Introduction

Nowadays, we can say that almost all professions need some basic understanding of
the principles of geometry. Whether it includes the idea of shapes or the understanding of the
process involved in proving a supposition, geometry is a direct or indirect influence. In this
case, it is undeniable that the concept of area plays a crucial role in modern mathematics as
well as in daily life. Knowledge of area is applied practically by people on a daily basis, such
as architects, engineers, and graphic designers, and it is much needed by people in general.
For example, fashion designers use area, perimeter and diameter as well as mathematical
algorithms to help create designs and calculate the amount and cost of fabric required.

In mathematics, the area of a plane figure refers to the number of square units the
figure covers. The area is the inside shape or space measured in square units. In rectangles
and squares, a simple calculation of length times width will give the number of square units.
The square units could be inches, centimetres, yards and so on. There are many formulas
used to determine the area of many common shapes or polygons. Hence, it is important for
everyone to understand this concept and apply it correctly.
 a. Practical Proof for Area

Area of rectangle:

Rectangle is a 4-sided flat shape with straight sides where all interior angles are right angles
(90). Its opposite sides are parallel and of equal length. The formula for the area of rectangle
with length l and width w is l x w.

The area of a rectangle is the length times the width because we are calculating the square
units of the rectangle. A square unit is simply a square that 11 units. In reality, since
rectangles are 2D, its area would be the number of points in it.

At the same time, multiplying the total squares in the length of the rectangle by total squares
in the width of the rectangle give you the total of 11 squares in the rectangle. This is why the
area is in square units.
Based on the formula for the area of a rectangle, carry out practical work to prove the
formulae:

Area of parallelogram

A parallelogram is a four-sided flat shape whose opposite sides are both equal and parallel. A
parallelogram has two pairs of opposite sides that are parallel to each other and are the same
length. However, each pair can be a different length than the other pair. The area of a
parallelogram with length b and height h is b x h.

We can figure out a formula for the area of a parallelogram by dissecting the parallelogram
and rearranging the parts to make a rectangle. Because the parallelogram and rectangle are
composed of the same parts, they necessarily have the same area. The perpendicular cut also
can be made anywhere along the base. After that, we can rearrange the cut parts into a
complete rectangle.

Because base x height gives the area of the parallelogram, we can use the same
measurements on the rectangle to calculate its area. Notice in a rectangle, the length and the
width are perpendicular. This should also be true for all parallelograms. Base (b) for the length
(of the base), and height (h) for the width of the line perpendicular to the base is often used.
So the formula for a parallelogram is generally written, A = b x h.
Area of a triangle

A triangle is a polygon with three edges and three vertices. It is one of the basic shapes in
geometry. The area of a triangle with base b and height h is x b x h. Based on the formula,
we can interpret that the area of a triangle actually is half the area of a rectangle as well as a
parallelogram with the same base and height.

To proof the formula, we can use the method by doubling the triangle and then halving the
resulting area. First, we cut out two identical triangles which are congruent to each other. Then,
we can simply match it perfectly into a rectangle.

The parallelogram's area is base x height, but it is double the area of the triangle, so the
triangle's area is 1/2 of base x height, as we saw with the dissection (cutting) method.

In this case, we have to be careful and always remember when you use the formula for a
triangle to find its area, it is important to identify a base and its corresponding height, which is
perpendicular to the base.
Area of trapezoid

A quadrilateral having at least two sides parallel is called a trapezoid. The parallel sides are
called the bases of the trapezoid and the other two sides are called the legs or the lateral sides.
The formula for area of a trapezoid with parallel edges of lengths a, b and height h is

x (a+b) xh.

The shortest distance between the bases is the height of the trapezoid.

Basically, there are two ways to proof the formula based on the formula of rectangle or even
parallelogram. The first method is by doubling the trapezoid and then halving the resulting
area. Two copies of acute or obtuse trapezium will form a parallelogram; two copies of right
trapezium will form a rectangle.

The height of the parallelogram is the same as the height of the trapezoid, but its base is the
sum of the two bases of the trapezoid. Hence, the area of the parallelogram or rectangle is
h(b1+b2). Because the two trapezoids are congruent, the area of one of the trapezoids is half
the area of the parallelogram or rectangle.
Meanwhile, the second method is by dissecting the trapezoid and then derive the formula. First
we need to cut the trapezoid into half across the parallel lines. Next, fix the two parts together
in order to make a parallelogram. The base of the parallelogram formed is the sum of the two
bases of the trapezoid. However, the height is half the height of the original trapezoid.
Area of a regular polygon

A polygon is regular when all angles are equal and all sides are equal. The area of a regular
polygon with length of apothegm a is x aP, whereby P is the perimeter of the polygon. In
this case, the formula for the area of a regular n-sided polygon can be derived from the formula
for the area of a rectangle.

We can proof this by considering the following polygon with perimeter P and apothem
length a, and the rectangle formed from the triangles created by the line segments extending
from the polygon's centre to its vertices and the apothem. For example, we use pentagon.

Based on the diagram that the length of the base of this rectangle formed is half the
perimeter of the polygon (pentagon). The height of the rectangle is the length of the apothem.
So the area of the corresponding rectangle is equal to the area of the circle.