Glycolysis Essay - 852 words

Glycolysis Reaction 1 Glucose -> Glucose 6-phosphate (G-6-P) The first stage of glycolysis starts from reaction of phosphorylation.
Phosphorylation is catalyzed by hexokinase. It is an endothermic ATP dependent reaction and requires energy from ATP. ATP is
hydrolyzed to ADP and phosphate. In such a way, glucose receives phosphate and energy. To sum up, the reaction is as follows:
glucose + ATP a glucose-6-phosphate + ADP Reaction 2: Glucose 6-phosphate (G-6-P) -> F-6-P (Fructose 6-phosphate) Glucose 6-
phosphate (aldose) is changed into Fructose 6-phosphate (ketose) (reaction of isomerization). It means that the position of atoms in
cell is changed, whereas their quantity remains unchangeable.

The reaction is possible, because the ring forms may open to the chain form, and then the aldehyde group on glucose is transformed
to the keone group on fructose. The ring then closes to form the fructose-6-phosphate (Ophardt, c.2303) Reaction 3: F-6-P (Fructose
6-phosphate) -> FDP (Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate) fructose-6-phosphate + ATP a fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP The mechanism of
this spontaneous reaction is very similar to reaction of Hexokinase. Fructose 6-phosphate has an alcohol group on C-1 that
completes reaction with phosphate received from ATP to make the phosphate ester on C-1. As well as during the Reaction 1, it is an
endothermic ATP dependent reaction and requires energy from ATP, where ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and phosphate Reaction 4:
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate dihydroxyacetone phosphate + glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. fructose-1,6-bisphosphate ?a
dihydroxyacetone phosphate + glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is split into two: an aldehyde and a ketone. It
is the reverse of an aldol condensation and is catalyzed by the aldolasa. The dihydroxyacetone phosphate should be changed into
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to continue the reaction of glycolysis.

Reaction 5: Triose Phosphate Isomerase (TIM) catalyzes dihydroxyacetone phosphate (ketose) glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
(aldose) Glycolysis continues from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Reaction 6: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenase catalyzes
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate + NAD+ + Pi ?a 1,3,bisphosphoglycerate + NADH + H+ This is the only reaction during the process of
glycolysis where NAD+ is reduced to NADH. The reaction is catalyzed by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and starts as an oxidation
involving the coenzyme NAD+. The aldehyde is oxidized to an acid as an intermediate through the conversion of NAD+ to NADH +
H+. Then an inorganic phosphate is added in a phosphate esteer synthesis (Ophardt, c.2303) Reaction 7: Hydrolysis of Phosphate;
Synthesis of ATP 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP ?a 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP The reaction is catalyzed by 1,3-
bisphosphoglycerate. The phosphate is transferred directly to an ADP to make ATP. Reaction 8: Izometrization 3-phosphoglycerate
2-phosphoglycerate The reaction is catalyzed by phosphoglycerate mutase. The phosphate group moves from 3 position to 2 position
(izometrization): Phosphate is shifted from the hydroxyl on C3 of 3-phosphoglycerate to the hydro
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Essay Tags: phosphate, krebs cycle, fructose, glycolysis, glucose This is an Essay sample / Research paper, you can use it for your research of:
Glycolysis