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Ax1 By1 C
Distance=
A2 B 2
m1 m2
Tan = m is the slope of l.
1 m1m2
b b 2 4ac
x
2a
b
Sum of zeros (roots)=
a
c
Product of zeros (roots)=
a
y A f ( Bx C )
A is the amplitude
f
is the period of the graph
B
C
B is the phase shift
sin csc 1
cos sec 1
tan cot 1
sin
tan
cos
cos
cot
sin
Quadrant I II III IV
Function: + + - -
sin,csc
cos,sec + - - +
tan,cot + - + -
s r
1
A r 2
2
Special Angles
0 3 2
2 2
sine 0 1 0 -1 0
cosine 1 0 -1 0 1
tangent 0 und 0 und 0
cotangent und 0 und 0 und
secant 1 und -1 und 1
cosecant und 1 und -1 und
*und: means that the function is undefined because the definition of the function necessitates division by
zero.
or 30 or 45 or 60
6 4 3
sine 1
2 3
2
2 2
cosine 1
3 2
2
2 2
tangent 1
3 3
3
cotangent 1
3 3
2
Useful Links:
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SAT Downloads: http://www.cracksat.net/sat-downloads/
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SAT Downloads:
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http://www.cracksat.net/sat-downloads/sat-official-guide-tests.html
SAT online course tests download:
http://www.cracksat.net/sat-downloads/sat-online-course-tests.html
SAT subject tests download:
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PSAT real tests download:
http://www.cracksat.net/psat/download/
Formulas:
1.sin 2 x cos 2 x 1
2.tan x 2 1 sec 2 x
3.cot 2 x 1 csc 2 x
4.sin( A B ) sin A cos B cos A sin B
5.sin( A B ) sin A cos B cos A sin B
6.cos( A B ) cos A cos B sin A sin B
7.cos( A B ) cos A cos B sin A sin B
tan A tan B
8.tan( A B )
1 tan A tan B
tan A tan B
9.tan( A B )
1 tan A tan B
10.sin 2 A 2sin A cos A
11.cos 2 A cos 2 A sin 2 A
12.cos 2 A 2 cos 2 A 1
13.cos 2 A 1 2sin 2 A
2 tan A
14.tan 2 A
1 tan 2 A
1 1 cos A
15.sin A
2 2
1 1 cos A
16.cos A
2 2
1 1 cos A
17.tan A
2 1 cos A
1 cos A
18.
sin A
sin A
19.
1 cos A
1
*The correct sign for Formulas 15 through 17is determined by the quadrant in which angle A lies.
2
Triangles
sin A sin B sin C
Law of sines:
a b c
a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos A
Law of cosines: b 2 a 2 c 2 2ac cos B
c 2 a 2 b 2 2ab cos C
1
Area bc sin A
2
1
Area of a : Area ac sin B
2
1
Area ab sin C
2
Ax 2 Bxy Cy 2 Dx Ey F 0
Circle:
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2 r 2
Ellipse:
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
if C>A, 1 , transverse axis horizontal
a2 b2
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
if C<A, 2
2
1 , transverse axis vertical, where a 2 b 2 c 2
b a
Vertices: a units along major axis from center
Foci: c units along major axis from center
Length=2b
c
Eccentricity= <1
a
2b 2
Length of latus rectum=
a
Parabola:
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
1 , transverse axis horizontal
a2 b2
( y k ) 2 ( x h) 2
1 , transverse axis vertical, where c 2 a 2 b 2
a2 b2
Vertices: a units along the transverse axis from center
Foci: c units along the transverse from center
2b 2
Length of latus rectum=
a
c
Eccentricity= >1
a
a b
the slopes of the asymptotes are (vertical)or (horizontal).
b a
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
x a xb x a b
x0 1
xa
b
x a b
x
1
xa a
x
( x ) x ab
a b
x a y a ( xy ) a
log b ( p q ) log b p log b q
log b 1 0
b logb p p
p
log b log b p log b q
q
log b b 1
log b ( p x ) x log b p
log a p
log b p
log a b
Greatest Integer Functions:
n ! n( n 1)( n 2)...3 2 1
Permutations:
Circular permutation (e.g., around a table) of n elements= ( n 1)!
(n 1)!
Circular permutation (e.g., beads on a bracelet) of n elements=
2
n!
Permutations of n elements with a repetitions and with b repetitions=
a !b !
n!
Pr
n
n r !
n n Pr the product of the largest r factors of n!
r r! r!
n
The number of combinations of n things taken r at a time is denoted by n Cr or C(n,r) or .
r
n n
r nr
Binomial Theorem:
Tr 1 n Cr a n r b r
Probability:
Independent events: P ( A B ) P ( A) P ( B )
P( A B) 0
Mutually exclusive events:
and P ( A B ) P ( A) P ( B )
Sequences and Series
In general, an arithmetic sequence is denoted by
t1 , t1 d , t1 2d , t1 3d ......t1 (n 1)d
n
Sn (t1 tn )
2
or
n
S n [2t1 (n 1)d ]
2
In general, a geometric sequence is denoted by
t1 (1 r n )
Sn
1 r
t1
lim S n
n 1 r
Geometry and Vectors
If V (v1 , v2 ) and U (u1 , u2 ) ,
U V (u1 v1 , u2 v 2 )
V (v1 ) 2 (v2 ) 2
V U v1u1 v2u2
Two vectors are perpendicular if and only if V U 0
Logic:
conjunction ( A B )
disjunction ( A B )
implication ( A B ), negation, A B '
If A B is true, then B ' A ' is also true.
Determinates:
ac
ad bc
bd
ax by c
If
dx ey f
c b a c
f e d f
x , y
a b a b
d e d e
Geometry:
Distance between two points with coordinates
( x1 , y1 , z1 )and x2 , y2 , z2
( x1 x2 ) 2 ( y1 y2 ) 2 ( z1 z2 ) 2
The distance between a point and a plane:
Volume= r h
2
Cone:
The volume of the cone:
1
V r 2h
3
1
Later surface area r r h
2 2
cl
2
Sphere
4 3
Volume= r
3
Surface area= 4 r
2