

Table 1-4. AST age


Sector 0-10 years 11-20 years 21-30 years 31-40 years 41+ years Unknown
10.82 15.21 23.91 17.60 23.89 8.57
6.95 11.59 16.19 23.13 37.44 4.69
9.52 14.96 19.91 22.79 28.99 3.83
Production 37.10 29.31 19.58 5.04 2.29 6.62
Total 32.13 26.59 19.99 7.63 6.86 6.79
Source: American Petroleum Institute.

Size of AST Market //////////////////////////////////////////

Table 1-5.

CBI Inl'i".,t-,,,,,.,..,

Astrotech International {~ubsujlaI'les: Jiroiwn-Mmneapous Tank COlmp.ilnY


and HMT
Matrix Service COlmp.any
THE AST MARKET 9

Table 1-5.

(tnI'OUt:~n SUlOSH:llary: Blrow'n-l'v1tn.nealpOIIIS Tank

MalnuJract:unng~ Inc.

PHOTO 13.
Sn(lD-DUllf[ ASTs at a
10 THE ABOVEGROUND STEEL STORAGE TANK MARKET

Table 1-6. AST


Number of refineries

3
7
1 5
2 Illinois 7
2 Indiana 4
2 Kansas 5
Ohio 4
Oklahoma 6
Other 9
3 Alabama 2
3 Arkansas 3
3 Louisiana 20
3 6
.3 New Mexico 3
3 Texas 29
4 Colorado 2
4 Montana 4
4 Utah 6
4 4
5 Alaska 6
5 California 23
5 6
5

Tennessee, Wisconsin.
Other District States: Arizona. Hawaii, Nevada, Oregon.
THE AST MARKET 11

Shop-Built AST Statistics /////////////////////////////////


12 THE ABOVEGROUND STEEL STORAGE TANK MARKET

PHOTO 14.
THE AST MARKET 13

Table Product storage, recent AST installations


Product
Motor fuels
Oil
Chemicals 14%
Water
fuel 6%
Other 1
Source: Derived from Steel Tank Institute Survey,

TabJe Product storage, future AST installations

Product
Motor fuels
Water 23 %
fuel 8%
Source: Derived from Steel Tank lnstitute

'!lI"I<lr'ltu recent oUJrcl1las(~s (most

15%
15%
13%
Source: Derived from Steel Tank Institute
TVI'lir~tllv_ ASTs over 50,000 are field-erected.

Table reu"''''''',h, future pUJrcl1laS!es (most

AST capacity (gallons) Percentage


21

Source: Derived Steel Tank Institute


ASTs over 50,000 are field-erected.
14 THE ABOVEGROUND STEEL STORAGE TANK MARKET

Table 1~9. 1
Number of tanks Dlal1lned Percent of members
None 20%
1-5
6-1
11-20 10%

Source:

Other AST Market Costs //////////////////////////////////


THE AST MARKET 15

SDc=nC1S more year on


en'llrCmnlent'l as 1 a

Table 1~ 10. Petroleum .nti,,,,t',,.,, eJlCpendltures historical t aouars I


1973 1981 1990
U.S. 14.2 billion 45.0 billion 7.6 billion
Environmental activities 3.7 billion 8,4 billion 8.1 billion
Source: f\m,enC,iln Petroleum Institute.

Table 1-11. Environmental cornpllance cost estltm<3ltes:-I'eglula1tlOI1S


Annual cost (ml11I(J~ns) Cost estimate source

EPA

EPA
Clean Air Act Amendments API/Bechtel
RCRA reauthorization DOFJAPI
Clean Water A<.."t reauthorization Bechtel
P'rnlncn<::.:.t1 AST leglslat]On API
API '9 and EllA.

Notes ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
16 THE ABOVEGROUND STEEL STORAGE TANK MARKET
THE AST MARKET 11

1 Ibid.
CHAPTER 2

Environmental Issues
for Aboveground
Storage Tanks

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 19


Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
20 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES FOR ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANKS
THE AST MARKET 21

1992 1991 1990 1989 198811987


Number of releases over 10 11 12 17 15

59 N/A N/A N/A N/A

Source: tnllergc::ncy Response Notification Search and EDF report.


.2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES FOR ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANKS

Percentage Breakdown by Industry Sector

01her

Refining
47%

Productioo
190/..

Percentage of Expenditures Dedicated to limiting Individual Pollution

One Time Expenditures Water Pollution


15% 35"'/..

R&D
20/0

Air Pollution
28%

FIGURE 2-1.
1990 enVlrOflmental expenOltures
THE AST MARKET 23

U.S. Refiners

All Other Industries


98%

FIGURE 22.
1990 \..;oelTIJCal rele'lses. (~0I1rCf'! American Petroleu:m InStitute)

Environmental Disasters Involving IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII


ASTs
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES FOR ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANKS

Table 2-2. AST releases over 1 million


Location Release size (WlllloIlIS)
~egunao, CA 84-252 million
Tosco '" .'TTn .. ,,.,, 28 million
Sun and Sinclair Refineries 25-38 million
Amoco 17 million
Mobil Tank Farm 13-17 million
Southern Pacific Railroad Tank Farm 4-40 million
Clark Uormc~rlv 4 million

Air Force Tank Farm

FL

KY

IJhlladelphla. PA
SC

Tacoma, WA
Source: Eov'irOllmentaJ Defense Fund, 1993.
THE AST MARKET 25

Fires Involving ASTs //////////////////////////////////////////


26 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES FOR ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANKS

Environmental Liability /////////////////////////////////////


THE AST MARKET 21

PHOTO 2-2.
28 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES FOR ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANKS

not more

..,...,._..... , 1.4. environmental liability under the

Environmentally Sound Technology IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII


THE AST MARKET 29

PHOTO 23.
AST lu;;)"au.:lu"",,u ...., ......'... " emllf(mnlen:tally
30 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES FOR ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANKS

Notes ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
THE AST ~1ARKET 31
PART II

Major Regulations
of ASTs

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp


Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CHAPTER 3

The Clean Water Act

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 35


Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
36 REGULATIONS OF ASTs

waters."


THE CLEAN WATER ACT 37

Oil Pollution Act of 1990 /1////1///1/1/////////////////11


38 REGULATIONS OF ASTs



THE CLEAN WATER ACT 39

40 REGULATIONS OF ASTs

Oil Pollution Prevention //////////////////////////////////


Regulations
THE CLEAN WATER ACT 41
42 REGULATIONS OF ASTs




THE CLEAN WATER ACT 43

Spill Prevention, Control, and


Plans






REGULATIONS OF ASTs
THE CLEAN WATER ACT 45

Tahle 3-1. Phase I SPCC Plan from 40 CFR 112


Section Tide
40 CFR 112.7 SPCC Plan
40 CFR 112.8 SPCC Plan for onshore facilities
40 Cl'1< 112.9 SPCC Plan for onshore oil facilities
40 CFR 112.10 SPCC Plan for onshore oil and
workover
40 CFR 112.11 SPCC Plan for offshore oil
or work over facilities
Source: EPA October 22, 1991. pro'posc~d rule to 40 CfR 112.

countermeasure .......rnn''''.,.''",'''












46 REGULATIONS OF ASTs

PHOTO 3-1.
ASTs containment.

water
THE CLEAN WATER ACT 47

t-nlln'tXT' .....' t y nre\7entl(Jln measures:

48 REGULATIONS OF ASTs
THE CLEAN WATER ACT 49

with an audible or

50 REGULAT10NS OF ASTs

ntorn_IIPll,,,.1 sensors

Facility Response Plans


THE CLEAN WATER ACT 51

Does 1be facility have a maximum


,.,-I
. . . . OIpIdty ...... than or
equal to 42,000 pUma and do 1be
operatiem indudo over wider
Yea
Submit Response Plan
~f\
1
tnnsf'ers of' oil to or ftom veaell?

No II the facility wi1hout adequate


seeoadary COIIlIinmeat for each
" aboveground . . . . _ sulIiciently
large to COIIlIm the capacity of
~
Does the facility have a maximum Yea
,...... 1be IIrpst abovepound Ibn
. . . . capacity ...... thlll or tank within 1be ItIge _?
equal to one millim gallons? Yea

I No

"
II the facility located at a distance
sudl1hat a disd1arao ftom 1be facility
could cause injury to III envirmme:ot.aUy ~
liICIlSilive _as defined iD Appendix D? Yea

No No

II the facility located at a distance


sudlthat a disdtarge from the facility
would sbul down a public drinking ~
water intake? Yes

No
,V
No Submittal of Response Plan WdhiD the past five years, bas the Yea
'L~
Except at RA Discretion "" No
facility expaiaaced. reportable ~
spiU in III amount ...... than
or equal to 10,000 pllms?

FIGURE 3-1.
52 ~"'4~11'\J4' REGULATIONS OF ASTs


water
THE CLEAN WATER ACT 53

54 REGULATIONS OF ASTs




THE CLEAN WATER ACT 55

National Pollutant Discharge ///////////////////////////


Elimination System





56 REGULATIONS OF ASTs
THE CLEAN WATER ACT 57

sec()na part
individual


soe(:mc industry

Notes ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
1.
58 REGULATIONS OF ASTs
CHAPTER 4

The Clean Air Act

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 59


Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
60 THE CLEAN AIR ACT
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 61

can an

State Implementation Plan //////////////////////////////


62 THE CLEAN AIR ACT

eITllSl,JOnS 't . . lf-h .... an area and was to


Nn.uPl'nh,Clr 1 1
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 63

Table 4-1. Ozone nonattainment classification


Nonattainment Area
Classification Ozone Level Attainment
0.121 up to 0.138 1993 100 1.1 to 1.0
Moderate 0.138 up to 0.160 1996 100 1.1 to 1.0
Serious 0.160 up to 0.180 1999 50 1.2 to 1.0
Severe 0.180 up to 0.280 2005 25 1.3 to 1.0
Extreme 0.280 and above 2010 10 1.5 to 1.0
I Attainment date is November 15 of the year
2 Emission offset ratio is to the total reduction to the total increase of ozone.

New Source Performance Standards ///////////////


64 THE CLEAN AIR ALl

ment areas.

K Controls
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 65

Ka Controls
66 THE CLEAN AIR ACT
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 67

Kb Controls
68 THE CLEAN AIR ACT

Table 4-2. VOC Kb control limits


of control allowed 1

VRS

VRS

VRS: vapor recovery system.


REGULATIONS OF ASTs 69
70 THE AIR
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 71

National Emission Standards for /////////////////////


Hazardous Air Pollutants
72 THE CLEAN AIR ACT

Hazardous Organic NESHAP


REGULATIONS OF ASTs 73
74 THE CLEAN AIR ACT
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 75

Distribution NESHAP
76 THE CLEAN AIR ACT

Petroleum Refineries NESHAP


REGULATIONS OF ASTs 77
78 THE CLEAN AIR ACT
CHAPTER 5

Additional Federal
Regulations

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 79


Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
80 ADDITIONAL FEDERAL REGULATIONS

Resource Conservation and /////////////////////////////


Recovery Act Regulations




waste.
waste is manaJ~ea
manner.

waste
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 81

primarily




m~~esltea or

waste,
wastes to
,--"'IUA.. l"""'.l" or if a

Hazardous Waste Handler Standards


82 ADDITIONAL FEDERAL REGULATIONS





REGULATIONS OF ASTs 83

84 ADDITIONAL FEDERAL REGULATIONS


euer",",c or COmt)Ollerlts.





REGULATIONS OF ASTs 85

CfRCLA Regulations /////////////////////////////////////////


86 ADDITIONAL FEDERAL REGULATIONS

Inventory Reporting
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 87

Emergency Release Notification

Emergency Planning
88 ADDITIONAL FEDERAL REGULATIONS


REGULATIONS OF ASTs 89

Superfund

Occupational Safety and /////////////////////////////////


Health Standards
90 ADDITIONAL FEDERAL REGULATIONS

Required Under Title III of SARA

State & Local SERC&LE

FIGURE 5-1.
""''-,'v,,'''. response system.
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 91

It must rr.nrF~.n or ootelltl.i:U to .... v .....;u ..

It must .... V U ...4JJ. a n-l~lr.,. ... ' l


entrant.
92 ADDITIONAL FEDERAL REGULATIONS
CHAPTER 6

Nationa' fire Protection


Association Codes

Nal:lOn.al Fire Protection I\SSOC1"ltlOn,


material is not the C0l11pJete
~SS()claltlon, or the referenced

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 93


Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
94 NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION CODES

National Fire Protection //////////////////////////////////


Association, Code 30

General Provisions of NFPA 30

a vapor pressure not

Class IA below 100G E


Class IB shaH include those at or
above lOOGE
Class IC shall include those flash at or above 73 G F and below 1000E

Combustible at or above 100F,


Class II at or above 100G F and below 140F.
Class lIlA shall include those at or above 140G F and below 200G F.
Class IlIB shaH include those at or above 200F.
Develooed from NFPA 30.
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 95

Tank
96 NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION CODES

tla~rn",fable and Combustible

American Petroleum Institute ~Pf:Cltllcatlon Bolted Tarzks


Edition
American Petroleum Institute ~PC::CltllcatJOn Field Welded Tanks
Edition
American Petroleum Institute Spc::clf1icatJOn Welded Tartks Production ~'''I'''''Y'''''
Seventh Edition
Source: lJe\reJooea from NFPA 30.

are:

=>eClrJon I (Power Boilers).


=>ec:tlOln VIII, Division I or

Location of ASTs
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 97

APl12F

Source: De"eJoned from NFPA 30.


98 NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION CODES

{Ol)el'atl ne: pressure


Minimum distance in feet
from nearest side
of any

Proteetion

None

Vertical with weak I\DDrU'VCU foam or inerting


roof~to-sheJl seam system on tanks 112 times diameter of tank 116 diameter of tank
not 150 ft dia.
Protection for exposures >I- Diameter of tank 1/3 times diameter
None 113 diameter of

Table

Table
None Table
Source: NFPA
.. PI'Otf~Ctij:lI1 for eXf)OSIJres shan

Table 6-5. Stable


Minimum distance in feet
from nearest side
Minimum distance in feet of any
from linc
Type of tank Protection that can

Source: NFPA 30.


j'f()te(:tlcm for exposures defined as fire protection for structures on property adjacent to
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 99

Table 6-6. Boil-over


Minimum distance in feet
from nearest side
of any

None Diameter of tank 116 times diameter of tank


Fixed roof

II- Protection Of()te(:n(J,n for str'ucturl~s on

for

Table
Minimum distance in feet
Horizontal/vertical from nearest side
tanks with Minimum distance in feet of any
emergency relief from line or
to: Protection that can upon on
Permit pressure not Protected tank'" II- Not
in of psig
than

but than

but than 50

but than 100 ft

None 8 times Table 6-9, but not less Not than 1$0 ft
ft
100 NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION CODES

TabJe 6~8. Class InS


Minimum distance in feet from
Minimum distance in feet nearest side of any public way
from property line ...........,...t'" ... t building

Tank cap'acl1tv in gallons that can be built


5 5
10 5
10 10
15 10
or more 15 15
Source: NFPA 30

Table 6-9. Reference table for use in Tables and 6-7


Minimum distance in feet from
Minimum distance in feet nearest side of way
from line or imt:tortant buildlllig
Tank cap<aciltv in that can upon on
275 or less 5 5
276 to 750 10 5
15 5
20 5
30 10
50 15
80 25
100 35
135 45
165 55
175 60
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 101

Spacing between ASTs

Control of
102 NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION CODES

Table 6-10. Minimum tank


Fixed or Horizontal Fixed or Horiizontal
Tank Size Tanks Tanks
(Note Exception A IX 8) Class I or II Class IliA
AU tanks not over 1/6 sum of aOl.1cellt 116 sum of adl,i1Cellt 116 sum of aOJ,;JCellt
150 feet in diameter tank diameters but not tank diameters but not tank diameters but not
less than 3 ft less than 3 ft than 3 ft
Tanks than
150 feet
If remote 116 sum 114 sum of aOl.lcelru: 116 sum of aOI;;JCellt
tank diameters tank diameters tank diameters
If ImD,oUOlc.1mg 114 sum of adliacellt 1/3 sum of adJ:acellt 114 sum of ao,:acell1t
tank diameters tank diameters tank diameters

other

surlrouJndulg prop-

110 Jess than 3 feet apart un-


in which case the provision of Table

r-r.nfilt<r,r..'M'" are met:


REGULATJONS OF ASTs 103

8.
104 NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION CODES
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 105

capacity) an
bbl or 150,000
provide one

or h-::lrrPIC

Accessories/Openings for Aboveground Tanks


106 NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION CODES
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 107

108 NATIONAL FIRE PROTECfJON ASSOCIATION CODES

shall be used to eUflunate

Testing and Maintenance

National Fire Protection //////////////////////////////////


Association, Code lOA

General Provisions of 30A


REGULATIONS OF ASTs 109

Table 6-11. Distance reqlUU'emtents for ASTs at automotive service stations


Tanks shall be located at least:
50 feet from the nearest on the same property.
50 feet from any fuel dlSlpenser.
50 feet from the nearest side of any way.
100 feet from line that is or be built upon, the
OPpO!ilte side of a
Source: Ue\relopecl
Exception #1: All distances shall be to be reduced by 50% if the tanks are
fire~resist:ant: tanks or are installed in vaults.
Ex(:eption #2: At establishments,
where the tanks corporate vehides (bulsiness
distance shall be if the tanks are fire~resistant tanks or

ASTs at Automotive Stations


110 NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION CODES

~ Property Line
.~
~ ...:l

~
&: Three 8' x 16' ASTs
(6000 gallon capacity) J
..
SOft.
It SO ft .....
Service
Station
Building

Pm,nel"1tv Line

Note: Minimum Property Size Required of 216' by 230' = 49,680 sq. ft. 1.IS acres

FIGURE 61.
ASTs at automotive service statlollS per NFPA
oen'lcts UL142
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 111

Prn,f"IP!r1tv Line

50 ft. Three 81 x 16' ASTs

50 ft.

~
IS:: 50 ft
.~

Prn,f"IPf'tv Line

FIGURE 6-1.
ASTs at automotive service stations per NFPA
" " It-c.n tanks
112 NATIONAL FIRE PROTECfION ASSOCIATION CODES
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 113

National Fire Protection //////////////////////////////////


Association, Code 11
114 NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION CODES

Table 6-12. Fixed roof tank foam outlet r ... ~.ntTh'

Minimum number of
n""... h", .. outlets
",s>

1
2
3
141-160 4
161-180 .5
181-200 6
Over 201 one additional for
each .5000 ft
Source: De\leloned from NFPA 11.

Weathel'$hield

Tank:
SheD
Piping Support Foam Dam

Floating Roof

FIGURE 6-3.
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 115

Tank
Shen

Floating Roof

FIGURE 6-4.

Foam Dam Tank


Shell

Floating Roof

FIGURE 6-5.
... ..... "'..." a
116 NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION CODES
CHAPTER 7

Additional Fire Codes

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 117
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
118 ADDITIONAL FIRE CODES

..... r."'''' ... r''' ,.,."H .......... lUtrIS(lictlon, it is


meet

Uniform fire Code, ///////////////////////////////////////////


Appendix ,,f

Tank Design/Capacity

KCOfoduced from thc 1991 edition of the


1991, the of the
tion and the International Conference
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 119

Table 7~ 1. UFC installation details


Ins:taIJat:ion aplplJc:atllon items
and types of to be stored.
Distances from tanks and dlspellse:rs to property lines and bU'lldltng,s.
Vehicle access.
Fire ap1Plllfln(:es.
Vehicle
Protected tanks and their supports.
Method of storage and dlS1penlsmg.
Overfill vents, vapor recovery, Olspellsers and
other eqllupment.
Seismic in accordance with the bU.llolmg code.
::;,ec:onaaJrv containment.
VLI'U""'.


Electrical systems.
rnp'rot"'nr'v controls.

the fire chief.

Tank Installation

Table 7-2. UFC "pn'!lr~ltJr,n distances

Minimum distance from


1>' ...."
.....1 ..... line which is Minimum
Individual or can built upon, distance
tank including the OPf)()Slte between
side of a tanks
3 ft
50 ft ft
120 ADDITIONAL FIRE CODES

Property Line

50 ft. Three 8' x 16' ASTs

50 ft.
25 ft. I 25 ft.
Service
Station
Building

Dispenser Islands

Prnl'lPriv Line

FIGURE 7-1.
ASTs of automotive service ".."' ... "" ... "
or with UL 142
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 121

Tank Filling

anK:-nlllma personmeJ must be notified when the level has reached 85%
an audible or visual a tank gauge that indicates
PlllllIVtl'lpnt means of prc.tectIOJn.

autom,atlcauy shut off the flow of fuel to the tank at 90% of tank

Appre,pnate Slf~Jla2'elcllarlrm2' ran,K-flluruz plers()nneJ to


r!J""<lrll~'IJ before

Each fill cormec::tlofnlnlttulg


minimum oversnlfl cclnt.amcer
For remote

Uniform Fire Code, ///////////////////////////////////////////


Appendix Standard A-II-F-1
122 ADDITIONAL FIRE CODES


test must

COlt1aJ:tlO~n to occur.

Type of Test


REGULATIONS OF ASTs 123

Results


t"'nP'rn."nC"u vents must rprn-:l,n O"P'~<:If"110ni'1

Additional
124 ADDITIONAL FIRE CODES

The Building & Official Code ///////////////////////////


Administrators National
Fire Prevention Code
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 125

Three 8' x 16' ASTs


gallon canacitv)

11O~~
'-00_
; S ft.
S ft.

Mill~mu:m Prnneftv Size Re(JlUirc~

FIGURE 72.
ASTs at automotive service stations per
hrereslstalnt ASTs

Table 7-4. BOCA Code reQum!me~nts

The tOJlOWlnll re(Jluu'ernlenrs must be met per BOCA Code:


Three feet of accessible space each tank.
Automatic fuel shutoff devices at 90% of tank F~",","r"t"
All and connections to be
distance from property
ri",lnlP'",1 to tanks allowed fixed pumps, and am]~SlOniOn
limits: individual or 1
OlsperlsUlg systems instaHed per NFPA 30 or 30A.
devices allowed to be mounted on top of the tank.
No minimum distance of vehides from tank.
Serlaf.!tiCm distance of 100 ft between 1 aggregate tank dusters.
within 3 ft of AST 4 ft on centers and
126 ADDITIONAL FIRE CODES

The Southern Building Code ////////////////////////////


Congress International Standard
Fire Prevention Code
a U "J.'- REGULATIONS OF ASTs 127

Table Standard Fire Prevention


The tollowlOSZ rpl1ltltl"pmIPnltli:

Three

S ft.
allowed fixed pumps, and anltH.mt110n devices

limits: individual or 1
dlSPCflSU1lg systems installed per NFPA 30 or 30A.
allowed to be mounted on the tank.
No minimum distance of vehicles from tank.
distance of 100 ft between 1 aggregate tank
clusters.
barrier for tanks within ft of AST
ft on centers and minimum to withstand ]

enclosures for inside IJUlIOJ10gS


Proof of two-hour fire for all tank vaults.
be submitted
sec:onOaJry c.[)ntaU1lm(~nt, seismic
controls.
SFPC.
128 ADDITIONAL FIRE CODES
CHAPTER 8

State Regulations

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp


Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
129
130 STATE REGULATIONS

or

Alaska Regulations IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII


REGULATIONS OF ASTs 131
132 STATE REGULATIONS

Table 8~1. Alaska initial mSI:>eCl:ton schedule for ASTs


Tank by:
30 years and older 1, 1994
25 to 29 years 1, 1995
20 to 24 years ], 1996
10 to 19 years 1, 1997
less than 10 years 4F'"",, ..rllinn to API 653
Environmental Conservation.
determined of May 14, 1992.

California Regulations //////////////////////////////////////


REGULATIONS OF ASTs 133
134 STATE REGULATIONS

on

Florida Regulations //////////////////////////////////////////

rest')onse to a UJ"",JHU owner or


as is necessary to
C'UClrprrI
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 135

Louisiana Regulations //////////////////////////////////////


136 STATE REGULATIONS

New York Regulations //////////////////////////////////////


'Y1I'1,,-""'" REGULATIONS OF ASTs 137

Pennsylvania Regulations /////////////////////////////////


138 STATE REGULATIONS

Note /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
1.
PART III

Major
Manufacturing
Standards of ASTs

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp


Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CHAPTER 9

American Petroleum
Institute Standards

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 141
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
142 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

American Petroleum ////////////////////////////////////////


Institute Standard 650



square
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE STANDARDS 143

\pplenalxes of API Standard 650


Title
A Basis for Small Tanks
B Recommendations for and Construction of Foundations
Oil Tanks
C h i " ........",. Roofs

D
E Seismic Tanks
F of Tanks for SmaU Internal Pressures
G Aluminum Dome Roofs
H Internal Roofs
I Undertank Leak Detection and Protection
J Tanks
K of the Method Determine

L
M at Elevated
N New Materials That Are Not Identified
o Recommendations for Under-Bottom Connections
P Allowable External Loads on Tank
Source: API

Shell Design
144 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

TabJe 9~2. API Standard 650 shell


Method Variable UclllmtlollS
One-foot method shell thickness
hvclr05.tatlc test shell thickness

x: defined in API 650 Section 3.6.4.6 i .. ",,, ... I'I,, greater


than12

App1endlx A G: not less than 1.0


E: to 0.7 or 0.85.
Derived from: API 650.
variable definition-D: Section 3.6.3.2 of API 650);
cOrI'osi()fi allowance; stress; St: test stress.
equ,atlons included table are for the third course or above. API 650 Section 3.6.4 the eQu;atlo:ns
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE STANDARDS 145

Table 9~3. API Standard 650 minimum thickness


Nomina) tank diameter Nominal thickness

< 50 3116
50 to < 120 1/4
120 to <200 5/16
> 200 3/8
Source: API 650.
'6.0 millimeter may be substituted for 114"
146 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE STANDARDS 147

Roof Design
148 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

PHOTO 91.
Construction a field-erected AST
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE STANDARDS 149

Center Column

Bottom Plate

FIGURE
2:12.

Bottam Plate

Diameter

FIGURE 9-1(b).
~elt-slllnr')orted cone 2:12 9:12 and D
400 x sin 8.
150 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

Umbrella Roof Plate Details


Dome Roof Plate Details

FIGURE 9-1{ C).


~elt-sllnr)Or'tel1 dome 0.8D R 1.2D
R 7- 200.
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE STANDARDS 1,51

must not

on

If are met,
area
152 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

PHOTO 9 .. 2.
construction. I~o,urc:e:

Testing Requirements
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE STANDARDS 153

sutnclient water source is not


by the

Floating Roof Design

re1mrt~m("nt" for

Pan

Annular pontoon Metallic4 j


Double-deck j
Deck -on-floats
Sandwich MeltaUlc" or
(continued)
154 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

Tonk Shell

Outer Rim

Deck

Product Level

Double Deck Pontoon


Outer Rim
Upper Deck
Inner Rims

FIGURE 9-2.
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE STANDARDS 155

Additional Appendixes

ments:



inch
156 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

at

or liquid is

product
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE STANDARDS 157

American Petroleum Institute /////////////////////////


Institute Standard 620
158 MANUFAcruRING STANDARDS OF ASTs

Primary Steel Bottom

Primary Steel Bottom

Mesh, or Concrete

FIGURE 9-3.

contrasts
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE STANDARDS 159

PHOTO 9-3.
API 620 ASL

Shell Design
160 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

Table 9-5. Maximum COJnplreSSilve stress


Thickness-to-radius ratio
(t - Allowable stress
(t

0.00667 < (t - <0.0175

Derived
t wall th":kness;
(inches);
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE STANDARDS 161

Table 9-6. API 620 minimum thickness


Nominal tank radius Nominal

25 3116
:> 25 to 60 1/4
:> 60 to 100 5116
:> 100 3/8
Source: API
I Minimum thickness should be to 3/16 inch corrosion allowance.
162 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

Requirements
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE STANDARDS 163

American Petroleum Institute /////////////////////////


Standard 653
164 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

Table 9-7. API Standard 653 table of contents


Section Title
Section 1 Introduction
Section 2 SUlltabl.hty for Service
Section 3 Brittle Fracture Considerations
Section 4
Section 5 Materials
Section 6 Considerations for Reconstructed Tanks
Section and Alteration
Section 8 uu;mstntJmg and Reconstruction
Section 9
Section 10

Tank Inspection and Evaluation


AMERJCAN PETROLEUM JNSTITUTE STANDARDS 165
166 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

Tank Alterations and Modifications


AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE STANDARDS 167

Requirements

f~(>ur\;t:; American
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE STANDARDS 169

The assessment procedure as iUustnUed in Fi,Ul'e 9-4 shall be used for evaJuatin,
above,round slora,e tanks in petroleum and chemical services. Each of the key
s the tree are numbered com:spondin. CO the provided as
f1
1. These tanks meet the API Standard 650. seventh edition or lacer, requirements co
minimize the risk of failure due co brittle fraclUre. TInks may also be shown to meet the
coupness of API Standard 650. seventh edition or lacer. by impact cestin,
from II number sheD
2. continue to operate in same service were not built 10 the
requirements of API Standard 650. seventh or lacer. These tanks are pocentially
susceJ;'tiblle to failure due to brittle fracwre and require an assessment as iJJustrated by the
tree.
denlon!itrates that an abovel1roulld
pctrolc:um or chemical is fit for continued
provided that aU 20vtemil1l2 R:qui:rements
service are in accordance
modifications or reo:>nSltrUctiorl).
defnorlstratilllg fitness for continued service
is no greater than 0.5 the risk of failure due to brittle
that an evaluation for suil!abillity of service Section 2 has
original nominal thickness for the tank plate shan be

incr,casilllg tbe

fracture is minimal once a tank bas demonstrated that it


ma:ltlm:um without
as the
of Standard 650 for the
tank log records and meteorological
level when the
22 of API 650.
envelope for a tank based'on
most severe combination of
its life. The evaluation may
diflFere:ntl:~; several options exist:

c.
d. Comlbinations
The owner/olr>eralor
failure due to
established prinlciples
an altemative
10. All repairs, and relocations shall be made in compliance with this standard.
I An assessment shall be made to determine if the the tank at
greater risk of failure due 10 brittle fracwre. The service can more severe and
a risk of brinJe fracture if the service is reduced (for
heated oil service to ambient or the product is
a greater specific gravity and thus stresses.
FIGURE 94.
:! .....
C:I
""c
"'

~
Z
c::::
~
~
~
Z
C)
;q
>
~
>
or 6r:.n
sketch plates)
o
"'Tj

Minimum weld
>
of welds for thickness ~
plate, t, (inches)
DimenSion

R .~~~L .. .
.....~ ..... .~~~L .. .
.... ""H......... . .C?~ ~L .. .
V .~~ ~L ...
A 12" Greater of 12" or 12t

Notes:
I. All weld intersections shalt be at 90". a minimum of 12" beyond the new vertical joints. Weld the horizontal
2. Prior to welding new vertical joints. cut existins weld for joint last.
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTI11JTE STANDARDS 171

American Petroleum Institute /////////////////////////


Recommended Practice 651
172 nIl ~',"J'" MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

American Petroleum Institute /////////////////////////


Recommended Practice 652
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE STANDARDS 173

rI''''1h''3nt-"opc of sacrificial anode and '"'U....AC''''''rI current systems

Sacrificial anode No external power

Installation is Tf"I:ani'f'lv to use in


investment is soils.
IAU,l.f'F,.,IClrlvltv

smaU-d13imeter tanks. Method is not for


Maintenance costs are minimal. ()ro,teclClOn of
Interference nrc.hll'm.,
CUI~reJlts) are rare.
trecJuencv mo'n1t~OrUl~ IS

Imf'\rpc,,,,,,ti current L1vaU.UJJj,,, Interference nrr,hle'rnc

of


to almost any soil
installations.
aspects of rectifier

Source: API 652.

Additional American Petroleum /////////////////////


Institute Tank Standards
Vapor Losses
174 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

Table 9-9. API storage tank evaoorat1()O loss pulJllcaWJns


Publication Tide
API Bulletin 2513 "'V<lf'\nl"~tll\n Loss in the Petroleum Industrv--LlUS~~S and Control
All} Bulletin 2516 ".., ..,r,r'~t-.r.... Loss from Low-Pressure Tanks
API BulJetin 2518 I",V~f'\nr~tt\n Loss from Fixed-Roof Tanks
API Bulletin 2519 "<> ..\nr,~ttr.... Loss from Internal t<lo:'ltlni!-K,oot Tanks
API Publication 2517 "<>r\nr,~tu,.n Loss from External Tanks
Source: API.

Additional Tank Standards


AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE STANDARDS 175

water.

American Petroleum ////////////////////////////////////////


Institute Standard 2610
176 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

Table 9-10. API Standard 2610 table of contents


Tide
Section 1 General
Section 2 Site Selection and ""v,....u.,., R.ealllr(~m(:nts
Section 3 Pollution Prevention and Waste M~magelnel1t
Section 4 Safe of Terminals & Tanks
Section 5 Fire })revention and Protection
Section 6 Tanks
Section Dikes and Berms
Section 8 &
Section 9 and Product Transfer Facilities
Section 10 Corrosion Control
Section 11 UUJIIUI,;.;>. and Yard

Section 12 Vec:ommIS:Slofllng of
Derived from: API 2610.
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE STANDARDS 177

Note IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
1.
CHAPTER 10

National Design
Standards of
Field-Erected Tanks

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 179
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
180 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

American Water Works Association IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

AWWA D100 Standard

t =
--!.--,.J..' (10-1 )

to vV""V,UI
NATIONAL DESIGN STANDARDS OF FIELD-ERECTED TANKS 1B1

G for water
s
E

Nominal tank diameter (inches)


<: 50 3/16
50 to <: 120 114
120 to <: 200 5116
> 200 3/8
AWWA D100-84.
corrosion allowance should he added to the minimum thickness.
1S2 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs
NATIONAL DESIGN STANDARDS OF FIELD-ERECTED TANKS 183
184 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

Appendix C Tank Design


NATIONAL DESIGN STANDARDS OF FIELD-ERECTED TANKS 185

SO "'".'~"'n.,U,lJ:i.
agaInst lIJu ... n~u;.Ft is important to determine the

American Society of Mechanical 11111111/1/1///1/11//


Engineers Pressure Vessels
186 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

Table 10-2. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code sections


Section Tide
Power Boilers
II Materials
Part IIA Ferrous Material !)P(~cltlcaltlorls
Part lIB
Part IIC t.lectn)des. and Filler Metals
Part IID
III Nudear Power Plant LOm[)Oillenlts
IV 1-1"'"1" ... Boilers
0 ...

V Nondestructive Examinations
VI Recommended Rules for Care and Upten,ltlcln of I-I .. "hr, ... Boilers
VIl Recommended Rules for Care of Power Boilers
VIII Rules Construction of Pressure Vessels
Division 1 Pressure Vessels
Division 2 Alternate Rules
IX
X rIlJ'er~tla~;s-l{erntc'rc(~d Plastic Pressure Vessels
XI Rules for Inservice of Nudear Power Plant LOlmplom~nts
from: ASME.
NATIONAL DESJGN STANDARDS OF FIELD-ERECTED TANKS 187
188 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

u
w

FIGURE 10-1.
ASME narrleplalte
NATIONAL DESIGN STANDARDS OF FIELD-ERECTED TANKS 189

190 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

Table 10~3. ASME Section vm shell


Stresses Limits

VIItH't"llr<:t1 shell circumferential P <O.385SE

P <1.25SE

P <O.665SE

Derived from: ASME Section VIII.


t radius,
S
NATIONAL DESIGN STANDARDS OF FIELD-ERECTED TANKS 191

PHOTO 10-1.
ASME pressure
192 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

Notes ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
CHAPTER 11

Underwriters
Laboratories Codes

Underwriters Laboratories Standard 142 ////////

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 193
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
194 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

Tank Construction


UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES CODES 195

(a) Butt ioint


Weld
~
I K I

Weld

(b) Full peoetptioa/oomplete IUlioo

!
~
I

Weld

(e! Double welded lao ioiat


Inside Steel Plate Weld

I lit..
I
" Outside Steel Plate
Weld

FIGURE 11-1.
UL

(b! Grove weld

FIGURE 11-2.
196 MANUFAcruRING STANDARDS OF ASTs

(a) Double welded joint (b) Double welded lap joint

FIGURE 113.

(a) Single welded roof joint

FIGURE 114.
"'''''UL
f ... ""' ..
UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES CODES 197

Dike wan
Dike wan

JVel'neaLCl View

FIGURE 11-5.
::talllDle corner UL
198 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

Thmde4 Pipe Cooplial

Weld Weld

Weld Weld

FIGURE 11-6.
UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES CODES 199

Construction of Primary

maximum diameter-horizontal tanks


Maximum diameter
550 or less 48
64
76
144
144
tOO MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

At Sigle bplJdlead

FIGURE 11 7.
(;:'Ol;lrce: UL
UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES CODES 201

PHOTO 11 . . 1.
wall UL 142 mSI:am~Q at a remote l"'", .. ,rlln.~u

Construction of Containment Tanks


202 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

ExtemaJ Monitoring Standpipe IJltemal Monitoring Standpipe


(100% Secondary Containment) (110% or II'lOR Secondary Containment)
-

-- Double wan AST Double wan AST

FIGURE 11-8.
I
UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES CODES 203

test.

Tank Supports and Accessories


204 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

Tuk

Elli View

FIGURE 11-9.

Performance Test Methods


Honzc)ntaJ or


UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES CODES 205
206 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

Tank Markings

only."
4.

to ...."" ......... to emer-

"

area shall

Underwriters Laboratories ///////////////////////////////


Standard 208S
UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES CODES 207

Construction

Table 11-2. UL 2085 maximum caplaCJtlcs


Tank type

Tank Handling/Installation
208 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

Table 11-3. Overfill nt"P'LfPn1rinn devices


Tank type Audible alarm sounds at: Spill pre1venltion device activates at:
Fire-resistant tank 90% of 95% of t"<l .... <lt"I!tu

Protected tank 85% of 90% of t"<l .... <lt"I!tu

Source: Dev~~loDled from UL 2085 .


HClnz:ontal or

applying
test pressure, and ex,arnllnJ ng the tank seams
UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES CODES 209

Full-Scale Fire Test


it is to
to
210 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

Additional Testing
UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES CODES 211

Tank Markings

if



lU.:>"a.lla.I,.JIVU msrn:lctl.ons."

212 MAJOR MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs



.-,... -,~ ... test to marked

DrC_1eetUe test to be U1A.1A\.,\,.l -Jl.lrolleetlJe


CHAPTER 12

Steel Tank
Institute Codes

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 213
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
214 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

Steel Tank Institute /////////////////////////////////////////


Standard F911-93
STEEL TANK INSTITUTE CODES 215

Hold Down
Straps
Buttress
\ \. J
"- I /
~ u / u
"---,,- r--"

Horizontal Tank
/
....__. I -
f1 fl 11
,( "-

Steel Dike

FIGURE 12 .. 1.
Overview F911

Table] 2-]. Diked AST construction detail


Tank Dike cap'aCJltv

330 84 48 20 10 ga.
605 94 21 10 ga.
]08 80 30 3116
180 96 30 3/]6
240 34 3/16
324 96 3116
204 130 48 114
]30 48 114
332 130 48 114
130 48 114
444 144 48 114
444 ]44 60 114
144 60 114

(]JI<~e-l::1falJmlnll purposes, no IS In
216 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

PHOTO 12-1.
STI-F911 ODerl-[OD

Steel Tank Institute Standard //////////////////////////


F92193
STEEL TANK INSTITUTE CODES 217

E"d VIew

FIGURE 12-2.
wall

Horizontal Double Wall ASTs

TabJe 12-2. allowances


Nominal calJ'adltv Maximum diameter of n"llm~1"V tank'*'

up to 550 48
64
76
144
Source: STI F921-93 Standard.
"'No primary tank can exceed 144 inches in diameter ar any rime.
218 ~1ANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

PHOTO 12-2.
STI-F921 h r . .. ,;?.-''''''",

1 a

Vertical Double Wall

Double Wall ASTs


STEEL TANK INSTITUTE CODES 219

Side View Top View

FIGURE 123.

Steel Tank Institute Standard //////////////////////////


F941-94
220 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

PHOTO 12-3.
STI-F921 u",rt',rdl
STEEL TANK INSTITUTE CODES Ilf

FIGURE 12-4.

Table 12-3. F941 cao.aci1tv chart

Testing
222 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

PHOTO 124.
STI-F921 k ...""Cft1'1 .. rt

Insulation Surface
STEEL TANK INSTITUTE CODES 223

an ..... a."' ....


one-coat

Steel Tank Institute Recommended IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII


Practice R893-89

Protective

Electrical Isolation
224 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs

Cathodic Protection
PARTN

AST Products

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp


Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CHAPTER 13

New Field-Erected
Aboveground Storage
Tank Products

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 227
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
228 AST PRODUcrS

Floating roof
High Product level

:::
'0
o
0.
o
u
"'6
.!ii

z
S

Low Product Level

FIGURE 131.
NEW FIELD-ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 229

PHOTO 131.
Ne(ulv'-co'mpilet~d hf~ld-jf!re(:ted AST mS.:alJ(HIC~n
230 AST PRODUCTS

She" Design ////////////////////////////////////////////////////


NEW FIELD-ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 231
232 AST PRODUCTS

Table 13-1. Lomo,anson of standards with the use of ASTM 36

Standard Section
API 650 1.0
0.70
0.85
API 620 Main 0.85
1.0
AWWA 0.85 Unlimited
1.0 20F
ASME 0.70 -20F
0.85
1.0
I Joint is based on tension in the
The stated allowable stress is the alJowabJe stress for ASTM 36 aUowed
multiplied by the joint The allowable stress also is based on
terrlpet'atures, which vary for elevated temperatures and other

:~ The standard or section alows the material to be used at MDMT, depenclmg on the
thickness. The MDMT listed is for 1M-inch
.. The allowable stress based on the
NEW FIELD ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 233

Bottom Design ////////////////////////////////////////////////


234 AST PRODUCTS

Tahle 1 I\dvalltae:es and dlsad'varltallZes of two types of RPB for new tanks

Memhrane Liner Liner will not corrode. """''''''''''-''1-'


Medium hetween may facilitate
cathodic

Leak detection is easier. Accelerated local corrosion


costs are lower if if is unsealed.
nrllm<lI"V hottom leaks. cost for interstitial
space medium.
NEW fiELD-ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCIS 235

PHOTO 13-2.
construction
236 AST PRODUCTS

bottom leak aetectJon.




NEW FIELD-ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 237

Roof Design /////////////////////////////////////////////////////

a is not an ess(~nt)al
reasons, including:





238 AST PRODUCTS






NEW FIELD-ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 239

PHOTO 13-3.
240 AST PRODUCTS
NEW FlELD~ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 241

Floating Roof Design //////////////////////////////////////


242 AST PRODUCTS

PHOTO 134.
hp,'lti_,,,..rprtl'l-ti ASTs construction.
NEW FJELD-ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 243
244 AST PRODUCTS

Table 13-3.

68
74

Total 992 760


Derived from: API 2517 and 2519.
I Losses from EFR are based on 10
accessories that include: manhcJJe,
NEW FIELD-ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 245

Table 13-4.

Pan Carbon steel


Carbon steel ./
Annular pontoon Carbon steel ./ ./
Double deck Carbon steel
Deck -on-floats Aluminum
Aluminum
9-2. 2 Pontoons are dosed
is in full contact with the
246 AST PRODUCTS

Table 13~5. t,vflpoiratlon loses from seals

160
250
200
176
NEW FIELD-ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 247
CHAPTER 14

Existing Field-Erected
Aboveground Storage
Tank Products

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 249
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
250 AST PRODUCTS

Inspection ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
EXISTING FIELD-ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 251

Table 14-1. Minimum Qualhhc~d mspectICm intervals per API 653


Surface type Unknown corrosion rate Known corrosion rate
Internal Plate thickness 10 years 20
External Visual 5 years 5 years or
one-quarter of corrosion life
Plate thickness years One-half of corrosion life or
15
Derived
252 AST PRODUCTS

Evaluation /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
EXISTING FIELD-ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 253

=--~--

courses

seams
254 AST PRODUCTS
EXISTING FIELD-ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS iSS

Repair and Modifications /////////////////////////////////


256 AST PRODUCTS

PHOTO 14-1.
nPlrl_p,rpr'f'Prl AST under conversion to
EXISTING FIELD~ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 257

f ArYH''llU'I''Ir'V shelf Tonk shell


lugs

Remove corner welds, or


shell above corner weld

bottom to be
r''''T\nV,~rl from under shell

Cut existing 6"

Existing bottom

FIGURE 141.
Bottom replJacement merno,os.
258 AST PRODUCTS
EXISTING FIELD-ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 259
260 AST PRODUCTS
EXISTING FIELD-ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 261

Cut lines
Reweld shell

Shell nozzle

Before Roising After ROising

reinforcement cut
nozzle centerline

Existing bottom

FIGURE 14-2.
Section 3.7.3. t'ru ...rco*
262 AST PRODUCTS

Reconstruction /////////////////////////////////////////////////
EXISTING FIELD-ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 263
CHAPTER 15

Shop-Built Aboveground
Storage Tank Products

UL vs. API Codes //////////////////////////////////////////////

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 265
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
266 PRODUCTS

PHOTO 151.
at a t-"", .. ,m ..."" UL 142 or API
SFIOl>-BUILT ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 267

AST Venting //////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Single Wall ASTs ///////////////////////////////////////////////


268 AST PRODUCTS

Horizontal

FIGURE 151.
AST

Containment
SHOP-BUILT ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 269

Single Wall AST

Concrete Dike (cutaway front view)

FIGURE 15-2.
AST in concrete
270 AST PRODUCTS

PHOTO 15 . . 2.
seconaal'Y containment
SHOP-BUILT ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 271

Concrete Roof (10 tbick)

Single wan AST Sinlle wan AST

Coneme Floor (10 tbick)

FIGURE 15-3.
ASTin
272 AST PRODUCTS

fa) Dogble bolt'" "ith mam

FIGURE 154.
AST with bottom,

Double Wall ASTs /////////////////////////////////////////////


SHOP-BUILT ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 273

Vertical

FIGURE 155.
AST
274 AST PRODUCTS

External"
(100% Secondary '"
" .. Internal
(110010 or more
~

,..
r-
-

-
- Double wall AST DoublewaUAST

---
-
'lIII-
! - ._---

FIGURE 15-6.

Horimmal Double Wall AST with Vertical Double Wall AST with
BXlCmaI Monitoring Standpipe BXICmaI Monitoring *"" ...

_ '" '" Breach in internal

- - " tankwaU

Umlid Level Mark


"1-
<:....
t'-
Breach in internal
tank wall

Liquid Level Mark

FIGURE 15-7.
Horizontal and 'I-.<"",
UP .. ASTs with leak aetect'Jlon.
SHOP-BUILT ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 275

Diked ASTs ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Open-Top Diked AST


276 AST PRODUCTS

Single Wan AST

/'
Sleel Channels

FIGURE 15 .. 8.
AST.
SHOP-BUILT ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 277

PHOTO 15-4.
AST.

Closed-Top Diked AST


278 AST PRODUCTS

Rain Shield Single wan AST

/
Steel Channels

FIGURE 15-9.
AST.
SHOP-BUILT ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 219

Sinsle Wall AST

Steel CJwmeII

FIGURE 15-10.
AST.

Fire-Protected ASTs /////////////////////////////////////////


280 AST PRODUCIS
SHOp BUILT ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 281

Exterior six inches of eoncrete

Intemal SceeJ
TaDkWail

FIGURE 15-11.
waH hrepr{)tected AST


tBt AST PRODUCTS

Six inches of concrete/insulation


in the interstitial space

Primary Tank

LJ
Secondary Tank Primary Tank

FIGURE 1512.
nre-protect!ed AST

Primary Tank

L.J
Secondary Tank

E"d'VieHt

FIGURE 15-13.
nre-pf()tec:red AST
SHOP-BUILT ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 283

284 AST PRODUCTS

Summary //////////////////////////////////////////////////////II/II

",r.."rtn,rf' choices fOf fuel disperlSlfl2

Mfgr. codes
ut 142,
API J.
API

Double Flammable and UL Does not meet UFClBOCAJ


AST com busti bJe STI SBCC) fire codes,
saddles or concrete cradle.
has one-year warranty

has maUSfnal
takes same space
wall installation
Diked AST Flammable and UL Meets NFPA with additional
combustible STI F91 rdoca ted, has

open-top
area is contami-
nated by weather or debris. usu-
has one-year warranty
Flammable and UL 208S, Most has excessive
combustible STI F941
CHAPTER 16

Shop-Built Aboveground
Storage Tank Installation
Instructions

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 285
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
286 AST PRODUCiS

Foundation and Site Preparation ////////////////////


SHOP-BUILT ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS 287

Tank Handling

PHOTO 16 .. 1.
Douhle wall ASTs
288 AST PRODUCTS

AST Testing //////////////////////////////////////////////////////

Preparation, and Double Wall


Tanks

Testing of Single Wall Tanks, Horizontal and


Vertical

Testing of Double Wall Tanks, Horizontal


and Vertical
SHOP-BUILT ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS 289

VaiveC

Valve A
~

Air Supply
~
Gauge

Horizontal double wall AST

FIGURE 16 .. 1.
Air pressure test hCurt71''lnr'l)l AST.
290 AST PRODUCTS

Air Supply
~
Gaugel

Vertical double wall

FIGURE 162.
Air pressure test uPt"ttf"',-:s1 AST.

Table 16-1.
Horizontal double wall ASTs Vertical double wall ASTs
SHOP-BUILT ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS 291
292 AST PRODUcrS

. . . . "."" ..,,,.,, cover and the


a long-bolt

Installed Tanks-General /////////////////////////////////


Considerations

Secondary Containment
SHOP-BUILT ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS 293

Pumps and Valves


294 AST PRODUCTS

Tank Attachments
SHOP~BUILT ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS 295

Pipe and Fittings


Appendixes

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp


Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
APPENDIX A

Environmental
Regulatory Offices

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 299
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
300 APPENDIXES

Environmental Regulatory ////////////////////////////////


Offices-United States
Federal

Table A-I. United States EPA offices


Mail code
U.S. HPU-l MA 02203 7) 573-9604
U.S. 26 Federal Plaza 2AWM-HWPB NY 10278 264-3384
U.S. 841 Chestnut: St. Bid. 3HW63 Phllade.lphla, PA 19107 597-7354
U.S. 345 Courtland St. NE 4WM-GP GA 30365
r'lU<I.lILCI. 347-3866
U.S. 230 S. Dearborn St. 3 <1&"', JL 60604
"""' . . 1 ... 886-6159
U.S. 1445 Ross Ave. 6H-A TX 75202 655-6755
U.S. 726 Minnesota Ave. RCRA Branch KS 66101 551-7651
U.S. 999 18th St. 8-HWM-RI CO 80202 293-1514
U.S. 75 Hawthorne St. 10th H21 t'rarICISCO, CA 94103 744-2079
U.S. 1200 Sixth Ave. WD-139 WA 98101 553-0344

Table A-2. Statesfferritories covered


EPA
APPENDIX A 301

Acid Rain

Solid and Hazardous Waste 412-9810


412-9810
Tanks 412-9810
Wetland Information

and Territorial
302 A1>PENDIXES
APPENDIX A 303

Hawaii
1270

tn,rlrOtnmlent:al Quality

1.,. .... "' .......... . ." ' . . of Natural KeSiom-ces

19

Health
AJUJl .... UJ'Ji. 740
304 APPENDIXES

Health
APPENDIX A 305
306 APPENDIXES
APPENDIX A 307

........... '"' and


30B APPENDIXES

Environmental Regulatory ////////////////////////////////


Offices-Canada
Federal

Provinces and Territories


APPENDIX A 309

Manitoba
310 APPENDIXES
AJ)PENDIX A 311
APPENDIX B

AST Fabricating
Companies, Field-Erected
and Shop-Built

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp


Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
313
314 APPENDIXES

TabJe B~ 1. Steel Tank Institute member COJnpam'es. United States


Number of
locations
WA 3
VA 3
l'Ui:tUi:tlllli:t Tank Atmore, AL
An(:hOl'age Tank & Anc:horage, AL no
B & H Tank IA no
Bakersfield, CA no
'-''-lUUtV'', PA no
Balt.lmO)'e, MD no
Langhorne, PA
Her:mallisvil.le, MI
MN 4
Sprilngnield, IL 110
Lin~:oh1Ishil'e, IL no
",!<tl.ll.~I.UH.MI
MN 1 yes no
1
5
AJb:uQu1erQt:le, NM
yes no

Somersworth, NH
Goldsboro, no
Gordon Metal "a".rlc:~tnrs "p\.,,,,au\;,WA yes yes
AK
N. Little Rock, AR no
Cotl.lmbtlS, OH 1
:'to'vstown. PA 6 no
ron''>K'''''. MO no
Huron, SD yes no

WI no
(512) 66]-2316
1
no
Alh,uQ\lerCIUe, NM 2 no
no
no

no
ulf:arcl<!au, MO no

no

Mernph.ls, AR
APPENDIX B 315

Table B-1.
Number of
locations
ND 4
Garden KS (316) 275-7461 1 yes
Florence, SC no
Sacr'ame:nto, CA (916) 383-5413 no
Brookville, PA no
....",."'u,,,.. WA
Louisville, KY no
OK
Owensboro, KY yes no
JaclksolwllJle, FL no
no

Mallcellr>na, MI no

no

B-2. Petroleum tJqUl~)ml~nt Institute manuracrurml?; members of ASTs

B.R.E. Products, Inc. no


316 APPENDIXES

Table B-3. Steel Tank Association of Canada member COInp.amics


Number of Field-ereaed
locations ASTs
Montcon. NB (506) 857-2700 yes yes

(902) 354-3483 1 yes no


Clemmer Industries 884-4320 3 yes
Drummond (514) 526-4411 yes yes
DTE Industries Ltd. (416) 757-6278 yes no
Steel Tanks Inc. (514) 378-2334 yes no
Hassan Steel Fabricators London. Ont. (515) 451-3100 yes no
Soudure P.M. Inc. Que. (514) 648-4987 yes no
Steel
Surrey, BC (604) 580-9733 yes
WesteeJ Alb. (403) 278-4500 yes
Tank of

Table B-4. field-erected AST United States


AST company address code
Advance Tank & Construction Co. P.O. Box 219 CO 80549 (303)5683444
American Tank & Inc. P.O. Box Mobile. At 36601 (205)432-8265
Baker Tank P.O. Box 40 TX 75750 (903)859-2111
(BMT) P.O. Box 64670 Saint Paul, MN 55164 (612)454-6750
Caldwell Tanks, Inc. 400 Tower Rd. Louisville, KY 40219 (502)964-3361
Tank & Company P.O. Box Whitehouse, TX 75791 (903)839-7291
& Iron Co. (CBI) 800 Jode Blvd. Oak Brook, IL 60522 (312)572-7000
Consolidated Fabricators &
Constructors, Inc. 640 S. Wheeler Place Griffith, IN 46319 (219)924-2884
Inc. P.O. Box 827 Metter. GA 30439 (419)448-4045
Diamond Tank & Vessel, Inc. 4533 Pasadena Blvd. Pasadena, TX 77503 (713)4794010
Erected Steel Products of Alabama Inc. P.O. Box AL (205)945-7494
Fisher Tank 3131 W. Fourtb St. Chester, PA 19013 (215)494-7200
Graver Tank & Co., Inc. P.O. Box 1764 Houston, TX 77251 (713)4745121
HMT, Inc. 4422 FM 1960 W., #350 Houston. TX 77068 (713)893-9150
International Tank Inc. 1).0. Box 5065 Lima,OH (419 )223-8251
Jersey Tank Fabricators Inc. P.O. Box 64 Bayonne. NJ 07002 (908)561-2865
Matrix Service 10701 E. Ute St. Tulsa, OK 74116 (918)838-8822
Nomer P.O. Box 451 Saint Louis, MO 63166 (314 )621-6000
Pasadena Tank 8123 Hillsboro Houston. TX (713)6754096
Pawnee Tank 554 Illinois St. Pawnee, OK 74058 (918)762-2182
Pitt-Des Moines, Inc. (PDM) Grand Ave. PA 15225 (412)332-3000
Tank & Tower Company P.O. Box 913 Henderson, KY 42420 (502)8269000
Tampa Tank & Inc. P.O. Box Tampa. FL 33675 (813 )623-2675
Tank Builders, Inc. P.O. Box 1527 Euless, TX 76039 (817)571-4044
P.O. Box 55 Kennerdell, PA 16374 (814)385-6601
to other manufacturers
APPENDIX C

AST Associations

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 317
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
318 APPENDIXES

1 6
Philadelphia, PA 1

6
APPENDIX C 31'
320 APPENDIXES
APPENDIX D

Canadian federal
AST Legislation and
AST Associations

Canadian AST Codes and Regulations /////////////

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 321
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
322 APPENDIXES

The National Fire Code of Canada

CCME Environmental Code Practice


APPENDIX D 323

324 APPENDIXES


APPENDIX D 325

Canadian AST Associations //////////////////////////////

(CGSB)

RexdaJe, Ontario M9W 1R3


(416)
,-,QUc::I,UQ (NFC)
'-'VUIII ... '1 of ,-,allc::l,ua
326 APPENDIXES

Table D-1.
Areas of apJ}lic;aricm

Timing

10 kPa

Pressure-vacuum vent

for the last

External Vapor control


roof system

N/A N/A

no

Inspections
APPENDIX E

National Fire Code


Comparison Chart by
the Steel Tank Institute

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 327
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
328 APPENDIXES

Code Hp"Ul'l"pn,pnt'.,

TERMINOLOGY

INSTALLATION

individuall

gaJ gal
APPENDIX E 329

Code Kpt'11111rpl'1lPnt<:

SPILL PREVEN"DON

Protected Tank

>

PIPING
330 APPENDIXES

lJISiPCI1SUIg Fuels

MISCELLANEOUS
APPENDIX F

Petroleum Equipment
Institute Dike Sizing
Calculations

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 331
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
332 APPENDIXES

where:
1t=3.14

=1

OC(:U p'lea = x 1
APPENDIX F 333

= 1
contcllnmt~nt IS 1

or
334 APPENDIXES

" ... ,.."t.... ,.. ..." ... ,. area = A = L x

next
APPENDIX G

Tank Data Sheet

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp


Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
335
336 APPENDIXES

Aboveground Steel Tank


Handbook-Tank Data Sheet
A. User/Owner Information

Name
Address _~_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ State code _ __
______________________ Fax __________________________

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ State code _ __
Phone _____________________ Fax __________________________

B. Tank Description
Tank _ _ _ Tank diameter ____ feet
Tank _ _ _ _ feet
cubic
cubic
Foundation:

C. Product Information
Product deS,Cfl1Pt1()fl ________ _ _ _ At _ _ _ OF
Flash point _ _ _ _ of

metal of
of
over-pressure: Other
vacuum load:
inches
Bottom inches Structural
bottom inches
API 650
Yes No
0.85
tank
API 620
Joint 0.85 LO
AWWAD-lOO
C allowed Yes No
Other
APPENDIX G 337

Tank Data Sheet (continued)


E. Tank RoofDesign:
Loads:

F. Tank Construction
Bottom: _ _ _ inches foot Crowned Coned
_ _ _ inches
butt weld Double butt weld
Yes No

_ _ _ inches

Flexible liner
Other: ________________________________________
Shell: Minimum nominal thickness: standard inches
Minimum corroded thickness: standard inches
Roof: Fixed
Selt:'stlpplort(~d cone roof - inches per foot
SU1'J)011ed cone roof - 3/4:12 Other : 12
SeJt-StJp1)ort(~d umbrella radius: feet
Selt:'Sl.lJ)1)ort(:d dome roof radius: ____ feet

tlOl:ltIlilg roof -
External tlO~IUlllg roof -
Other
G. Tank Loadings
Wind ............'........ Wind load uplnrl1tu _ _ _ _ __
Shell wind stability Other _ _ _ __
Intermediate wind Yes No
Yes No

Site coefficient Other


Tie rods reQum~<I Yes No
Rainfall: Maximum total rainfall _ _ _ _ inches
Maximum rainfall rate inches/hour
338 APPENDIXES

Tank Data Sheet (continued)


H. Testing
Shell: Radiograph examination required: 0 Yes ONo
Test weld seams by: Hydrotest Vacuum box Other
Bottom: Test weld seams by: Vacuum box o Other
Roof: Weld o None Vacuum box Pressure test Other
J. Vtmting Design
'J'" ...,
..1
User/Owner
Nominal nozzle size inch
Vent
Vent supplied Owner Tank erector
Tank erector
Pumping rates:
In Out (bph,
Process
-
Appurtenances
.9
Mark Ouanttrv Size 1 D "

I Provide a sketch to define the working as discussed in Chapter J 3 and in Figure f 3-1.
Definition of the design metal in the shell section of 9.
See the shell design section in 9 on a between API 620
Discussion of is given in the roof design section of Chapter 9
!\ Nominal thickness corrosion allowance.
tI Discussion on the different roofs options discussed in the roof design section of Chapter 9 and Chapter J3.
See 9-l(c) on the difference between umbrella and dome roofs.
II on the of roofs is given in the floating roof design section of Chapter 9 and Chapter 13.
<) Specify if the located in shell or roof of the tank.
Glossary of
Industry Acronyms
and Abbreviations

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 339
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
340 GLOSSARY OF INDUSTRY ACROONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
GLOSSARY OF INDUSTRY ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 341

oxygen
342 GLOSSARY OF INDUSTRY ACROONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
GLOSSARY OF INDUSTRY ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 343

WQA: Quality
Index

air emission containment system 28 facilities 125


air area classification 60 field-erected 2, 175
allowable stress 1 fire resistant 1
1 231 271,279
annular 231 fire conditions 122
Area 53 fixed roof
ASME Code 186 horizontal 4, 199
installation 1
19
clOsecl-rc,[} system 278 maintenance 163
compartment 199 167
construction standards 137 material 194
cuslrom-des:Jgn(~d 3 166
diked 275
disinfection 185
double wall 12, 272
elevated 180
eQIJlPlmelnt failure 28

The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp


Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
345
346 INDEX

pr(,duct choices 284 HUlldUlg & Officiaj Code


pr(,tec:ted 118, 126, 210 Administrators 117
rect:an)l;Je 201 bunkered tanks 42

certified tank handlers 138


253
test 231
subterranean vaults 42
supports 214 clean air act 242
vault 111, 293 closed vent system 74
vertical COtlne,Ur:2ltioln 4, 199 223
AST 250 code stamp 187
;onlnrehj~nS.lve Environmental
internal nC:SlJlJU:;C. LOmtpellsatJOlfl, and
schedule 132
AST 155
air pressure 1 221, 288 confined space 91
huovan.::v 205 conl:jngc::ncy planmng 134
continued service 165
hose stream Control Guidelines
60
corrosion
allowance
interstitia] communication 211 252
209 252
shell 167
twophour full-scale fire test 122
vacuum box DrOlgrarn) 81
288
vehicle gUlcleunes 266
authorities mrISdlctlon 94 meta! temperature 1 230
authorized mSDec:tor parameters 229
automotive service stations 108 differential settlement 258
dikes
Best AvaiiabJe Control 331
61
best available teclhn<)lo,~V release 21
best conventional techm>lo,,,v 56
bottom 1 237
bottom worstcase 54
minimum thickness 255 double bottom 234
thickness evaluation 254
repJiacf'melrlt 166 elevated temperature
brittle fracture failure FrTlprO'pnl'V 1)11"""",,, ... and ComnlUlllity
1 260 KU!nt-lto-l"no,w Act of 1986 86
INDEX 347

... rrlPr,E7prU'U Ke~;ponse Notification foam systems 113


21 foundation 286
emission losses 243 tolerances 156
emissions audit 76 tr!tnulhlp roof

environment
sJgmhcallt and substantial harm to
the 53 e:r()Unla\l\rat(~r contamination 21
substantial threat to the
Environmental Defense Fund 19 handrails 90
Environmental Protection harmful qu~mtltles
36 hazardous air pol.Jutant
environmental response team 89 area source classlJhc<JltlCm
environmental source 75
costs 15 Hazardous and Solid Waste
26 80
sensitive areas 52 Hazardous NESHAP 72
sound 28 hazardous substance 92
Executive Order 12777 87 hold-down straps 214
ex1:relnellv hazardous substances
87

Ke~;Donse Plans 131


Federal Water Pollution Contro] Act Associations
35 International Fire Codes Institute
fire 118
full surface 116 interstitial space 281
incidents 25
sUPI)reS!SlOn eqUJplTlent 29 161, 189
flammable and combustible 94
flash 95 Kb controls 246
243
ladders 91

external
foam dam 113 acoustic emissions 236
gauge 74 LEPC 88
mSI)ect:lOn 70
242
maintenance 67 container 101
material of construction 244 umoadlmg rack 45
mUltiple pontoon 244 plannilnl?; committee
nrll'r<lt-tnn 67

74 Lowest Achievable Emission Rate


62
measurements 70
me,cna,mcaJ shoe 245 ma.nuractlllrlfll?; rf"fUlIrf"n"lf"nN 266
metal weathershjeJd 113 marine service station 108
245 material group 143
348 INDEX

86
259

176

National Ambient Air systems 107


Standards tilt settlement 258
National Contillgency 52

National Fire Protection Association


233
270 pressure relief value 1 89
267
National l'~:)LJU'U"\;
national cr""nr1-:>rl'C
157
National Task Force on
V".. Java} 323 Prevention of S12nitlcallt Deterioration
233
61
...,rillcrru 6

nozzJe reinforcement 230


ReasonabJe Further 1>.. ,<,,, . . , , , , , , 61
NPDES 55
baseline 57 Ke.aso,naJblv Available Control
61

rel!ional administrator
and Health
Administration 79
offset 62
oil nlc,rh",rc'p nreventlon
120
Oil Pollution Prevention Ke,guJatllDns

Oil -.-v ..... J Trust Fund 40 Resource Conservation Act


89 79
INDEX 349

interim facilities 83
pelrmJltte<l facilities 83
""1"nO'1""'''' 81
136 Standard Fire Prevention Code 117
Standard Industrial Classification
code 86
starl<lpllpeS 180
treatment, storage, and <llslPosal state codes 229
82

60

............ tnnn 79

:'U1Dertufl<l Amendment and


85

323

231
settlement 258
shell 144
minimum thickness 1 181
181 UL 211
198 ultrasonic thickness measurements 251
1 253 24
wind
shell evaluation 165 42
shell Uniform Fire ('A)de 117
shell uniform 258
snow load 181 unstable 99
of Gasoline
Marketers of America ""'''ntHl<' 7 vacuum box
solid waste 81 288
Solid Waste .LJ'.,~",'",a. vapor losses 245

242

revisions 41 normal 105


40 volatile 60
Task Force 41 emission reduction 63
350 INDEX

warranty 281 water storage 179


waste generators 82 weak sheH-to-roof
waste treatment facilities 179 288
water standards 36 194

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