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Aboveground
Steel Storage Tank
Handbook
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 1
_K1"'1i"lnD.
pa1tJellCe are
Thorp,
Thorp
Contents
xv
11
vII
viii CONTENTS
1
113
Appendixes 297
APPENDIX A Environmental Regulatory Offices 299
300
Index
Preface
xiII
xlv PREFACE
Acknowledgments
xv
PART I
The Aboveground
Steel Storage
Tank Market
PHOTO 1-1.
ASTs at a nptrnlpunl C'r.", .. """,,,, tprnlll'-:l
Table 1-1.
Field-Erected ASTs
Table 1-2.
Sector Median diameter
10
15
25
70
416 220
Total
26 to 500 12
15
30
90
220
26 to 500 694 10
500 to 1 15
1 35
120
or more 220
Total
Production 26 to 500 1.0
16
30
974 70
27 200
Total
Source: American Petroleum Institute.
THE AST MARKET
PHOTO 1-2.
an oncn'-ron WDatmg
Table 1-3.
Percent of prc_auct'()D
100
90
80
70
(I)
f 60
~
(I) 50
a..
m
{!!.
40
30
20
10
0
FIGURE 1-1.
VS. 1990/1991.
THE AST MARKET 7
Table 1-5.
CBI Inl'i".,t-,,,,,.,..,
Table 1-5.
MalnuJract:unng~ Inc.
PHOTO 13.
Sn(lD-DUllf[ ASTs at a
10 THE ABOVEGROUND STEEL STORAGE TANK MARKET
3
7
1 5
2 Illinois 7
2 Indiana 4
2 Kansas 5
Ohio 4
Oklahoma 6
Other 9
3 Alabama 2
3 Arkansas 3
3 Louisiana 20
3 6
.3 New Mexico 3
3 Texas 29
4 Colorado 2
4 Montana 4
4 Utah 6
4 4
5 Alaska 6
5 California 23
5 6
5
Tennessee, Wisconsin.
Other District States: Arizona. Hawaii, Nevada, Oregon.
THE AST MARKET 11
PHOTO 14.
THE AST MARKET 13
Product
Motor fuels
Water 23 %
fuel 8%
Source: Derived from Steel Tank lnstitute
15%
15%
13%
Source: Derived from Steel Tank Institute
TVI'lir~tllv_ ASTs over 50,000 are field-erected.
Table 1~9. 1
Number of tanks Dlal1lned Percent of members
None 20%
1-5
6-1
11-20 10%
Source:
EPA
EPA
Clean Air Act Amendments API/Bechtel
RCRA reauthorization DOFJAPI
Clean Water A<.."t reauthorization Bechtel
P'rnlncn<::.:.t1 AST leglslat]On API
API '9 and EllA.
Notes ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
16 THE ABOVEGROUND STEEL STORAGE TANK MARKET
THE AST MARKET 11
1 Ibid.
CHAPTER 2
Environmental Issues
for Aboveground
Storage Tanks
01her
Refining
47%
Productioo
190/..
R&D
20/0
Air Pollution
28%
FIGURE 2-1.
1990 enVlrOflmental expenOltures
THE AST MARKET 23
U.S. Refiners
FIGURE 22.
1990 \..;oelTIJCal rele'lses. (~0I1rCf'! American Petroleu:m InStitute)
FL
KY
IJhlladelphla. PA
SC
Tacoma, WA
Source: Eov'irOllmentaJ Defense Fund, 1993.
THE AST MARKET 25
26 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES FOR ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANKS
PHOTO 2-2.
28 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES FOR ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANKS
not more
PHOTO 23.
AST lu;;)"au.:lu"",,u ...., ......'... " emllf(mnlen:tally
30 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES FOR ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANKS
Notes ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
THE AST ~1ARKET 31
PART II
Major Regulations
of ASTs
waters."
THE CLEAN WATER ACT 37
THE CLEAN WATER ACT 39
40 REGULATIONS OF ASTs
THE CLEAN WATER ACT 43
REGULATIONS OF ASTs
THE CLEAN WATER ACT 45
countermeasure .......rnn''''.,.''",'''
46 REGULATIONS OF ASTs
PHOTO 3-1.
ASTs containment.
water
THE CLEAN WATER ACT 47
48 REGULATIONS OF ASTs
THE CLEAN WATER ACT 49
with an audible or
50 REGULAT10NS OF ASTs
ntorn_IIPll,,,.1 sensors
I No
"
II the facility located at a distance
sudl1hat a disd1arao ftom 1be facility
could cause injury to III envirmme:ot.aUy ~
liICIlSilive _as defined iD Appendix D? Yea
No No
No
,V
No Submittal of Response Plan WdhiD the past five years, bas the Yea
'L~
Except at RA Discretion "" No
facility expaiaaced. reportable ~
spiU in III amount ...... than
or equal to 10,000 pllms?
FIGURE 3-1.
52 ~"'4~11'\J4' REGULATIONS OF ASTs
water
THE CLEAN WATER ACT 53
54 REGULATIONS OF ASTs
THE CLEAN WATER ACT 55
56 REGULATIONS OF ASTs
THE CLEAN WATER ACT 57
sec()na part
individual
soe(:mc industry
Notes ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
1.
58 REGULATIONS OF ASTs
CHAPTER 4
can an
ment areas.
K Controls
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 65
Ka Controls
66 THE CLEAN AIR ACT
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 67
Kb Controls
68 THE CLEAN AIR ACT
VRS
VRS
Distribution NESHAP
76 THE CLEAN AIR ACT
Additional Federal
Regulations
waste.
waste is manaJ~ea
manner.
waste
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 81
primarily
m~~esltea or
waste,
wastes to
,--"'IUA.. l"""'.l" or if a
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 83
euer",",c or COmt)Ollerlts.
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 85
Inventory Reporting
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 87
Emergency Planning
88 ADDITIONAL FEDERAL REGULATIONS
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 89
Superfund
FIGURE 5-1.
""''-,'v,,'''. response system.
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 91
Tank
96 NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION CODES
are:
Location of ASTs
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 97
APl12F
Proteetion
None
Table
Table
None Table
Source: NFPA
.. PI'Otf~Ctij:lI1 for eXf)OSIJres shan
for
Table
Minimum distance in feet
Horizontal/vertical from nearest side
tanks with Minimum distance in feet of any
emergency relief from line or
to: Protection that can upon on
Permit pressure not Protected tank'" II- Not
in of psig
than
but than
but than 50
None 8 times Table 6-9, but not less Not than 1$0 ft
ft
100 NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION CODES
Control of
102 NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION CODES
other
surlrouJndulg prop-
8.
104 NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION CODES
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 105
capacity) an
bbl or 150,000
provide one
or h-::lrrPIC
~ Property Line
.~
~ ...:l
~
&: Three 8' x 16' ASTs
(6000 gallon capacity) J
..
SOft.
It SO ft .....
Service
Station
Building
Pm,nel"1tv Line
Note: Minimum Property Size Required of 216' by 230' = 49,680 sq. ft. 1.IS acres
FIGURE 61.
ASTs at automotive service statlollS per NFPA
oen'lcts UL142
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 111
Prn,f"IP!r1tv Line
50 ft.
~
IS:: 50 ft
.~
Prn,f"IPf'tv Line
FIGURE 6-1.
ASTs at automotive service stations per NFPA
" " It-c.n tanks
112 NATIONAL FIRE PROTECfION ASSOCIATION CODES
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 113
Minimum number of
n""... h", .. outlets
",s>
1
2
3
141-160 4
161-180 .5
181-200 6
Over 201 one additional for
each .5000 ft
Source: De\leloned from NFPA 11.
Weathel'$hield
Tank:
SheD
Piping Support Foam Dam
Floating Roof
FIGURE 6-3.
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 115
Tank
Shen
Floating Roof
FIGURE 6-4.
Floating Roof
FIGURE 6-5.
... ..... "'..." a
116 NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION CODES
CHAPTER 7
The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 117
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
118 ADDITIONAL FIRE CODES
Tank Design/Capacity
Electrical systems.
rnp'rot"'nr'v controls.
Tank Installation
Property Line
50 ft.
25 ft. I 25 ft.
Service
Station
Building
Dispenser Islands
Prnl'lPriv Line
FIGURE 7-1.
ASTs of automotive service ".."' ... "" ... "
or with UL 142
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 121
Tank Filling
anK:-nlllma personmeJ must be notified when the level has reached 85%
an audible or visual a tank gauge that indicates
PlllllIVtl'lpnt means of prc.tectIOJn.
autom,atlcauy shut off the flow of fuel to the tank at 90% of tank
test must
COlt1aJ:tlO~n to occur.
Type of Test
REGULATIONS OF ASTs 123
Results
t"'nP'rn."nC"u vents must rprn-:l,n O"P'~<:If"110ni'1
Additional
124 ADDITIONAL FIRE CODES
11O~~
'-00_
; S ft.
S ft.
FIGURE 72.
ASTs at automotive service stations per
hrereslstalnt ASTs
Three
S ft.
allowed fixed pumps, and anltH.mt110n devices
limits: individual or 1
dlSPCflSU1lg systems installed per NFPA 30 or 30A.
allowed to be mounted on the tank.
No minimum distance of vehicles from tank.
distance of 100 ft between 1 aggregate tank
clusters.
barrier for tanks within ft of AST
ft on centers and minimum to withstand ]
State Regulations
or
on
Note /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
1.
PART III
Major
Manufacturing
Standards of ASTs
American Petroleum
Institute Standards
The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 141
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
142 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs
square
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE STANDARDS 143
D
E Seismic Tanks
F of Tanks for SmaU Internal Pressures
G Aluminum Dome Roofs
H Internal Roofs
I Undertank Leak Detection and Protection
J Tanks
K of the Method Determine
L
M at Elevated
N New Materials That Are Not Identified
o Recommendations for Under-Bottom Connections
P Allowable External Loads on Tank
Source: API
Shell Design
144 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs
< 50 3116
50 to < 120 1/4
120 to <200 5/16
> 200 3/8
Source: API 650.
'6.0 millimeter may be substituted for 114"
146 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE STANDARDS 147
Roof Design
148 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs
PHOTO 91.
Construction a field-erected AST
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE STANDARDS 149
Center Column
Bottom Plate
FIGURE
2:12.
Bottam Plate
Diameter
FIGURE 9-1(b).
~elt-slllnr')orted cone 2:12 9:12 and D
400 x sin 8.
150 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs
must not
on
If are met,
area
152 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs
PHOTO 9 .. 2.
construction. I~o,urc:e:
Testing Requirements
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE STANDARDS 153
re1mrt~m("nt" for
Pan
Tonk Shell
Outer Rim
Deck
Product Level
FIGURE 9-2.
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE STANDARDS 155
Additional Appendixes
ments:
inch
156 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs
at
or liquid is
product
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE STANDARDS 157
Mesh, or Concrete
FIGURE 9-3.
contrasts
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE STANDARDS 159
PHOTO 9-3.
API 620 ASL
Shell Design
160 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs
Derived
t wall th":kness;
(inches);
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE STANDARDS 161
25 3116
:> 25 to 60 1/4
:> 60 to 100 5116
:> 100 3/8
Source: API
I Minimum thickness should be to 3/16 inch corrosion allowance.
162 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs
Requirements
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE STANDARDS 163
Requirements
f~(>ur\;t:; American
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE STANDARDS 169
The assessment procedure as iUustnUed in Fi,Ul'e 9-4 shall be used for evaJuatin,
above,round slora,e tanks in petroleum and chemical services. Each of the key
s the tree are numbered com:spondin. CO the provided as
f1
1. These tanks meet the API Standard 650. seventh edition or lacer, requirements co
minimize the risk of failure due co brittle fraclUre. TInks may also be shown to meet the
coupness of API Standard 650. seventh edition or lacer. by impact cestin,
from II number sheD
2. continue to operate in same service were not built 10 the
requirements of API Standard 650. seventh or lacer. These tanks are pocentially
susceJ;'tiblle to failure due to brittle fracwre and require an assessment as iJJustrated by the
tree.
denlon!itrates that an abovel1roulld
pctrolc:um or chemical is fit for continued
provided that aU 20vtemil1l2 R:qui:rements
service are in accordance
modifications or reo:>nSltrUctiorl).
defnorlstratilllg fitness for continued service
is no greater than 0.5 the risk of failure due to brittle
that an evaluation for suil!abillity of service Section 2 has
original nominal thickness for the tank plate shan be
incr,casilllg tbe
c.
d. Comlbinations
The owner/olr>eralor
failure due to
established prinlciples
an altemative
10. All repairs, and relocations shall be made in compliance with this standard.
I An assessment shall be made to determine if the the tank at
greater risk of failure due 10 brittle fracwre. The service can more severe and
a risk of brinJe fracture if the service is reduced (for
heated oil service to ambient or the product is
a greater specific gravity and thus stresses.
FIGURE 94.
:! .....
C:I
""c
"'
~
Z
c::::
~
~
~
Z
C)
;q
>
~
>
or 6r:.n
sketch plates)
o
"'Tj
Minimum weld
>
of welds for thickness ~
plate, t, (inches)
DimenSion
R .~~~L .. .
.....~ ..... .~~~L .. .
.... ""H......... . .C?~ ~L .. .
V .~~ ~L ...
A 12" Greater of 12" or 12t
Notes:
I. All weld intersections shalt be at 90". a minimum of 12" beyond the new vertical joints. Weld the horizontal
2. Prior to welding new vertical joints. cut existins weld for joint last.
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTI11JTE STANDARDS 171
of
to almost any soil
installations.
aspects of rectifier
water.
Section 12 Vec:ommIS:Slofllng of
Derived from: API 2610.
AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE STANDARDS 177
Note IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
1.
CHAPTER 10
National Design
Standards of
Field-Erected Tanks
The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 179
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
180 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs
t =
--!.--,.J..' (10-1 )
to vV""V,UI
NATIONAL DESIGN STANDARDS OF FIELD-ERECTED TANKS 1B1
G for water
s
E
SO "'".'~"'n.,U,lJ:i.
agaInst lIJu ... n~u;.Ft is important to determine the
V Nondestructive Examinations
VI Recommended Rules for Care and Upten,ltlcln of I-I .. "hr, ... Boilers
VIl Recommended Rules for Care of Power Boilers
VIII Rules Construction of Pressure Vessels
Division 1 Pressure Vessels
Division 2 Alternate Rules
IX
X rIlJ'er~tla~;s-l{erntc'rc(~d Plastic Pressure Vessels
XI Rules for Inservice of Nudear Power Plant LOlmplom~nts
from: ASME.
NATIONAL DESJGN STANDARDS OF FIELD-ERECTED TANKS 187
188 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs
u
w
FIGURE 10-1.
ASME narrleplalte
NATIONAL DESIGN STANDARDS OF FIELD-ERECTED TANKS 189
P <1.25SE
P <O.665SE
PHOTO 10-1.
ASME pressure
192 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs
Notes ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
CHAPTER 11
Underwriters
Laboratories Codes
The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 193
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
194 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs
Tank Construction
UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES CODES 195
Weld
!
~
I
Weld
I lit..
I
" Outside Steel Plate
Weld
FIGURE 11-1.
UL
FIGURE 11-2.
196 MANUFAcruRING STANDARDS OF ASTs
FIGURE 113.
FIGURE 114.
"'''''UL
f ... ""' ..
UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES CODES 197
Dike wan
Dike wan
JVel'neaLCl View
FIGURE 11-5.
::talllDle corner UL
198 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs
Weld Weld
Weld Weld
FIGURE 11-6.
UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES CODES 199
Construction of Primary
At Sigle bplJdlead
FIGURE 11 7.
(;:'Ol;lrce: UL
UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES CODES 201
PHOTO 11 . . 1.
wall UL 142 mSI:am~Q at a remote l"'", .. ,rlln.~u
FIGURE 11-8.
I
UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES CODES 203
test.
Tuk
Elli View
FIGURE 11-9.
Honzc)ntaJ or
UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES CODES 205
206 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs
Tank Markings
only."
4.
"
area shall
Construction
Tank Handling/Installation
208 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs
HClnz:ontal or
applying
test pressure, and ex,arnllnJ ng the tank seams
UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES CODES 209
Additional Testing
UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES CODES 211
Tank Markings
if
lU.:>"a.lla.I,.JIVU msrn:lctl.ons."
212 MAJOR MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs
.-,... -,~ ... test to marked
CHAPTER 12
Steel Tank
Institute Codes
The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 213
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
214 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs
Hold Down
Straps
Buttress
\ \. J
"- I /
~ u / u
"---,,- r--"
Horizontal Tank
/
....__. I -
f1 fl 11
,( "-
Steel Dike
FIGURE 12 .. 1.
Overview F911
330 84 48 20 10 ga.
605 94 21 10 ga.
]08 80 30 3116
180 96 30 3/]6
240 34 3/16
324 96 3116
204 130 48 114
]30 48 114
332 130 48 114
130 48 114
444 144 48 114
444 ]44 60 114
144 60 114
(]JI<~e-l::1falJmlnll purposes, no IS In
216 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs
PHOTO 12-1.
STI-F911 ODerl-[OD
E"d VIew
FIGURE 12-2.
wall
up to 550 48
64
76
144
Source: STI F921-93 Standard.
"'No primary tank can exceed 144 inches in diameter ar any rime.
218 ~1ANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs
PHOTO 12-2.
STI-F921 h r . .. ,;?.-''''''",
1 a
FIGURE 123.
PHOTO 12-3.
STI-F921 u",rt',rdl
STEEL TANK INSTITUTE CODES Ilf
FIGURE 12-4.
Testing
222 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs
PHOTO 124.
STI-F921 k ...""Cft1'1 .. rt
Insulation Surface
STEEL TANK INSTITUTE CODES 223
Protective
Electrical Isolation
224 MANUFACTURING STANDARDS OF ASTs
Cathodic Protection
PARTN
AST Products
New Field-Erected
Aboveground Storage
Tank Products
The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 227
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
228 AST PRODUcrS
Floating roof
High Product level
:::
'0
o
0.
o
u
"'6
.!ii
z
S
FIGURE 131.
NEW FIELD-ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 229
PHOTO 131.
Ne(ulv'-co'mpilet~d hf~ld-jf!re(:ted AST mS.:alJ(HIC~n
230 AST PRODUCTS
Standard Section
API 650 1.0
0.70
0.85
API 620 Main 0.85
1.0
AWWA 0.85 Unlimited
1.0 20F
ASME 0.70 -20F
0.85
1.0
I Joint is based on tension in the
The stated allowable stress is the alJowabJe stress for ASTM 36 aUowed
multiplied by the joint The allowable stress also is based on
terrlpet'atures, which vary for elevated temperatures and other
:~ The standard or section alows the material to be used at MDMT, depenclmg on the
thickness. The MDMT listed is for 1M-inch
.. The allowable stress based on the
NEW FIELD ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 233
Tahle 1 I\dvalltae:es and dlsad'varltallZes of two types of RPB for new tanks
PHOTO 13-2.
construction
236 AST PRODUCTS
a is not an ess(~nt)al
reasons, including:
238 AST PRODUCTS
NEW FIELD-ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 239
PHOTO 13-3.
240 AST PRODUCTS
NEW FlELD~ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 241
PHOTO 134.
hp,'lti_,,,..rprtl'l-ti ASTs construction.
NEW FJELD-ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 243
244 AST PRODUCTS
Table 13-3.
68
74
Table 13-4.
160
250
200
176
NEW FIELD-ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 247
CHAPTER 14
Existing Field-Erected
Aboveground Storage
Tank Products
The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 249
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
250 AST PRODUCTS
Inspection ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
EXISTING FIELD-ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 251
Evaluation /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
EXISTING FIELD-ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 253
=--~--
courses
seams
254 AST PRODUCTS
EXISTING FIELD-ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS iSS
PHOTO 14-1.
nPlrl_p,rpr'f'Prl AST under conversion to
EXISTING FIELD~ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 257
bottom to be
r''''T\nV,~rl from under shell
Existing bottom
FIGURE 141.
Bottom replJacement merno,os.
258 AST PRODUCTS
EXISTING FIELD-ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 259
260 AST PRODUCTS
EXISTING FIELD-ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 261
Cut lines
Reweld shell
Shell nozzle
reinforcement cut
nozzle centerline
Existing bottom
FIGURE 14-2.
Section 3.7.3. t'ru ...rco*
262 AST PRODUCTS
Reconstruction /////////////////////////////////////////////////
EXISTING FIELD-ERECTED ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 263
CHAPTER 15
Shop-Built Aboveground
Storage Tank Products
The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 265
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
266 PRODUCTS
PHOTO 151.
at a t-"", .. ,m ..."" UL 142 or API
SFIOl>-BUILT ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 267
Horizontal
FIGURE 151.
AST
Containment
SHOP-BUILT ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 269
FIGURE 15-2.
AST in concrete
270 AST PRODUCTS
PHOTO 15 . . 2.
seconaal'Y containment
SHOP-BUILT ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 271
FIGURE 15-3.
ASTin
272 AST PRODUCTS
FIGURE 154.
AST with bottom,
Vertical
FIGURE 155.
AST
274 AST PRODUCTS
External"
(100% Secondary '"
" .. Internal
(110010 or more
~
,..
r-
-
-
- Double wall AST DoublewaUAST
---
-
'lIII-
! - ._---
FIGURE 15-6.
Horimmal Double Wall AST with Vertical Double Wall AST with
BXlCmaI Monitoring Standpipe BXICmaI Monitoring *"" ...
- - " tankwaU
FIGURE 15-7.
Horizontal and 'I-.<"",
UP .. ASTs with leak aetect'Jlon.
SHOP-BUILT ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 275
/'
Sleel Channels
FIGURE 15 .. 8.
AST.
SHOP-BUILT ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 277
PHOTO 15-4.
AST.
/
Steel Channels
FIGURE 15-9.
AST.
SHOP-BUILT ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 219
Steel CJwmeII
FIGURE 15-10.
AST.
Intemal SceeJ
TaDkWail
FIGURE 15-11.
waH hrepr{)tected AST
tBt AST PRODUCTS
Primary Tank
LJ
Secondary Tank Primary Tank
FIGURE 1512.
nre-protect!ed AST
Primary Tank
L.J
Secondary Tank
E"d'VieHt
FIGURE 15-13.
nre-pf()tec:red AST
SHOP-BUILT ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK PRODUCTS 283
Summary //////////////////////////////////////////////////////II/II
Mfgr. codes
ut 142,
API J.
API
has maUSfnal
takes same space
wall installation
Diked AST Flammable and UL Meets NFPA with additional
combustible STI F91 rdoca ted, has
open-top
area is contami-
nated by weather or debris. usu-
has one-year warranty
Flammable and UL 208S, Most has excessive
combustible STI F941
CHAPTER 16
Shop-Built Aboveground
Storage Tank Installation
Instructions
The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 285
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
286 AST PRODUCiS
Tank Handling
PHOTO 16 .. 1.
Douhle wall ASTs
288 AST PRODUCTS
VaiveC
Valve A
~
Air Supply
~
Gauge
FIGURE 16 .. 1.
Air pressure test hCurt71''lnr'l)l AST.
290 AST PRODUCTS
Air Supply
~
Gaugel
FIGURE 162.
Air pressure test uPt"ttf"',-:s1 AST.
Table 16-1.
Horizontal double wall ASTs Vertical double wall ASTs
SHOP-BUILT ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS 291
292 AST PRODUcrS
Secondary Containment
SHOP-BUILT ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS 293
Tank Attachments
SHOP~BUILT ABOVEGROUND STORAGE TANK INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS 295
Environmental
Regulatory Offices
The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 299
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
300 APPENDIXES
Acid Rain
and Territorial
302 A1>PENDIXES
APPENDIX A 303
Hawaii
1270
tn,rlrOtnmlent:al Quality
19
Health
AJUJl .... UJ'Ji. 740
304 APPENDIXES
Health
APPENDIX A 305
306 APPENDIXES
APPENDIX A 307
Manitoba
310 APPENDIXES
AJ)PENDIX A 311
APPENDIX B
AST Fabricating
Companies, Field-Erected
and Shop-Built
Somersworth, NH
Goldsboro, no
Gordon Metal "a".rlc:~tnrs "p\.,,,,au\;,WA yes yes
AK
N. Little Rock, AR no
Cotl.lmbtlS, OH 1
:'to'vstown. PA 6 no
ron''>K'''''. MO no
Huron, SD yes no
WI no
(512) 66]-2316
1
no
Alh,uQ\lerCIUe, NM 2 no
no
no
no
ulf:arcl<!au, MO no
no
Mernph.ls, AR
APPENDIX B 315
Table B-1.
Number of
locations
ND 4
Garden KS (316) 275-7461 1 yes
Florence, SC no
Sacr'ame:nto, CA (916) 383-5413 no
Brookville, PA no
....",."'u,,,.. WA
Louisville, KY no
OK
Owensboro, KY yes no
JaclksolwllJle, FL no
no
Mallcellr>na, MI no
no
AST Associations
The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 317
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
318 APPENDIXES
1 6
Philadelphia, PA 1
6
APPENDIX C 31'
320 APPENDIXES
APPENDIX D
Canadian federal
AST Legislation and
AST Associations
The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 321
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
322 APPENDIXES
324 APPENDIXES
APPENDIX D 325
(CGSB)
Table D-1.
Areas of apJ}lic;aricm
Timing
10 kPa
Pressure-vacuum vent
N/A N/A
no
Inspections
APPENDIX E
The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 327
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
328 APPENDIXES
Code Hp"Ul'l"pn,pnt'.,
TERMINOLOGY
INSTALLATION
individuall
gaJ gal
APPENDIX E 329
Code Kpt'11111rpl'1lPnt<:
SPILL PREVEN"DON
Protected Tank
>
PIPING
330 APPENDIXES
lJISiPCI1SUIg Fuels
MISCELLANEOUS
APPENDIX F
Petroleum Equipment
Institute Dike Sizing
Calculations
The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 331
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
332 APPENDIXES
where:
1t=3.14
=1
OC(:U p'lea = x 1
APPENDIX F 333
= 1
contcllnmt~nt IS 1
or
334 APPENDIXES
next
APPENDIX G
Name
Address _~_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ State code _ __
______________________ Fax __________________________
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ State code _ __
Phone _____________________ Fax __________________________
B. Tank Description
Tank _ _ _ Tank diameter ____ feet
Tank _ _ _ _ feet
cubic
cubic
Foundation:
C. Product Information
Product deS,Cfl1Pt1()fl ________ _ _ _ At _ _ _ OF
Flash point _ _ _ _ of
metal of
of
over-pressure: Other
vacuum load:
inches
Bottom inches Structural
bottom inches
API 650
Yes No
0.85
tank
API 620
Joint 0.85 LO
AWWAD-lOO
C allowed Yes No
Other
APPENDIX G 337
F. Tank Construction
Bottom: _ _ _ inches foot Crowned Coned
_ _ _ inches
butt weld Double butt weld
Yes No
_ _ _ inches
Flexible liner
Other: ________________________________________
Shell: Minimum nominal thickness: standard inches
Minimum corroded thickness: standard inches
Roof: Fixed
Selt:'stlpplort(~d cone roof - inches per foot
SU1'J)011ed cone roof - 3/4:12 Other : 12
SeJt-StJp1)ort(~d umbrella radius: feet
Selt:'Sl.lJ)1)ort(:d dome roof radius: ____ feet
tlOl:ltIlilg roof -
External tlO~IUlllg roof -
Other
G. Tank Loadings
Wind ............'........ Wind load uplnrl1tu _ _ _ _ __
Shell wind stability Other _ _ _ __
Intermediate wind Yes No
Yes No
I Provide a sketch to define the working as discussed in Chapter J 3 and in Figure f 3-1.
Definition of the design metal in the shell section of 9.
See the shell design section in 9 on a between API 620
Discussion of is given in the roof design section of Chapter 9
!\ Nominal thickness corrosion allowance.
tI Discussion on the different roofs options discussed in the roof design section of Chapter 9 and Chapter J3.
See 9-l(c) on the difference between umbrella and dome roofs.
II on the of roofs is given in the floating roof design section of Chapter 9 and Chapter 13.
<) Specify if the located in shell or roof of the tank.
Glossary of
Industry Acronyms
and Abbreviations
The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook. B. D. DiGrado and G. A. Thorp 339
Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
340 GLOSSARY OF INDUSTRY ACROONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
GLOSSARY OF INDUSTRY ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 341
oxygen
342 GLOSSARY OF INDUSTRY ACROONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
GLOSSARY OF INDUSTRY ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 343
WQA: Quality
Index
environment
sJgmhcallt and substantial harm to
the 53 e:r()Unla\l\rat(~r contamination 21
substantial threat to the
Environmental Defense Fund 19 handrails 90
Environmental Protection harmful qu~mtltles
36 hazardous air pol.Jutant
environmental response team 89 area source classlJhc<JltlCm
environmental source 75
costs 15 Hazardous and Solid Waste
26 80
sensitive areas 52 Hazardous NESHAP 72
sound 28 hazardous substance 92
Executive Order 12777 87 hold-down straps 214
ex1:relnellv hazardous substances
87
external
foam dam 113 acoustic emissions 236
gauge 74 LEPC 88
mSI)ect:lOn 70
242
maintenance 67 container 101
material of construction 244 umoadlmg rack 45
mUltiple pontoon 244 plannilnl?; committee
nrll'r<lt-tnn 67
86
259
176
rel!ional administrator
and Health
Administration 79
offset 62
oil nlc,rh",rc'p nreventlon
120
Oil Pollution Prevention Ke,guJatllDns
interim facilities 83
pelrmJltte<l facilities 83
""1"nO'1""'''' 81
136 Standard Fire Prevention Code 117
Standard Industrial Classification
code 86
starl<lpllpeS 180
treatment, storage, and <llslPosal state codes 229
82
60
............ tnnn 79
323
231
settlement 258
shell 144
minimum thickness 1 181
181 UL 211
198 ultrasonic thickness measurements 251
1 253 24
wind
shell evaluation 165 42
shell Uniform Fire ('A)de 117
shell uniform 258
snow load 181 unstable 99
of Gasoline
Marketers of America ""'''ntHl<' 7 vacuum box
solid waste 81 288
Solid Waste .LJ'.,~",'",a. vapor losses 245
242